Chapter II 1. Proverb Proverbs are popular sayings which contain advice or state a generally accepted truth.

Proverbs function as folk wisdom, general advice about how to act and live. It is used to support arguments, to provide lessons and instruction, and to stress shared values. Honeck (1997: 26-29) purposes the following functions for the proverbs. The first is literary function and the second is practical function. Literary function, proverb used in prose, poetry and song. Practical function, proverb used practical situations. Futhermore, proverb has characteristic properties that make them useful for everyday purposes. On other hand, funtion of proverb is to fopster the learning of societal values, expectations, roles and norms. In addition, proverb, proverbs are also considered an appropriate lesson for convey the message in human life. Proverbs are used by person in authority ensures that the following potent social factors will make for their survival and value. The reward function referencing process of looking for guidance in ambigous situations to certain person, (Small in Honeck 1997:120). 2. Semantic 2.1 Semantic and Meaning The term semantic refers to the study of meaning. In addition, semantics refers to the science or study of words phrases, sentences form of language and their meanings and interpretation. 2.1.1 Definition of Semantic The word of semantic derives from Greek arranged by two word, sema and samaino. The sema means sign while samaino means to mark. Chaer (2002 : 2) says that sema (verb) means symbol while samaino means symbolize. This term called as linguistic sign or in

France language it called as signe linguistique. The twice words absorbed in to Indonesian language become semantik and also absorbed into English become semantics. In some books, the linguist have brought up the definition of semantic. Webster (1997:1648) has definition that semantics is the scientific study of the relation between sign, symbol and what they mean, or denote and of behavior in it psychological and sociological aspect as it is influenced by signn. In addition Semantic study of meaning communicated through language, (Saaed, 1997:3). Chaer (2002 : 2) says that semantics is one the field of study in linguistics which learn about meaning, it means that the meaning of unities of language such as word, phrase, clause, sentence, and speech. Meanwhile Verhaar (1981:9) says that semantics is theory of meaning. Namely part of systemic languagewhich investigates meaning. Hurdford et al (1983:1) argues that semantics is the study of meaning in language. On the other hand, semantic is assume that language consist structure which show of meaning if be connected with object in human experience. From several devinition, it can be concluded that semantic ia the study of meaning covering the structure aspect and function of language in a word, phrase and sentence. Therefore semantic and meaning are related each other. 2.1.2 Meaning A meaning is something that exists in the mind rather than the words and that it must be more abstract than pictures and that there is more than just features (O Grady, 1996: 275). Meanwhile Grice and Bollinger (In Aminuddin 2008 : 53) says that meaning is a relationship between language and out of the world conventionally associated by the user of language, so it can be understood each other.

On the other hand, Kempson (1977: 11) argues that to construct explanations of meaning in neutral language consist of three main ways. The first is defining the nature of word meaning. The second is by defining the nature of sentences meaning. The third is by explaining the process of communication. 2.1.2.1 Lexical meaning This section is concerned with the way in which the forms of English words and meaning element change. It primarily deals with their written form, but in more cases the choice between two or more possible written forms is also a choice between the corresponding translation form. According to Lysons (1995: 46) that words may be considered purelyas form, whether spoken or writen, or relativelly, as composite expression, which combines a meaning. For example, that a conprehensive dictionary a given language contains, all of words are the vocabulary of that language. Pateda (2001:74) defines lexical as, Kajian semantik yang lebih memuaskan pada pembahasan sistem makna yang terdapat dalam kata(semantics knowledge which entries at system of critics meaning can be found of the word). While Jackedoff (1985: 110) define a lexical as argued that the meaning of a lexical item of any major syntatic category (noun, verb, adjective, adverb and preposition) is a function of zero or more argument of one of the major ontological. Its arguments aare also conceptual constituents, and are filled by the readings of major phrasal categories that are the lexical item with high subcategories. According to Saeed (1997:55) our interest in semantics is with lexeme or semantics word, and as we shall see there are a number of ways a lintening these in lexicon. Whereas according to Verhaar (1996: 388) that semantik leksikal menyangkut

makna leksikal (lexical semantics related to the lexical meaning). Based on view above, obviously, the meaning of word is so much depending on the sentence and in addition, other processes are sometime regarded as part of lexical meaning formation. This list of structure in the grammer is called a lexicon in order to avoid confusion with normal dictionary that list words rather than structure. Lyons (1995:47) defines the lexical structure of a language is the structure of it lexicon, or vovabulary; and the term lexical meaning which has been used as the title of part two, is therefore equivalent to the commenly used, less technical (but ambiguous), term word meaning. It is not all words are lexemes, and converse not all lexeme are word. According to Saeed (1997:63) that there are sevent types of lexical semantics as below : 1. Homonymy Alwasilah (1993:165) defines the homonymy is beberapa kata diucapkan persis sama tapi artinya berbeda (some of words which mentioned same words but different meaning). While according to saeed (1997:63) that Homonymy are unrelated senses of the some phonological word, some author distinguishes between homographs, senses of the same writer, words, homophones, senses of the same spoken words. Based on view above, ofcourse variations in pronounciation mean that not all speakers have the set of homonyms, some English speakers, for example, pronounce the pairs click and clique, or talk and torque, in the some way, making these homonyms which are spelled differently. For example:

(1) Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and with the same spelling. E.g. lap circuit of a course and lap part of body when sitting down (2) Of the same category, but with different spelling. E.g. the verbs ring and wring. (3) Of different categories, but with the same spelling: e.g. the verb keep and noun keep (4) Of the diiferent categories, and with the different spelling: e.g. not;knot Of course variations in pronounciation mean that not all speakers hace the same set of homonyms, some English speakers for example, pronounciation the pair click and clique, or talk and torque, in the same way, making the homonyms, which are spelled differently. 2. Polysemy Saeed (1997:64) defines the polysemy is an important distinction for lexicographers in the design of their dictionaries, because polysemous senses are listed under the some lexical entry, while homonymous sense are given separate entries. According to Alwasilah (1993:164) Satu kata mempunyai lebih dari satu arti, atau lebih tepat kita katakan satu leksim (lexeme) mempunyai bebrapa makna (arti)(one word which has ambiguity of meaning or its can say that one (lexeme) has some of (meaning) . based on view above, speakers may differ in their intuition, and worse, historical fact and speaker intuitions may contradict each other, for example : most engllish speakers seem to feel that the two words sole bottom of the foot and sole flatfish are unrelated, and should be given separate lexical entries as case of

homonymy. A more recent example is the adjective gay with two meaning lively, light-heart, bright and homosexual. 3. Synonymy Saeed (1997: 65)defines the synonymy is different phonological words which have same or vary similar meaning. While according to Gannon (1980:47) for synonymy to exist, two different words have to share exactly the same contexts. Whereas Alwasilah (1993:164) express the synonymy is beberapa kata yang berbeda mempunyai arti yang sama (some of different words but have same of meaning). For example: 1. She called out to young lad 2. She called out to the young boy In other contexts, however, the words lad and boy have different connotations; 4. Antonymy Saeed (1997:66) defines the antonymy, in traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. According to Alwasilah (1993:164) that antonymy is beberapa pasang kata mempunyai arti yang berlawanan (The set of word with contradictive meaning). Whereas Gannon (1980:52) express that antonymy covers a number of relations which seem to involve words which are at the sometime related in meaning contrasting. Examples would include: i) ii) iii) Dead /a live (of e.g. animals) Pass / fail (a test) Hit / miss (a target)

So using these words literary dead implies not a live, e.t.c which explains the semantics oddness of sentences like: My pet phyton is dead but luckily its still a live of course speaker can creatively altar these two term clasifications for special effect; people can speak of someonee being half dead; or someone know that in horror films the undead are the not alive in the normal sense. 5. Hyponymy Saeed (1997:67) defines the hyponymy, is relation is inclusion. While according to Gannon (1980:50) that, hyponymy is one such relation is hyponym the relation of a more specific item to a more general item. For example: 1. Dog and cat are hyponyms of animal 2. Sister and mother are hyponyms of woman 6. Meronymy Saeed (1997:68) defines the meronymy is term used to describes a part wwhole relationship between lexical items. For example: thus cover and page are meronyms of book. Someone can identify this relationship by using sentences frames like X is part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is part of book, or book has page. 2.1.2.2 Contextual meaning 2.1.2.2.1 The Definition of Contextual In this research, the researcher uses contextual meaning as the instrument to analyze the proverb of the Indonesian notebook. Contextual meaning is the unity of semantics field as the study about meaning. Its means that contextual meaning is a part of semantics.

In Kamus Linguirtik, Kridalaksana defines that context are: 1. The physical environment aspects or social which is related to each other pronouncement. 2. The knowledge which is owed by the speaker and listener until the listener will understand what the speaker means. We feel diffivult to understand the meaning, if we do not know about the context performance of pronouncements. To understand the pronouncemebt, we have to look at the situation context. Based on the context analyze, we can solve the aspects of be meaningful language, so linguistics and non linguistics aspect can be corrlated (Pateda: 1994:104). While Alwasilah (1993: 158) says that meaning is the thing is conveyed especially by language, the thing one intends to covey espcecially by language, significant quality; especially implication of a hidden or special significance, the logical connotation of a word or phrase. So, to face the trouble, he arranges many theories, they are: 1. Conceptual Theory 2. Reference and Correspondence Theory 3. Contextual Theory 4. Field Theory 5. Componentional Theory 6. Combinational Semantics 7. Generative Semantics Contextual theory is the one theory which tries to explain the meaning of the words by collocation that can be found.

Aminuddin says that meaning, which appears in communication because of the connectionof social context and situational by pronouncement form, is called contextual meaning (1988:92). Afterward, the meaning can be fixed by user of the context. It can be formed as social contect or situational, conforms to appearing of pronouncement in using or communicating the action. Contextual theory has signal that a word or one the pronouncement symbol has not the meaning if it is far from context. The context itself is the situation which is formed by setting, activity, and relation. If the interaction of three components is happened, so context will be formed. Setting, according to Parera (2004: 228), occures the time, place, and the situation when it is done. Commonly, parts of setting are: 1. The material elements which exist around event of language interaction. 2. The place, it manages the thing and people. 3. The time, it manages the time of event of language interaction. The interaction is all of the connection between the speaker and speech. That connection can be fixed by gender, age, position, a family relaationship, and the public service relationship. Accoording to Chaer that contextual meaning is the meaning of a word in one context where it isi connected with the condition such as the place, time, and environment (1995:290).