Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) is a statistical technique that is the extension of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

Basically, all these techniques are like the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), etc. are a family of analysis of variance (ANOVA). T-test is used to compare the means of two groups. When groups are more than two, then we use the ANOVA. In ANOVA, we use one dependent variable with more than two groups. If we want to compare more than two groups with two or more than two dependent variables, then it is the case of MANOVA. When we add a covariate in MANOVA, then it is the case of Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Covariate is added so that it can reduce error terms. In MANCOVA we can add more than one covariateit depends on the sample size. Assumptions: In multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), all assumptions are the same as in MANOVA, but one more additional assumption is related to covariate: 1.Normal distribution: The dependent variable should be normally distributed within each group. 2.Homogeneity of variances: Homogeneity of variances is assumed or it is assumed that the variance of all groups is equal. 3.Multivariate normality: Multivariate normality is required. 4.Level and Measurement of the Variables: Dependent and covariate variables should continue as metric variables, grouping variables should be nominal. Key concepts and terms: Boxs M test: Used to know the equality of covariance between the group. Null hypothesis in multivariate analysis is that observed covariance matrices of the dependent variable are equal across the groups. Hotellings Trace: Simultaneously tests each factor effect on the dependent groups. Hotellings trace is a multivariate test that is used in the case of two dependent variables. Wilks lambda: Used when the dependent variable has more than two groups. Levenes test: We assume that the dependent variable has the same variance as all the groups. Levenes test tests this assumption. Eta square: The proportion of the total variability in the dependent variables accounted for by the variation in the independent variables. Power: Shows the probability of correctly rejecting the false null hypothesis. Covariate: Covariate is basically a control variable, which is uncorrelated with the independent variables and correlated with the dependent variables. Covariate is used to reduce the error term. SPSS: The following steps have to be performed for multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA): 1. Run SPSS and open the data file. 2. Click on the analysis menu and select the multivariate from the general linear model. 3. Select the dependent, independent and covariate variable from the list. 4. Click on option and select the option that you want. 5. Click on ok.

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