1

2
JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
B.S PART 3

3
4
 SUBMITTED TO

MA’AM SHUMAILA

SUBMITTED BY

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 ANUM JAVED
AMNA NAFEEZ
NADIA
NIMRAH AHMED
SANA ALI

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 DATED: February 14th 2009

7
8
All acclamation and praise is due to ALLAH, our creator, our
fashioner,omnipresent,omniscient to what we need, cognizant of our

9
deed, the only one who is nearer to us than our jugular vein, to whom
our ascribed the traits of absolute perfection and beauty. Eternal
blessings and peace by upon beloved of ALLAH who He has sent as
mercy of all the words Sayyidna Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon
him), the city of knowledge, the illuminating torch and the rescuer of
humanity from the going astray.

We deem it an utmost pleasure to be expressing him pro found

gratitude to reverend ma’am Shumaila department of commerce,

10
Jinnah University for women, who guided us in an excellent and most
professional manner throughout our research. We really feel
extremely proud to be her student to have work under her dynamic
guidance, constructive criticism, sympathetic attitude and keen
interest at each and every step of these investigations and the write up
of the manuscript. Without her encouragement it would be totally
possible for us to complete this report.

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THANKS

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13
S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO
1 What is adaptation 1
2 Difference between adaptation & adoptation 1
3 How adaptation is differentiate? 2
4 Types of adaptation 4

14
5 Adaptation as….. 5
6 Solution of adaptation problems 7
7 Culture and adaptation 7
8 Adaptation process 10
9 Factors of adaptation 11

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10 Multiculturism 11
11 Why Pakistan is said to be multiculturism? 12
12 Diversity in Pakistani culture 13
13 Cultural changes and challenges faced by Pakistani 14
14 Globalization and Pakistani culture 23

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15 Five points by us 24
16 Conclusion 25
17 Bibliography 26

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CULTURE something which we heard in our everyday life since our
childhood but do we know its exact meaning, its exact impact? We can see
its impact on both group level and individual level. Since it is studied on
these level.is any culture is fully independent? We don’t think that..! every
culture is dependent on other at mass or narrow level.

18
At this stage has adapt culture of someone’s else. That could be for
professional or for basic needs. it is adopted on short or on long term basis.
By adaptation one can learn and globalize itself but a part of that it can creat
some major problems. adaptation is a complete procedure of getting
something into your culture or adjusting in others culture. Some basic
factors go on with this procedure.

19
After this procedure one enters into multiculturism. Moving to our own
country PAKISTAN we can see major diversity in our culture. the reason of
that is our background. But at now Pakistan is facing many difficulties and
challenges in its culture. We can see them in major cities, in cuisine, in
dressing, in religion, in festivals, in people and in education.

As now a day every country wants to be globalize as it is the basic step for
an under developed country to get developed. As Pakistan is a teenager

20
country on global platform. People of Pakistan are expanded in other
country mostly in UK, USA, UAE etc. the youth of Pakistan is not at all
interested in its own country. According to a survey done by us we are
representing 5 points why youth is moving and not instated in their own
culture.

21
By this survey we have extract our conclusion. On the basis of relevant facts
and figure. You can see a vast variety of examples which can help you to
understand the terminologies. In last we just want to add that.

“Because the only change is constant

and the only constant is change”

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 WHAT IS ADAPTATION?

 Definition:
A term referring to the ability to adjust to new information and
experiences. Learning is essentially adapting to our constantly
changing environment. Through adaptation, we are able to adopt new
behaviors that allow us to cope with change.

23
  General principles:
Adaptation is the change in living
organisms that allow them to live
successfully in an environment.
Adaptations enable living organisms to
cope with environmental stresses and
pressures. Adaptations can be structural,
behavioral or physiological. Structural

24
adaptations are special body parts of an organism that help it to
survive in its natural habitat (e.g., skin colour, shape, body covering).
Behavioral adaptations are special ways a particular organism
behaves to survive in its natural habitat (e.g., phototropism).
Physiological adaptations are systems present in an organism that
allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (e.g., making
venom, secreting slime, and homeostasis).

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 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN
ADAPTATION & ADOPTATION:

 ADAPTATION:
An adaptation is a rearrangement or alteration of
anything.
Or

26
An adaptation is a process of adapting to fit a change environment or
situation.

 ADOPTATION:

An adaptation is an evolved feature of n organism that contributes to

its viability and reproduction and that previously inaccessible
component of the enviournment.

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 HOW ADAPTATION STUDIED:

Adaptation is studied in two groups.

 GROUP LEVEL STUDIED:

28
 1.ANTHROPOLOGISTIS:

The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, the physical, social
and cultural development of humans.

2.CHANGE OF CULTURE:

It means the culture change and its upbringing in frequently adopted.

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  INDIVIDUAL LEVEL STUDIED:

1. PRIMARY SOCIALISATION:

Primary socialization is the early years (up to the age of 5 or 6) of our

socialization; involving nursery, friends we make at day cares/school,
and things we learn.

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EXAMPLE: -
This has been supported by a case study of
a 5-year-old child learning six languages
successfully and simultaneously, which is
highly unlikely to occur during our
secondary socialization.

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32
 2. MINIMALLY DEPENDEND ON HOST:
When a person goes into another culture that country became host for
that person and as he wants to shift there he had to be minimally
depended on it.

Example:-

33
An Irani man gets a job opportunity in USA he avails it and shift there
in this case USA is host for him and he is fully depended on their
culture.

3.COMMUNICATION WITH THE

ENVIRONMENT:
It shows that a person is depended on his environment .he can't
change his environment; he had to adjust in the environment.

34
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36
EXAMPLE:-

People have many environmental shifts in their study life at a

primary level , they got a massive environment and they adopt it but
as they moves into their professional studies they have to leave the
massive environment and adjust into the environment in which they
are living.

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 TYPES OF ADAPTATION
There are two types of adaptation

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1.SHORT TERM ADAPTATION:

Students.
Business people.
Professionals.

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 2.LONG TERM ADAPTATION:

 REFUGEES:
People who are forced to flee their homes due to
persecution, whether on an individual basis or as

40
part of a mass exodus due to political, religious, military or other
problems, are known as refugees.

Examples:-

Every year millions of people around the world are displaced by war,
famine, and civil and political unrest. Others are forced to flee their
countries in order to escape the risk of death and torture at the hands
of persecutors.

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 IMMIGRANTS

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While the movement of people has thought throughout
history at various levels, modern immigration tourists are
considered non-immigrants.

 RESETTLERS

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The Resettlers are a group of dedicated individuals who care about
people.

The resettlers concept of moving takes into consideration each and

every detail of moving. Our experience and professionalism ensure a
successful move. The planning, packing, unpacking, storage, and
transport are only part of the tailored service provided. The sale of
your unneeded belongings is also accomplished by one telephone call.

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 ADAPTATION AS…….
 AS A LEARNING
GROWTH:

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1. Related individual social and professional effectiveness with the
new environment
2. Language knowledge
3. Anxiety gone and accustomed to new practices

 AS A PROBLEM:
Cultural fatigue:

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Culture fatigue was a term coined at the end of the 1990's to describe
the exhaustion and inability to assimilate which some people suffer as a
result of constant contact with the huge variety of multi-cultural
influences which are now prevalent in many societies. In short, it's a
kind of culture shock that does not necessarily entail leaving home.

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Irritability:

Irritability is a state of extreme sensitivity to stimulation of any kind.

Very often these people feel stressed, impatient or might easily
become angry. Irritability is a kind of signal, that an unpleasant or
potentially threatening situation cannot be avoided or solved in an
appropriate way. Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli.

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EXAMPLE:-

Irritability may manifest in behavioral

responses to both physiological as well as
behavioral stimuli, including environmental,
situational, sociological, and emotional
stimuli.

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Insomnia:

Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by

persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the
opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a stand-alone diagnosis or a
disease.

. Insomniacs have been known to complain about being unable to

close their eyes or "rest their mind" for more than a few minutes at a

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time. Both organic and non-organic insomnia constitute a sleep
disorder.

EXAMPLES:-

Most adults have experienced insomnia or sleeplessness at one time

or another in their lives. An estimated 30%-50% of the general
population is affected by insomnia, and 10% have chronic insomnia.

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Rejections of members in new society

As the society change and fully adapt the other culture the old
member who don’t adapt it they are not admitted in the culture and
gets rejected.

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 SOLUTION OF ADAPTATION PROBLEMS:

 Assimilation (cultural convergence):

Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually
adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture
Language shift or language assimilation, the progressive process
whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another
language

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1. Acceptance of pluralism
2. Mixing of cultures is a new trend and one has
to except it.

CULTURE AND ADAPTATION

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The concept of "culture" has at least as many meanings as does
"adaptation," so I want to begin by laying out the definition I follow:

“Culture consists of socially acquired

information”
By "information" I mean beliefs, values, ideas,
knowledge, norms, etc.; by "socially acquired," I
mean transmitted from another person (directly,
through imitation or teaching, or indirectly via

55
artifacts containing symbolic or iconic information, as in writing,
images, etc.); it therefore follows that novel ideas or beliefs are not
part of culture until they are socially transmitted
In other words, culture can be seen as a way of fine-tuning genetic
adaptation -- just like individual (trial-and-error) learning; only more
so, since through cultural transmission we can learn from
trials of others as well!

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 ADAPTATION PROCESS:
There are four stages in the adaptation process.

 EAGER EXPECTATION STAGE:

It is where a person prepares for the second culture by learning about
it and looking forward to the new life with much anticipation.

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  EVERY THING IS BEAUTIFUL STAGE:
It is in which person first arrives in the new culture, finding
everything to be fresh, and experiencing excitement.

 EVERYTHING IS AWFUL STAGE:

it typically follows the previous stage because when the excitement is
gone and thing get mundane, especially when things are not going as

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one plans and when the person is physically sick, which is a common
symptom of cultural shock, it is a very common for a person to feel
extremely depressed. So much so that it seems that every thing is
going wrong. Typically a person will go through ups such as a second
stage and downs like the third stage at lesser degrees for many times
before he/she reaches the fourth stage.

 EVERY THING IS OK STAGE:

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This is when things are perceivably not so exciting all the time and

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FACTORS OF CULTURAL ADAPTATION:

We can determine four factors as influential in determining the stages

in an individual’s culture adaptation process.

1. The length of time an individual spend in or in contact with a

second culture

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2. The preparation a person has in term of the language and the
amount of knowledge about the second culture

3. Expectation of the individual about life in the second culture (i.e.,

goal they want to achieve)

4. The person communication skills consisting of both verbal and

nonverbal capabilities in order to interact with people of the second
culture.

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 MUTICULTURSIM

•The term describes societies (especially

nations) which have many distinct cultural

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groups, usually as a result of immigration.

•Multiculturalism is a view, or policy that

immigrants, and others, should preserve
their cultures with the different cultures
interacting peacefully within one nation.

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WHY IS PAKISTAN SAID TO BE
MULTICULTURED

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  BACKGROUND OF PAKISTANI CULTURE:

Pakistan has a rich cultural and ethnic background going back to the
Indus Valley Civilization, 2800 BC – 1800 BC. A civilization
remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced-planned sanitation,
straight roads and uniquely structured society. Present day Pakistan
has been invaded many times in the past. it has been occupied and
settled by many different peoples each of who have left their imprint

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on the current inhabitants of the country. Some of the largest groups
were the 'Aryans', Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs,
Turks, Mongols and other Eurasian groups right up until the British
who left in the late 1940s.

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The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main
cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia
from the earliest times. There are differences in culture among the
different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion,
especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices.
Their cultural origins also show influences from far a field; including
from: Tibet, Nepal, India and eastern Afghanistan. All groups show
varying degrees of significant influence from Persia, Turkistan and
Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first part of the subcontinent to

73
receive the full impact of Islam. Developing a unique Islamic identity
and has developed a distinct Islamic identity-historically different
from that further west.

DIVERSITY IN PAKISTANI CULTURE

74
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and multicultural. As a result,
cultures differ so much that they may be more alien to each other
than to foreign ones. However over 50 years of integration, a
distinctive "Pakistani" Culture has sprung up especially in the urban
areas.
Pakistan shares influences that have shaped the cultures of South
Asia. There are thus wider regional similarities extending beyond the
national boundaries. On the other hand, the specific regional cultures

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of Pakistan present a picture of rich diversity. It is difficult, therefore,
to speak of a single Pakistani culture.

The legacy of the predecessors at the time of

independence, on August 14, 1947, came to
Pakistanis as a treasure which may be called
as Pakistan’s national heritage. So rich and
diversified is this heritage that Pakistani
nation can be proud of its glorious past, be

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Islamic, Post Islamic or pre-Islamic period as far back as pre-historic
times. No other country of the world can produce the treasure of by
gone days as can be found in Pakistan.

Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday

life in
society. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-
economic

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stratum. The traditional family values are highly respected and
considered sacred, although urban families have grown into a nuclear
family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by
the traditional joint family system.

The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities
such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad,
Sukkur, Peshawar, Abbottabad and Multan. The North-western part
of Pakistan, bordering with Afghanistan, is highly conservative and

78
dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds of years.
This diversity makes Pakistan a distinct case in nations and develops
a complex culture which adopts its influences from a number of
sources.

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CULTURAL CHANGES AND CHALLENGES
FACED BY PAKISTANI CULTURE

There are many challenges face by Pakistan today. Some of the most
important are discussed bellow.

 IN MAJOR CITIES:

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 This budding mass culture is being created in cities like Karachi,
Islamabad and Lahore.

Karachi, home to 13 million people,

is Pakistan’s commercial capital, an
enormous, humming metropolis
whose occasional spasms of
sectarian and criminal violence make
for international headlines. It is a

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very multicultural city. People of different believe, custom, religion
and standards lives here. As it is the business capital of the country it
provides a job that’s why we find vast population.

Lahore occupies a special place in the new mass culture. its culture
is really influenced by Indian culture. Due to film city LOLLYWOOD.
It has a political ground and can be said that most of the domestic
violence and crimes are done in this city.

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Quetta

Balcoh majorit city beside millions of afhans immigrants, the local in

habitants are mainly pashtuans. Other include baloch, brahuis, hazras,
punjabies, hindko, muhajirs and sindhis.

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Peshawar
It is the center of Pashtuns culture and art as well as a major center
of hindko culture. With the Russians invasion of 1979 and the influx
of million of afghan refugees into Pakistan. It became home of afghan
musicians and artist as well as.

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Indian
culture

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 LAHORE

Afghanista Totally
n multicultura
culture l

PESHAWAR
PAKISTAN KARACHI
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 Traditional
Islamic

QUETTA

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 IN CUSINE:
The Cuisine of Pakistan can be described as a fusion of cuisine from
three Asian regions: Central Asia, Middle East (especially Iran, owing
to Pakistan's strong historical and ancestral links with the country),
and South Asia. Pakistani cuisine is often
spicy and is known for its richness.

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Within Pakistan, cuisine varies greatly from region to region,
reflecting the country's ethnic, cultural and
culinary diversity. The cuisine in Sindh and the
Punjab can be very hot and spicy characterizing
the South Asian flavor. Food in the North-West
Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Northern
Areas and Azad Kashmir involves the use

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of mild aromatic spices and relatively less oil is used characterizing
the Central Asian and Middle Eastern influence.

IN DRESSING:
Pakistani culture is based on Islam. Islam is the
true religion and it is not possible that it will

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have impact of any other religion.
Pakistan has an impact of Indian dressing culture as well. Pakistan is
a Muslim country but people have gained western and Indian culture
due to modernization and westernization. It has a negative impact on
the original culture gifted by Islam but we are not denying the bad
effects of Indian style of dressing that we have adapted.

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Example:
The very examples are those of Sarhi, sleeveless dressing, short shirts,
less use of cheddar, etc. On special occasions, ladies use to wear
Indian culture for show off. This can be observed during the functions
of mod scads cities of Pakistan. People have learned these things from
Indian drama and movies at most.

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People who love Pakistani clothes tend to have a short attention span.
It goes with the territory. Pakistani Fashion changes every few weeks,
so to fall in love with a trend one week, and move to loving something
new the next…
Well, it’s all part of the fun, isn't it?

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 IN RELIGION:
Moreover, we are told to respect other religions, their places of
worship and their prophets. It should be noted that no Muslim

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missionaries or armies ever went to Malaysia or Indonesia. The
people converted to Islam due to the high principles and impeccable
character of the Muslim traders. At the moment, the worst
advertisements for Islam are the countries with their selective Islam,
especially where religion is used to deprive people of their rights. In
fact, a society that obeys fundamentals of Islam has to be a liberal
one.

98
If Pakistan’s Westernized class starts to study Islam, not only
will it be able to help society fight sectarianism and
extremism, but it will also make them realize what a
progressive religion Islam is. They will also be able to help
the Western world by articulating Islamic concepts. Recently, Prince
Charles accepted that the Western world can learn from Islam. But

99
how can this happen if the group that is in the best position to project
Islam gets its attitudes from the West and considers Islam backward?
Islam is a universal religion and that is why our Prophet (peace be
upon him) was called a Mercy for all mankind.

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 Pakistan has not gone very far
down the Islamic road. Islamic
law, or
Sharia's does not yet govern the
state or the personal lives of

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Pakistanis, although parts of the Sharia's, such as a ban on alcohol,
have become law, though even this ban is often privately ignored by
Pakistanis. The notion of an Islamic state is
widely accepted in Pakistan, but the country
cannot agree on which elements of Islam
should dominate.

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 IN EDUCATION:
Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels:
1. primary (grades one through five);
2. middle (grades six through eight);
3. high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School
Certificate);
4. intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher
Secondary School Certificate); and

103
 5. university programs leading to graduate and advanced
degrees.

It's not unusual In Pakistan to hear of public schools that

receive no books, no supplies, and no subsidies from the government.
Thousands more are 'ghost schools' that exist only on paper, to line
the pockets of phantom teachers and administrators."

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 IN FESTIVELS:
Our festivals are not very much vast we
have only to religious festivals EID and
RAMADAN

105
We also have some other festivals which are celebrated like BASANT,
NOWRUZ, URS of SAINTS etc
We have adopted some other western festivals also like VALENTINE
DAY, FRINDSHIP DAY, MOTHER’S DAY, FATHER’S DAY etc

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  IN PEOPLE:
Pakistan has one of the world's most rapidly growing populations. Its
people are a mixture of many ethnic groups, a result of the occupation
of the region by groups passing through on their way to India.

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The Pathans (Pashtuns) of the
northwest are a large,
indigenous group that has
long resisted advances by
invaders and that has at times
sought to establish an
autonomous state within
Pakistan.

110
Baluchis, who live mainly in the southwest, have also pressed for the
creation of a state that would incorporate parts of Afghanistan and
Iran.

Punjab is reside mainly in the northeast and Sindhis in the southeast.

111
The Pakistanis today lack self confidence. They are not confident of
themselves and their achievements which results in vanity and
showoff. The time which Muslims lead under the British rule, was
that in which they were ultimately week and were trying their best to
maintain their identity as well as to please their ruler i.e. the British.

Examples:

112
1. In our daily lives we observe people reaching someone’s office and
putting their mobile and car keys on the table, though a very minor
act but is usually done with an intention to make an impression,
which should not be unhealthy if not used as the only means of
making an impression.

113
2. The life style of the Muslims of India which came in contact with
the British was highly influenced by them and for a long time the
concepts like “Mera baap/ dada angraiz ki fauj main tha” was used as
an excuse to be as British as possible.

IN MEDIA:

114
Over the past three years, a dozen independent television channels
have sprung up, from general networks to specialized news, fashion
and music stations. Combined with a boom in
advertising, increasing economic growth and
rapid cable and satellite penetration, these
outlets are fueling not only a new industry, but
also a new culture one not limited to a narrow
Westernized elite. The cable system has also
affected the life style of a common Pakistani as

115
most of the free time is spent with remote in the hand changing
channels. The cable usually shows 150- 200 channels for a mere 200-
500 Rs every month charges.

Examples:

116
  The cheap cost of Cable has entered
the Indian media into every house.
Despite tense relations with India,
Indian movies are popular in
Pakistan.
Ironically, Indian films are officially
illegal, but they can easily be found across
Pakistan. An indigenous movie industry

117
exists in Pakistan, and is known as Lollywood, producing over forty
feature-length films a year. Indian songs are also very much popular
in Pakistan. Pakistani youth idealize Indian actors and keep dreaming
about Indian Actresses day in and day out.

 Indian Soaps have gripped Pakistani women in such a

web that the evenings of Pakistani women are usually

118
spent watching Kyun keh Saas bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and the rest
of the day is spent discussing the Sarhis and Jewellery of
Parvati and Kum Kum. Indian media industry has simply
kidnapped every day lives of middle class Pakistani women;
they use the fantasy of Indian dramas as an escape route from
the mundane of the every day life.

119
GOLBALIZATION AND PAKISTANI
CULTURE:

Increasing globalization has increased the influence of Western

culture in Pakistan, especially among the affluent, which have easy
access to Western products, television, media, and food. Many
Western food chains have established themselves in Pakistan, and are

120
found in the major cities. At the same time, there is also a reactionary
movement within Pakistan that wants to
turn away from Western influences, and this
has manifested itself in a return to more
traditional roots, often conflated with Islam.

A large Pakistani diaspora exists, especially

in the United Kingdom, United States,
Canada and Australia as well as in the

121
Scandinavian nations. A large number of Pakistanis are also living in
the Middle east. These emigrants and their children influence
Pakistan culturally and economically, by travelling to Pakistan, and
especially by returning or investing there.

122
FIVE POINTS BY US

123
 People are educated with language from outside or non-native.
i.e. in Pakistan’s case the English language.

 Once this happens, people perceive what belongs to that

language as educated; Now a language holds a specific culture,
which is as whole labeled as educated.

124
 The most drastic step comes now, When they label that culture as 
"educated" they label there own culture as ignorant, i.e. un­educated 
etc. 

 Now since there culture appears as ignorant to them so they try to 
alienate themselves from that culture, and try to show/appear as what 
they are not. That’s from where ungenuinity starts.

125
 What this brings to them, It makes them more compatible with the 
superior culture and finally makes them partners of those. But they 
had to pass through a long time of confusions. 

126
127
128
 CONCLUSION
No purpose would be served by blocking information mediums through
which foreign culture was said to be ‘invading’ Pakistan We should
confront the ‘invasion’ with our own culture, instead of censoring it. Instead
of just amplifying the issue of cultural invasion we once understood what

129
culture is? and how it works? Should take measures to safe guard our own
identity. There must be some foreign ideas and thoughts to be welcomed by
our people in order to keep in pace with the outer world but the choice has to
be very sensible.

We are no longer a small village somewhere but part of a global village. The
Technological advancements that have brought about the information
revolution have also brought us new ideas in science and technology, Ideas

130
can be both good and bad. Pornography, anti-religious political ideas and
imperialism etc are no doubt the bad part of the invasion but the solution
was not to block out the ideas but to confront the foreign influx with an
open, educated and analytical mind.
There is no freedom without responsibility and to prove our self a free
nation we have to bear the responsibility of bearing our own culture. A
culture to depict the glory of the past and the advancements of the future.

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 BIBLOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• WWW.ANSWER.COM
• WWW.WIKIANSWER.COM

135
• WWW.PAKVILLAGE .COM

ARTICLES:
• Eating places all over pakistan
• Menu Lahore - A blog about eating out in Lahore

136
• Sarhad Tourism Corporation, Govt. of NWFP
• Pakistan Culture and Environment
• Danka's List of Cultural Events in Pakistan

BOOKS:

• The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization

137
• Measuring Globalization: Economic Reversals, Forward
Momentum, A.T. Kearney, Foreigh Policy Magazine, 2004
• Pakistan Jameel Jalbi
• Essiantial Pakistan by Dr Dani
• Cultural Heritage by Dr S. M Ikram
• Al-Ghazali, Tahafut-al-Falasifah (Incoherence of the
Philosophers)
• M.M. Sharif, ed., A History of Muslim Philosophy, 2 volumes

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• Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966).

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