Exercise 15 Uniaxial Tensile Test

Exercise 15
Uniaxial Tensile Test

15-1 Introduction
Normal Stresses and Shear Stresses
Stresses are quantities to describe the intensities of forces acting on the material of a body. To study the stresses at a certain point, we may consider a small block of material centered at that point [1]. As long as the block is small enough, the force intensity at A can be represented by the force intensities acting on the faces of the block.
There are six faces of the block. Each face can be identied by the direction of its outer normal [2, 3]. Force intensity can be dened by the force on a face per unit area (i.e., dividing the total force on a face with the area of the face) and is called the stress on the face [4]. Note that the stress has an SI unit of pascal (N/m2). Also note that each face has a stress associated with it. A stress on a face can be further decomposed into three components: X-, Y-, and Z-components. We will use the notations X , XY , and XZ to represent the three stress components on the +X face [5-7]. The stress component X is called the normal stress on the +X face, since its direction is normal to the +X face [6]. The stress components XY and XZ are called shear stresses, since they are parallel to the +X face [7]. Note that normal stresses stretch the small block and cause normal strains, while shear stresses twist the block and cause shear strains.

[1] The force intensities at A can be represented by the force intensities acting on the faces of this small block. [3] The outer normal of this face points to -X direction, therefore, this face is called -X face.

[4] Stress on +X face, dened by the force per unit area. The stress has an SI unit of pascal.

[5] Stress on +X face can be decomposed into three components: X , XY , and XZ .

+Y face X face + X face [2] The outer normal of this face points to +X direction, therefore, this face is called +X face.

A Y face

[7] Shear stress ( XY ).

[6] Normal stress ( X ).

2

Copyright by Huei-Huang Lee

Although there are totally six faces in the small block, to completely describe the stress state of a point A, however we need only describe the stress components on three faces (stress components on other faces can be deduced from these three faces). We choose +X, +Y, and +Z faces. Therefore, nine stress components are needed to describe the stress state of a point:
+X face: X , XY , XZ ; +Y face: Y , YX , YZ ; +Z face: Z , ZX , ZY
(1)

Symmetry of Shear Stresses

As mentioned stress components on faces other than +X, +Y, and +Z faces can be deduced from these three faces. Due to the static equilibrium, the stress components on the faces of the block must have a conguration as shown in the right, i.e., X = X , Y = Y , XY = XY , and YX = YX .
Further, we will prove that XY = YX , i.e., the shear stresses are symmetric. The proof is as follows. Assuming the block has a dimensions of X , Y , Z along X-, Y-, and Z-directions and taking the moment equilibrium about the point B [8], we have

XY ( Y )( Z )( X ) YX ( X )( Z )( Y ) = 0 XY = YX
Similarly, we can prove that YZ = ZY and ZX = XZ . As a summary,

XY = YX , YZ = ZY , ZX = XZ

(2)

Y YX XY X
Y X

XY X

YX Y
Y

Stress Components
We conclude that we need six stress components to completely describe the stress state of the material at a specic point. The six stress components are
( X , Y , Z , XY , YZ , ZX )
(3)

Exercise 15 Uniaxial Tensile Test

Purpose of This Section

The following three exercises are designed to familiarize the students with the concepts in Eqs. (1), (2), and (3). Learning concepts of stresses is not trivial for undergraduate students. Therefore, we will introduce this topic rst using a very simple case. In this exercise, we'll conduct a uniaxial tensile test on a 10x10x10 mm steel block and observe its behaviors. Workbench allows you to specify type of material for simulation and the default material is "structural steel," which will be used in this case.

15-2 Start Up

[1] Launch Workbench

[2] Save the project as "Block." [4] Double-click <Geometry> to start up DesignModeler. Select <Milimeter> as length unit.

[3] Double-click <Static Structural> to create a static structural analysis system.

4

Copyright by Huei-Huang Lee

15-3 Create a Block

[1] Pull-down-select <Create/Primitives/ Box>.

[2] Type coordinates as shown.

[3] Click <Generate>.

Primitives
Primitives are built-in solid bodies. They can be combined with your solid bodies created using tools such as <Extrude>, <Revolve>, <Sweep>, and <Skin/Loft>. Generally, primitives are not so often used as <Extrude>, <Revolve>, <Sweep>, and <Skin/Loft>. We apply <Primitives> here simply to show an alternative way of creating a solid body.

[4] Close DesignModeler.

Exercise 15 Uniaxial Tensile Test

15-4 Set Up Simulation Model

[1] Double-click <Model> to start up <Mechanical

[2] Make sure the unit system is mm-N-s.

[3] Highlight <Mesh>.

[5] Select <Mesh/ Generate Mesh>.

[4] Type <90> for <Relevance>.

[6] Number of nodes and elements.

6

Copyright by Huei-Huang Lee

[7] Highlight <Static Structural>.

[10] Click <Apply>.

[8] Select <Loads/ Force>.

[9] Select this face (+X face).

[11] With <Static Structural> or <Force> still highlighted, select <Loads/Force> again.

[13] Click <Apply>. [12] Select this face (-X face).

Exercise 15 Uniaxial Tensile Test

15-5 Solve the Model

[1] Highlight <Solution>, and insert a <Total Deformation> result object. [2] Click <Solve>.

[4] Select <Contours/ Soild Fill>.

[3] Select <Edges/ Show Elements>.

[5] Close <Message> window and click <Play> to animate the deformation.

Poisson's Effect
When you animate the deformation, watch carefully. As the block is stretched along the X-direction, the block shrinks in both Y- and Z-directions. This phenomenon is called the Poisson's effect, after a French mathematician and physicist, Simeon Denis Poisson. For an isotropic material, which has the same material properties in all direction, the Poisson's ratio is dened as

Y = Z
X X

(1)

Poisson's ratio is an important mechanical property of a material. We will calculate this quantity in 16-4 for the material used in this case (i.e., structural steel).

8

Copyright by Huei-Huang Lee

15-6 Stresses and Strains

We've applied a tensile force of 2000 N along X-direction. This simple test produces a normal stress X = 20 MPa (2000 N 100 mm2 = 20 MPa) uniformly over the steel block. Other stress components are all zeros over the steel block, i.e.,

X = 20 MPa , Y = Z = XY = YZ = ZX = 0

(1)

The normal strains, according to the observation of the animation, are nonzero in all three directions, but the shear strains are zeros because no twisting forces apply on the block, i.e.,

X 0 , Y 0 , Z 0 , XY = YZ = ZX = 0

(2)

We now verify these stresses and strains.

[2] Right-click <Normal Stress> and select <Duplicate>. Repeat this step ve times.

[1] Highlight <Solution>, and insert a <Normal Stress> result object.

[3] There are totally six stress result objects.

Exercise 15 Uniaxial Tensile Test

[4] Highlight <Normal Stress 2> and select <Y Axis> for <Orientation>.

[5] Highlight <Normal Stress 3> and select <Z Axis> for <Orientation>.

[6] Highlight <Normal Stress 4> and select <Shear Stress> for <Type>. Leave <XY Plane> as default setting for <Orientation>.

[7] Highlight <Normal Stress 5>, select <Shear Stress> for <Type>, and select <YZ Plane> for <Orientation>

[8] Highlight <Normal Stress 6>, select <Shear Stress> for <Type>, and select <XZ Plane> for <Orientation>

10

Copyright by Huei-Huang Lee

[9] Select these six result objects as shown and rightclick-select <Rename Based on Denition>.

[10] The six stress components.

[12] Right-click <Normal Elastic Strain> and select <Duplicate>. Repeat this step ve times.

[11] Insert a <Normal Elastic Strain> result object.

Exercise 15 Uniaxial Tensile Test

11

[13] There are totally six stress result objects. Modify the details view of these result objects and rename them, similar to steps [4-9].

[15] Solve. [14] The six stress components.

[16] Select <Contours/ Contour Bands>.

[17] Highlight <X Axis Normal Stress>. The simulation results show that X = 20 MPa uniformly over the steel block.

[18] Highlight <X Axis Normal Elastic Strain>. The simulation results show that X = 100 106 uniformly over the steel block.

12

Copyright by Huei-Huang Lee

[19] Highlight <Y Axis Normal Elastic Strain>. The simulation results show that Y = 30 106 uniformly over the steel block. The negative sign indicates that it shrinks rather than dilates.

[20] Highlight <Z Axis Normal Elastic Strain>. The simulation results show that Z = 30 106 uniformly over the steel block. The negative sign indicates that it shrinks rather than dilates.

[21] All other stress components and strain components are zeros uniformly over the block. For example, if you highlight <Y Axis - Normal Stress>. The numerical values are essentially zeros all over the block. The small numerical values are negligible and they are a nature of numerical simulations.

Wrap Up

Close <Mechanical>, save the project, and exit Workbench.