www.gfmt.co.uk
ative ustry
Customised industrial bags for hygienic lling Food Industry Industrial Ofce & Household Medical & and reliable protection of your foodstuffs, Paper & Packaging Pharmaceutical Printing Paper Industry Industry Industry Industry animal feed, seeds and grains.
Pet Ind
Suitable
t Food dustry
Others
POULTRY
DDGS:
T
cheap and nutritious food for poultry
by Hossan MD Salim PhD, Upazila livestock officer, DLS, Bangladesh and University of Manitoba, Canada
he world grain price is increasing day by day and the industry is facing several challenges to produce good quality animal products with a reasonable price for consumers. Similarly, the poultry industry in Bangladesh is also fighting with high grain prices to maintain its production with marginal profit. Small and medium poultry farm owners are mainly affected and losing their capital investment in this sector. The increased cost and the limited supply of conventional grains have made it necessary to focus research and extend efforts towards the potential utilization of energy and proteins from several grain by-products which are cheaper with high nutritive values. Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) can
26 | may - June 2013
Feed focus
play a vital role in this high grain price situation to formulate the least cost diets for poultry. DDGS is a co-product of ethanol production plants that use corn for manufacturing. During the yeast fermentation in ethanol plants, corn is ground, mixed with water, cooked and the liquefied starch from this process is hydrolyzed and fermented to produce ethanol and CO2. As a result, the non-fermentable components of this process which are rich in essential nutrients such as protein, fat, fibre, vitamins and minerals are recovered in a highly concentrated form as distillers dried grains with solubles. Although distillers dried grains have been used by the poultry industry for some time, recently a renaissance in the use of DDGS has been observed in the USA and also around the world. This is due to the rapid escalation in its production as well as its improved quality when derived from the new generation ethanol plants. Therefore, in the light of the large production of corn DDGS entering the USA, and other overseas markets, the aim of this topic is to provide a compendium of information to the people involved with the industry regarding nutritional value of corn DDGS for poultry.
STYLE CC-XD (XTREME DUTY) Polyethylene Elevator Bucket
Tough & Flexible Prime virgin resins give or yield to bypass obstructions in your elevator, allowing the bucket to return to its original shape. Thick walls provide exceptional strength.
FDA-Compliant Resins Preserves the integrity of ingredients used for food products. FDA-compliant resin is standard in polyethylene and polyurethane. FDA-compliant nylon available by special request.
Available in polyurethane for extreme abrasion resistance, nylon for rough and abrasive applications and polyethylene for free flowing product applications.
Over 900,000 buckets in stock, 93 sizes, 6 materials, 12 styles. PLUS 15 million elevator bolts in stock.
NO. 1 NORWAY
FANGED
Elevator Bolt
Elevator Bolt
+1 314 739 9191 +1 800 AT TAPCO (+1 800 288 2726) Fax: +1 314 739 5880
www.tapcoinc.com
*Tapco style CC-XD elevator bucket is made with 35-50% more resin than Tapco classic style CC-HD. The color blue, when used in connection with elevator buckets, is a U.S. registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc. 2013 Tapco Inc. All rights reserved.
POULTRY content of DDGS ranged between 23 percent and 32 percent. Spiehs et al. (2002) have evaluated nutrient level of DDGS originating from ten new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota, and also found that the CP accounted for 30.2%, and lysine and methionine for 0.85% and 0.55%, respectively. The high variability among DDGS sources was found mainly for the two limiting amino acids for poultry, lysine and methionine. Reese and Lewis (1989) showed that corn produced in Nebraska in 1988 varied in CP from 7.8 to 10%, and 0.22 to 0.32% in lysine content. Differences in production technology provide almost as much variation within one source of corn as there is between different plants. Parsons et al. (1983) conducted five trials that aimed to evaluate the protein quality of DDGS and concluded that when DDGS is fed to growing chicks as the sole source of dietary protein, tryptophan closely followed by arginine are the second and third limiting amino acids respectively, after lysine. Although DDGS was limiting in tryptophan and arginine it was found that the overall protein quality of DDGS could be improved greatly by lysine supplementation for growing chicks. concentration of carotene and xanthophylls was 8.58 and 36.72 ppm, respectively. Since the typical corn and soybean-based commercial poultry diet does not supply the necessary amount and type of xanthophylls to produce the deep yellow color in the egg yolk and skin, DDGS can be a good source of these pigments as long as they have not been overheated during the production process.
Hydronix digital, microwave moisture sensors provide accurate and cost effective moisture measurement n feed meals and pellets, grain, cereal and pulses.
Hydro-Probe XT
Other nutrients
DDGS is not only a good source of energy, amino acids and minerals but also, can be a rich source of water soluble vitamins and other nutrients that are present in the corn used for the ethanol production. DErcole et al. (1939) reported that DDGS is a good source of riboflavin and thiamine. DDGS also contain some biologically active substances such as nucleotides, mannan oligosacharides, -1, 3 or 1, 6 glucan, inositol, glutamine and nucleic acids, which have a beneficial effect on immune responses and the health of animals. Therefore, to reduce the feed cost and to make a balanced diet for poultry, DDGS would be a viable alternative energy grain source for the feed industry in Bangladesh.
Mineral composition
A laboratory analysis of corn DDGS from the US showed that DDGS can be a good source of P (0.76 %), Zn (57.26 ppm), K (0.91 ppm), and other minerals. Phosphorus content in DDGS has been reported at 0.72% and varies widely from 0.48 to 0.91%. Similarly, Spiehs et al. (2002) reported the P variation in DDGS ranged from 0.59 to 0.95 %. This large difference in P content derives partially from its variation in corn grain and amount of starch residue in DDGS. However, the technological process of ethanol production can also significantly contribute to its content and variation. It has been suggested that the total P content may be even higher than 0.72% in some sources of DDGS if produced in new ethanol plants. Moreover, the rate of addition of solubles to the wet grains prior to drying affects the P content, because the solubles contain more than three times as much P as do the wet grains.
Our sensors are successfully used in many applications to ensure product quality, maximise yield and save energy. Typical uses include:
Controlling the moisture in the grain drying process to save energy and ensure quality Optimising the efficiency of expensive additives such as mould inhibitors Controlling moisture content during the pelleting process
Hydro-Mix VII
Pigment content
Corn grain contains about 20 ppm of xanthophylls and it is expected that corn DDGS may by a good source of xanthophylls pigment, due to the concentration of the pigment during the production process. However, the actual xanthophylls content may be lower in DDGS because of heat destruction during drying. Roberson et al. (2005) analysed two DDGS samples and observed 29.75 ppm of xanthophylls in one of the samples, but only 3.48 ppm in another, dark colored sample which was considered to be This article was originally published on heat damaged. By analysing 16 samples of DDGS deriving from US in our laboratory, we showed that the average
Grain
Suitable for chutes, silos, mixers or conveyors Not affected by dust or colour Temperature stable
enquiries@hydronix.com
www.hydronix.com
GFMT half page vertical 90 x 270 plus 3mm bleed not left.indd 1
30/11/2012 13:44:07
Amino acid
nimals do not have a crude protein requirement, they have a requirement for amino acids and it is the responsibility of the nutritionist to get the ratios correct. Amino acids from feed are the building blocks of proteins and there are twenty-two of them used in the building of animal protein. Although poultry can synthesise some, there are some serious essential amino acids that can become limiting. Supplementation with these essential amino acids is now common place and incorrect supplementation will result in either a shortfall of one, or a surplus of several. This problem has become more acute since the reduction of animal protein in diets and a reliance on soya and other vegetable protein sources with a poorer match to animal amino acid requirements. While soya is a good source of protein when combined with corn, this combination is limiting in the essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. However, there is often a lack of data on the precise amino acid composition of the raw materials being used. It is unrealistic to analyse every batch of raw material. Yet raw material amino acid content is a big issue this year, especially with wheat and soya, due to variations in weather, location, variety and fertiliser use. We can only use the algorithms we have and try to ensure that the amino acid profiles of complete feeds are optimised. Indeed, it is often better to reduce protein levels and increase fibre levels if in doubt. Dr Peter Scott, senior research fellow at the University of Melbourne, Australia, calls for more attention on nutrition and gut health, such as fibre levels in feed. Its there in black and white: If you maintain adequate fibre levels in your feed, youll achieve better coccidiosis control and by default, better necrotic enteritis control, he argues. If a correct balance of amino acids is not achieved there will be performance implications. Simply adding more supplementary amino acids can lead to other problems, as surplus amino acids in the gut are a threat to health and the environment.
Adding one tonne of lysine allows a reduction in soya and slightly increase in maize without affecting the nutritional balance.
28 | may - June 2013
POULTRY than adults. Males utilise amino acids more efficiently than females and extraneous dietary factors such as fibre and phytase induce digestive stress, hampering protein utilisation.
Other protein sources are also being used such as rapeseed and rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal and more exotic ingredients such as palm kernel meal and copra meal. Each of these protein sources has a different amino acid profile, different digestibility and would require different supplementation. Amino acids such as methionine, lysine and threonine are among the most expensive nutrients in the feed ration and wasting them has economic costs and biological consequences. Also remember that young animals metabolise amino acids at higher efficiency
Global Leader
The
in Feed Formulation
Software
formatinternational.com
Grain
FEATURE acid production will result in less pepsin activity, leading to protein escape to the hind gut. Clostridia can utilise unused protein in the hind gut in the absence of fermentable carbohydrate by deamination leading to necrotic enteritis. 40 kg/t. - Molecular weight of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) = 100.09 - 1 mole = 100.09 g so 40 kg = 399.64 moles. - If we then use formic acid to neutralise this - Molecular weight of formic acid (HCOOH) = 46.03 - 1 mole = 46.03 g therefore to supply 399.64 moles you would need: - 399.64 x 46.03 = 18395 g or 18.395 kg/t of 100% formic acid It is clear that we must rely on a combination of natural acid secretions in the stomach and a fully supportive feed acidifier, like Kiotechagil Salkil, to boost the bacterial contribution from carbohydrate fermentation in the gut.
POULTRY gut bacteria preferentially metabolise simple sugars allowing the inulin to reach the hindgut. Inulin in the hind gut allows bacteria, typically fibre digesters like Butyrivibrio and Roseburia, as well as the bacteriocin producing Bifidobacteria, to grow and exclude Clostridia. The inclusion of a FOS in a ration formulation will therefore have a direct effect on the microbial colonisation of the hind gut. By restricting Clostridial activity with butyric acid and by providing the commensal microflora with a valuable energy source that is unavailable to Clostridia, any surplus amino acids can be incorporated into the microbial biomass in the gut rather wasteful deamination. Products like Kiotechagil Prefect are designed to optimise gut performance to help prevent the effects of amino acid imbalance. Prefect supplies: 1. Organic acids to maintain acidity in the proventriculus thereby maximising protein utilisation in the foregut. 2. Fructo-oligosaccharides (inulin) to inhibit clostridia and other enteropathogens whilst promoting a strong cellulolytic gut microflora to maintain healthy butyric acid levels. 3. Additional butyric acid to provide an instant energy source for villi mucosa to help overcome irritation and necrosis resulting from Clostridial or coccidial attack. 4. A unique carrier that promotes colonisation by lactic acid bacteria to establish the necessary healthy gut microflora to achieve genetic potential.
References
The XXIII Worlds Poultry Congress offered new insights for managing necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis. www. thepoultrysite.com Ammonia Emissions from Animal Waste FAO 2012 Lysine and other amino acids for feed: production and contribution to protein utilisation in animal feeding Yasuhiko Toride in Protein Sources for the animal feed industry FAO document repository. Dr Olayinka Akine All About Feed. net Vol 20 No7 2012 p18 - 20 Galfi P and Bokori J Acta Vet Hung 1990: 38(12):3-17
More inforMation:
Website: www.anpario.com
Looking for feed formulation Find out more at our forthcoming software? Look no further. User Group Meetings
At Format International we pride ourselves in providing feed formulation software which is accurate, reliable and makes money for its users. Underpinned by realistic and evidencebased, proven solutions, we have an open and honest approach about what it can do and what it cant. We invest heavily in product development. Current R&D is delivering ground-breaking new features to enhance existing products and we are working on some really exciting systems for both existing and new users. In the past year we have implemented a new non-linear solver which OPTIMISES non-linear characteristics including those subject to enzymatic effects. We have a new version of core software modules providing a multitude of enhancements and packed with functionality for economic modelling and forward planning. With unrivalled levels of customer support, our clients tell us they love what we do and the way we do it. Importantly, we listen to what they say and deliver software that reflects both feedback and needs. Several user group meetings are scheduled over the coming months with full details available online.
Come and have a look at what weve got. You wont be disappointed!
formatinternational.com
Grain
This digital Re-print is part of the May | June 2013 edition of Grain & Feed Milling Technology magazine. Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website. Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
May - June 2013
LINKS
See the full issue
Visit the GFMT website Contact the GFMT Team Subscribe to GFMT
In this issue:
Additives for flour standardisation
Part II: Additives other than enzymes
Pest control
across the supply chain
A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891
To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link adove.
Article reprints
All Grain & Feed Milling Tecchnology feature articles can be re-printed as a 4 or 8 page booklets (these have been used as point of sale materials, promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc). If you are interested in getting this article re-printed please contact the GFMT team for more information on - Tel: +44 1242 267707 - Email: jamest@gfmt.co.uk or visit www.gfmt.co.uk/reprints
www.gfmt.co.uk