HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

Student Name : Student Reg. No : Section No. : Lab. Day : Lab. Date :

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431900 4 Wednesday 27 / 9 / 2006

Experiment # : Experiment Title :

1 Deflection of Beams

Submitted to Instructor: Engineer: Due Date:

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shyyab Yousef Zakariya 4 / 10 / 2006

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Civil Engineering : Objective:

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We want in this experiment to calculate the deflection of beams and the reaction forces of simply supported beam - figure (1) - and cantilever beam figure (2).

: Theory: - Simply Supported Beam: The reactions at the support (hinge and roller) is equal to RA = P ( 1- ( x / L ) ) RB = P ( x / L )

And if we want to find the equation for the elastic line of a bar loaded in the center with the single force we say that: V(x) =

P (4x3 - 3L2x) 48 EI

Figure (1)

Figure (2)

- Cantilever Beam: The reactions at the support (fixed) is equal to R=P And we can find the formula of the equation for the deflection V of the bar at the point of application of force is:

PL3 V(x) = 3EI

So, from the above we could see that the deflection is proportional to the load P and inversely proportional to the E, I.

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Civil Engineering : Equipments:
- Dial gauge: To measure the deflection in the beam. - Dynamometer: To measure the force at any point.

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- For our materials, we used a beam of dimension as shown in figure (3):

Figure (3)

- The material of the beam is made from steel with E (modulus of elasticity) of 210 Gpa.

: Data:
- Simply supported beam: 1- Measuring the Reactions: Where P = 20 N
Table (1) Distance from A (mm) 100 200 300 400 500 (center) Experimental Reaction force A (N) 17 15 13 11 9 Reaction force B (N) 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5

L = 100 cm

Figure (4)

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Civil Engineering
2- Measuring the Deflection: Where P = 20 N L = 100 cm

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cm Figure (5) Table (2) Deflection v Distance from A (mm) (mm)

Experimentally

Deflection v (mm)
Experimentally

Deflection v (mm)
Experimentally

at supports

(Fixed)

100 200 300 400 500(center)

1.7 3.2 4.45 5.2 5.6

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.6 3.1 4.35 5.1 5.5

- Cantilever Beam: Measuring the deflection Where P =15 N

Table (3) Figure (6)

Distance X (mm) 200 300 400

Deflection v (mm) Experimentally 0.7 2 4.3 3

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Civil Engineering : Analysis And Results:

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- Simply Supported Beam:

Reactions: RA = P ( 1- ( x / L ) ) @ 20 cm from A. RA =20(1-(20/100)) = 16 N. RB = 20(20/100) = 4 N.
Table (4) Distance from A (mm) 100 200 300 400 500 (center) Experimental Reaction force A (N) 17 15 13 11 9 Reaction force A (N) 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 Theoretical Reaction force A (N) 18 16 14 12 10 Reaction force A (N) 2 4 6 8 10

RB = P ( x / L )

Deflections: Where E =210 GPa. I =

bh 3 =360 mm4 12

V(x) =

P (4x3 - 3L2x) 48 EI

= (20/ (48*210*109*360*10-12))*(4*0.23-3*12*0.2) = 0.00313051 m. = 3.13051 mm. 4

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Table (5) Deflection v Distance from A (mm) (mm)
Experimentally

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Deflection v (mm)
Experimentally

Deflection v (mm)
Experimentally

Deflection v (mm)
Theoretical

at supports

(Fixed)

100 200 300 400 500(center)

1.7 3.2 4.45 5.2 5.6

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.6 3.1 4.35 5.1 5.5

1.63139 3.13051 4.36508 5.20282 5.51146

- For Cantilever Beam: Deflection

Table (6)

Distance X (mm) 200 300 400

Deflection v (mm) Theoretically 0.52910 1.78571 4.23280

V (300mm) =

= 4.23280mm.

: Discussion And Conclusions:

Percentage Error % =

Theoretical - Experimental *100% Theoretical

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- Simply Supported Beam Reactions @ 20 cm from A For Reaction A

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Error % =

*100% = 6.25 %
Table (7) Distance from A (mm) 100 200 300 400 500 (center) Percentage Error (%) Reaction force A (N) 5.55 6.25 7.14 8.33 10 Reaction force B (N) 25 12.5 8.33 6.25 5

- Simply Supported Beam Deflection Error % = * 100% = 0.975 %

Table (8) Deflection v Distance from A (mm) (mm)
Experimentally

Deflection v (mm)
Theoretical

Percentage Error (%)

(Fixed)

100 200 300 400 500(center)

1.6 3.1 4.35 5.1 5.5

1.63139 3.13051 4.36508 5.20282 5.51146

1.924 0.975 0.345 1.976 0.208

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Civil Engineering
- Cantilever Beam Deflection
Table (9) Distance X (mm) Deflection v (mm) Experimentally Deflection v (mm) Theoretically

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Percentage Error %

200 300 400

0.7 2 4.3

0.52910 1.78571 4.23280

32.30 12.00 1.59

Error % =

*100% = 12.00 %

Source of Errors:
1- When we get the reading there must be accuracy in getting it and on the other side we must take careful by make the dial gage zero. 2- The temperature has an effect on the equipments. 3- The distance (x) wasnt measured accurately. 4- We know theoretically that there is no deflection at the supports but in the real beams there is deflection. 5- We saw that the beam which we used in the experiments wasn't rigid like a new one (rigid enough) because the using many times before which lost its rigidity.

View Points:
I see that this experiment has an a large applications in our life because we see many structures has a deflection like the bending of columns, walls, pens, etc There is a changing in the value of the reactions when we change the position of the load. There is no deflection ( in the simply supported beam ) at the supports but when we go throw a way from the supports (to the center) we see that there is an increasing in the value of the deflection. In the cantilever beam we see that if we have an longer beam there will be more deflection.