HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

Student Name : Student Reg. No : Section No. : Lab. Day : Lab. Date :

Ahmed Hani Salem Al-Omari

431900 4 Wednesday 29/ 11 / 2006

Experiment # : Experiment Title:

8 Compression Test

Submitted to Instructor: Engineer:

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shyyab Yousef Zakariya

Due Date:

06 / 12 / 2006

Civil Engineering just4just.com/ahmed

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Objective:
We want from this experiment to:

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o Observe the stress - strain behavior of some metals under compression load. o Determine the strength and other properties of various materials.

Theory:
o In theory the compression test is just the opposite the tensile test. However, there are special limitations on the compression test: 1- Appling a truly axial load is difficult. 2- There is always a tendency for bending stresses to be set up. 3- Friction between the heads of the testing machine or bearing plates and the end surfaces of the sample. o The strain stress diagrams in compression test have different shapes from those in the tension test. o With ductile metals (steel, aluminum and copper), The proportional limits in compression test are very closed for those in tension test and the initial regions of their stress strain diagram are very similar to tension test diagrams. When yielding begins, the behavior is quite different. o In a tension test, the specimen is stretched, necking may occur, and fracture ultimately takes place. When a small specimen of ductile material is compressed, it begins to bulge outward on the sides and become barrel shaped. With increasing load, the specimen is flattened out, thus offering increased resistance to further shortening (which means the stress-strain curve goes upward). o These characteristics are illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows a compression stress-strain diagram for copper.

o With brittle materials (brass): typically have an initial linear region followed by a region in which the shortening increases. Thus the stress strain diagram has a shape is similar to the shape in tension test. o Brittle materials reach much higher ultimate stress in compression than tension, the brittle materials actually fracture or break at maximum load unlike ductile material. o As we see that we will use the same laws which we applied in tension experiment.

Equipments:
Same apparatus of tension test (UTM), but the clamps of the tension test were replaced by the compression jig parts. Universal Testing Machine (UTM): The machine is digital type Tensile Strength Test Machine. Capable doing the following tests: 1. Tensile test. 2. Compression test. 3. 3 points bending test. 4. Direct shear test. It uses sensor which has high accuracy of the load value. Experimenters can get well-done results. Experimenter can save the result by mean of connecting the U.T.M. and Computer. The machine is composed of: Loading part: Main body, crosshead, crosshead moving part, jig part, load cell sensor, and displacement sensor. Measuring part: Load display, strain display, and speed control device.

Precautions:
1- Machined surfaces should be finished to 1.6m or better. 2- Test specimens ends should be flat and parallel within .0005 in/in. 3- Test specimens should be loaded concentrically.

Data Results & Analysis:

With: Brass material. L = 9 mm. D = 9 mm. Ao = * D2 / 4 = 63.62 mm.

P (N) 0 3250 4790 8210 20870 24970 29250 30880 32500 34130 35750 40370 44470 50290 59180 62610 58500 13000 18470 19500 18640

(mm) 0 0.043 0.114 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.4 3.67 3.76 3.79 3.87 3.95 3.97

Stress (Mpa) 0 51.0845646 75.29078906 129.0474693 328.0414964 392.4866394 459.7610814 485.3819554 510.845646 536.46652 561.9302106 634.548884 698.994027 790.4746935 930.2106256 984.1244892 919.5221628 204.3382584 290.3175102 306.5073876 292.9896259

Strain 0 0.004778 0.012667 0.022222 0.044444 0.055556 0.088889 0.111111 0.133333 0.155556 0.177778 0.222222 0.266667 0.311111 0.377778 0.407778 0.417778 0.421111 0.43 0.438889 0.441111

Stress Strain Curve

1200

1000

800

Stress (Mpa)

600

400

200

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Strain

Sample of calculations: 1- For second reading in the table (1): Stress = load / area = 3250 / 63.62 = 51.0845. Strain = / length = 0.043 / 9 = 0.004778 2- Proportional limit = 370.37 MPa. 3- Yield point = 0.068 4- Yield stress for an offset 0.2% = 371.43 MPa. 5- Ultimate stress = u = 984.1244892 MPa. 6- Fracture (Rupture) stress = 984.1244892 MPa. 7- Elongation = [3.97/9]*100% = 44.11 % 8- Modulus of elasticity = E = slop = / = (370.37 - 200)/ (0.05 0.03) = 8518.5 MPa. 9- Modulus of resilience = UR = (250)2/ (2*25000) = 1.25 MPa. 10- Modulus of toughness = UT = (2/3) ( max * max) = (2/3)( 984.1244892 * 0.407778 ) = 267.54 MPa. 11- for brass = 0.34 12- Shear modulus of elasticity = G = (8518.5)/ [2 (1- 0.34 )] = 6453.41 MPa. 13- Bulk modulus of elasticity = K = (8518.5)/ [3 (1- 2* 0.34 )] = 8873.44 MPa.

Discussion & Conclusion:

COMPARING BETWEEN ENGINEERING & TRUE STRESS: 1. Ao for specimen is used in our calculations, the resultant stress is called nominal stress, conventional stress, or engineering stress. 2. When we obtain another exact value or accurate value of the axial stress, the last is called the true stress, which can be calculated by using the actual area of the bar at the cross section where the failure occurs. COMPARING BETWEEN COMPRESSION TEST & TENSILE TEST: 1. In compression the tall of specimen is decrease, but in tensile test the tall is increase. 2. In compression test the width of specimen increase, but in tensile test the width is decrease 3. In compression test the true stress is lower than engineering stress; because the area increasing with time. And vise-versa for tensile test.

ADVANTAGES FOR STRESS STRAIN CURVE

o Gets the modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus of elasticity, and the bulk modulus of elasticity. o Knowing the characteristics of the materials by the diagram and know the behaviour of materials under compression load. o This experiment gives us information to know the failure cases for the structure or tested specimen.