FILAMER CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY Graduate School

SOURCES, CAUSES AND IMPACT OF STRESS ON THE TEACHING PERFORMANCE IN P.E.

A Thesis Proposal Submitted to the Faculty School of Graduate Studies

In partial fulfillment for For the degree

MASTER OF ARTS IN TEACHING Major in Physical Education

By CASTER L. KAPUNAN 2012

CHAPTER I

Introduction

Teaching has a very prestigious place in all professions. A teacher all is a kingpin of a in the very the entire system world of education. considered this have

Almost their

cultures in

civilized high

have To

teachers

esteem. of

achieve

status teachers

throughout

the

history

civilization

come up to the expectations of the world around them. Most thinkers and philosophers of the past who are still remembered because they had their students and disciples that proliferate the ideas and knowledge they have produced. Times have changed and the societies and cultures have drastically diversified, but the tasks of a teacher are

primarily the same, which is the transfer of knowledge to the next generation. With change in cultural norms and traditions in the societies there has been a drastic change in the

expectations from a teacher. Some of these changes have limited the measures which a teacher in the past could exercise in disciplining a student and some have put additional burden on teachers in respect their preparation of lessons and adopting and maintaining their teaching styles. This is because most of

the school systems prefer to maintain uniformity in all their branches.

of

Teaching has now become a very demanding occupation with a lot of stresses for a teacher who has a lot of deadlines to meet and a lot of responsibilities to shoulder besides teaching a child. Primarily the role and responsibility of a teacher is in the present day school system. This was

multitasked

altogether different just a few years ago. With the change in the type of teaching culture and added managerial

responsibilities for teachers include planning and executing instructional objectives lessons, from assessing a set students based and on specific

derived

curriculum,

communicating

with parents.

Some of the jobs that teachers face from day to

day includes: Lesson planning and teaching, accountability for students performance, role, classroom management activity and discipline, and

supervisory monitoring.

extracurricular

conducting

Teaching has been identified as one of the most stressful professions today. The reasons for that are quite similar to other stressful occupations in the world. In a survey assessing the stress levelsf of various jobs by the Health and Safety Executive(2010) , teaching came out top. Job related stress also imparts a lot of elements towards performance and

efficiency of teachers. With the current trend of shifting the educations focus from quantity to quality, it is then a

qualifier that teaching performance is a primary consideration in all of the educational system. It is on this premise that this study is conducted to determines, assess and qualify stress and its relationship

towards teaching performance in Physical Education subject.

Statement of the Problem

This study will be conducted to find out the sources, causes and impact of stress on the teaching performance in P.E. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the socio-demographic profile of the respondents with regards to: A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D) Civil Status? 2. What are the sources of stress? 3. What causes stress? 4. Are there significant differences between the levels of stress and : A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D) Civil Status? 5. What is the level of impact of stress among the

respondents when grouped according to: A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D)

Civil Status? 6. Are there significant relationships between level of

impact of stress and the respondents: A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D)

Civil Status?

Objectives of the Study This study wants to find out the sources, causes and impact of stress on the teaching performance in P.E. Specifically it aims to attain the following objectives: 1. To describe socio-demographic profile of the respondents with regards to: A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D) Civil Status. 2. To determine the sources of stress. 3. To find out the causes stress. 4. To determine if there are significant differences

between the levels of stress and : A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D) Civil Status 5. To find out the level of impact of stress among the respondents when grouped according to: A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated monthly income, and D) Civil Status. 6. To ascertain if there are significant relationships

between level of impact of stress and the respondents: A) Sex, B) Age, C) Teaching Position, D) Estimated

monthly income, and D) Civil Status.

Significance of the Study

The

outcome

of

this

study

will

give

comprehensive

knowledge of the sources , causes and impact of stress on the teaching performance in P.E. It will determine the sources of stress, its causes by the and the levels of It impact will of stress provide as a

experienced

respondents.

also

conclusion if stress is related to age, sex, income, teaching position and civil status. This study will provide a clear idea and data for teachers, administrators and academic leaders for future decisions and innovations as to how stress can be

battled and reduced.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study was set to find out the sources, causes and impact of stress on the teaching performance in P.E. As such this study is only limited to the collection, tabulation and interpretation of data by the use of a standardized questionnaire and interview schedules. This study will be conducted in the period of November 2012 to March 2012. The respondents were all Physical Education teachers.

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature Job stress has been recognized as a serious and chronic cause of individual suffering, irritation, strain and

discomforts. As a matter of fact little research work has so far been carried out on the topic of job stress in Asia. On the other hand plenty of work has been done on the topic across the world particularly in the U.S.A and Europe. research quantum work of done on job stress on the across topic scope The magnitude of the on of world and the is to

data and

available is outside

the this

Internet chapter

phenomenal

the

incorporate it all. However an effort has been made to select a few closely related dissertations, reports and articles on the topic for review purpose.
British Psychological Society, 1988 stated job stress as one of the top ten industrial diseases in the US. Willcox (1994), reported that atleast 25% of the employees are psychlogically stressed at any one time. It has serious implications for the health of the workers in the society as a whole. The Health of The Nation (HMSO, 1992) describes that this area needs to be addressed to promote the health of the workers. Stress' is one of the most inaccurate words in the scientific literature reported by williams (1994). The term sometimes indicates stressfull events and sometime indicate the effect of these events on

work performance and sometime dis ordered health remarked by Maclean (1985). Marmot Et. Al 1987 reports that job stress is lack of

understanding how work enviroment make a person ill. Job stress refer to broad class of problems indicated by Lazarus (1971) Any demand which atax the system, whatever it is, a physiological system, a social system or a psychological system, and the response of that system. There is greater consensus about the meaning and effect of job stress. WHO (1986) stated that stress is a dynamic state of mind characterized by reasonable harmony between a person's abilities,

needs and expectations, and environmental demands and opportunities. Prof. Cox (1993) concentrates on the importance for general health of a state of balance between needs and demands, citing the World Health Organisation's definition of well-being.

Hans

Selye

(1956)

is

considered of Life

as

the a

father by

of Hans

stress Seyle

research.

The

Stress

(1956),

book

introduced the concept of stress in the public domain and his General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] is a popular one amongst the research scholar of psychology and management. Stress a state, manifested by a specific syndrome of biological events Selye (1974). He argued that stress is not entirely a bad event. According to him stress is the reaction of the physical body toward a situation or event, which is demanding. Any kind of normal activity can produce considerable stress without causing any harmful effects (Selye, 1974), Selye 1982 clearly state

that the non specific implication of any demand put on the body be its effect mental or somatic. The uncertainty that occurs at the organizational, unit, group, and individual levels. Uncertainty exists to the extent that knowledge about an event or condition requiring action or resolution is experienced as inadequate reported by Schuler and Jackson (1986). Edwards (1988) view about the stress is that A negative discrepancy between an individual's perceived state and desired state, provided that the presence of this discrepancy is

considered important by the individual. Taylor (1992) reported about stress in the following words Demands made upon us [internally or externally] which we

perceive as exceeding our adaptive resources. If we try to cope and that is ineffective this gives rise to stress. If this stress is prolonged then lasting psychological and physical

damage may occur. Hereby demands we do mean that arise from the workload or work burden. Cox (1993) perception of stress is from te assumption that stressor are discreat, time limited and various events of the life requiring adjustments or adaptaion are utterly associated with stress. Holmes and Rahe (1967) ranked the potential

stressfull events which may be work or non work related such as

death of spouse, divorce, marriage (not all negative), fired from work marital reconciliation, retirement, bussiness

readjustment, change in work responsibilities trouble with boss change in work condition. (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). Job stress is the sum total of factors experienced in relation to work which affects the psychosocial and

physiological homeostasis of the worker. The individual factor is termed a stressor and stress is the individual worker's

reaction to stressors. Suggested by Weiman (1977). Beehr stress' and to O'Hara to (1987) causal used stressor' rather than people

refer

factors

becausefew

misinterpret stressor to mean the person's reaction. And uses strain' to mean the state ofbeing stressed as evidenced by physiological, psychological or medical indices, Hans Syndrome Selye [GAS] (1951) states report that, in about The General to a Adaptation an

response

stressor,

initial alarm reaction' is followed by a stage of resistance' in which resistance to the original stressor builds up but ability to resist new stressors is lowered. Eventually a stage of exhaustion' sets in which ends in catastrophic inability to cope with any form of stress. Health and Safety Executive (HSE 2001) research report

with the title; the workplace stress epidemic; reveals that 53%

of the employees have experienced a stress in the work place, International Stress Management Association (2001) found that one out of four working force have suffered due to stress

related sickness. One out of five has suffered extreme stress in the work place. The HSE(2001) research found, a highky significant co

relation between extreme stress and poor working condition. The employees have reported a wide range of health problems and behavior problems, Professor Andy Smith have confirmed the fact that job stress is one of the most evident problem in the work environment. The Bristol team(2000)has reported that 30% increase in job stress has been occurred in the work environment. The major problems indicated by job stress related illness are

depression, anxiety, backache and musculo-skeletal disorders. Chartered Management Institute in 2001has found that long hours work load, working late at night has become a culture in the todays modern organization and as such are sources of job stress.This study by the CMI and healthcare(2000), has reportd that 25% of the executive had gone on sick leave in the past one year due to job stress, 75% of the executive has reported that job stress was demaging their home life, health,

performace at work and satisfaction level.

Cary

Cooper(1995),

has

argued

that

the

trends

in

the

american society are the major sources of job stress, such as working for long hours, down sizing and no contact culture. According to Elizabeth Burtney (2002),who found the

organization are full of stress and therefore we should focus on the stress intervention in the organization as wel as on stressed out indivisual. Professor study that Stephen in Palmer(2001)reported a universal level thing. of in his research can will be be

stress the

Everyone body

stressed

and

threshold

every

different. It depend on the person how he percieves a specific situation. Stress may be the result of the interactio between the person and enviroment. Professor Cary Cooper (1995) has argued that insecurity in the organization stereo type attitude of the boss may be the major sources of stress. For employees it is necessary that they should have complete control on the job because of lack of control some time result in job The Health and Safety Executive (2001); research survey stated about sorces of stress and the circumstances which result in stress. The sources of stress are work overload, repetative work, role conflict, role ambiguity, danger, harasment and bullying, poor relation ship, in flexible

shedule,

lack

of

social

support,

confusion,

lack

of

communication and poor working condition and many others. Elizabeth Burtney of HEBS research(2004) reveals that

stress in this modern world too carries a stigma in the closed style of management where the employees are expected to work hard and no concern is shown for their home life. The employees too never talk about the job stress. According to an article with the title, Job stress and job satisfaction of employees in German radiotherapy (2001), which concludes that the greatest source of job stress stemmed from underpayment, hours, crying role patients,keeping etc. patients fit and

living,long

conflict

Physicians

and

nurses

showed a significantly higher stress level on scales such as structural conditions and particularly compassion than

radiographers and physicists. Finally, rating of job stress and satisfaction depends significantly on the age group, gender, experience and the hospital. Chandriah et. al. (1990) research study with title;Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Managers, states;Individuals under excessive stress tend to find their jobs less satisfying. Some of their intrinsic or extrinsic needs may be thwarted or not met sufficiently.Corroborating (Hollingworth et. al. many studies in the the

literature

1988;

Keller,

1975),

findingsof the present study also reveal the same. The subjects with lower job satisfaction were found to experience more

stress in the form of overload,role ambiguity, role conflict, under participation, powerlessness and low status compared to those with higher job satisfaction. Age, therefore, was found to be of importance in these study findings. The results of the study reiteratethe level significance as pointed crisis at of out demands by at each career the as and

development individuals hypothesized

Hallingworth.And stage

encounter by

each

developmental decreasing

Erickson.Significantly

stress

increasing job satisfaction with increasing age was found among the managers and these confirm the importance of the

developmental process. An Empirical Study (1999) with title, Effect of Job

Stress reported that; job stress is one of the vital issues in the organisation. exist It has job been established and job that a negative job

relation

between

stress

performance,

stress and job satisfaction. This review with title factors influencing stress and job satisfaction(2001): shows that various elements effect stress level and job satisfaction. These elements are leadership,

quality control, relation between doctor and nurse. It has been established that a negative relationship exists between

leadership,

stress

and

job

satisfaction.

The

association

between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was

revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organizational issues, lack of

nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses' stress emerged as mediating

variables between stress and job satisfaction. Beatrice et. al. (2002) has found that the higher is the demand on job the higher will be the stress and demanding job negatively affect the health of the nurses and result in

deterioration of general health. The study here is of Kaohsiung City government employees, china human resource management deptt (2000), entitled job

stress relation with social support and job performance.It has been proved in the above research study that there is great relevance between job stress and job performance. job stress is inversly propotional to job performance. Further social support has a great impact on level of job stress. Greater social

support results in the reduction of stress level and hence increases the perfromance of the employees. The report also indicated that female employees feel more stressed as compared to male employees (Bheer 2000).

Santha et. al. (2003) research report has presented that the stress level of the employees has various effects on the employees as well as on the organization. Due to stress the employee may give more absenteeism, accidents, high turnover rate and impaired descion. Upto some extent stress may be a good thing. It gives the push and motivation to the employee. But extreme stress is harmful. It may result in poor

performance and yet productivity of the employees is reduced.

NIOSH (1999) reported that; 40% of workers say their job is extremely stressfull. 26% of workers report burnout during

working hours. David's and Theresa's(1999)have reported that 25% of the employees have considered there job stressful, 75% of the

employees say that the task is the modern organisation is more stressful than earlier. Job stress may give a lot of problems during the work and it is attached with health problems etc. NIOSH (2001) model of job stress is self explanatory; STRESSFUL JOB CONDITION=RISK OF INJURY & ILLNESS. The NIOSH (1999) research study on gender and job stress finds that sex descrimination and role conflict and role

ambiguity and family demand may have more severe effect on female employees. Stress can be reduced in the organisation by

introducing a change in the workplace. It may result in the reduction of stress levels for both workers male and females. The organization should promote family friendly policy,

discourage sex discrimination.

The research study with the title "Women in Construction has reported that women in the construction industry have complaints of frequent harasment isolation and abuses by her co workers. The turn over of the female workers in the construction industry is higher as compared to others. Female labours in this industry are always at higher risk due to lack of safety measures and trainings. In the research study by NIOSH (1999) of females workers in the internal revencue service (IRS), which states that musculoskeletal discomfort can be reduced to a great extent if periodic rest is provided to the worker during working hours. It may result in higer job performance.

NIOSH (2001) has presented in a survey that 60% of the woman workers have reported that stress is a great problem for them. They have cited that the following are the major sources of stress during job for females employees, role conflict and role ambiguity, poor relationship with other workers, burden of work, rush poor working enviroment, monotonus and repetitive work, lack of control over job, demands etc. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2001) indicated that in the current era the stress related

expenditure on employees is 50% higher than the early period. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health(2001)states

that high demanding jobs enhances the risk of cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, psychological problems,

injuries at work, suicide, cancer, ulcer and impaired immune function. NIOSH(2001) research report on job stress health and

productivity states that job stress has inverse relation with productivity and it negatively affect the health of the

employees. Stressful working condition results in poor health of the employees. Job stress increases absenteeism, tardiness, higher turnover and poor health. Journal of Applied Psychology (2001)reseacrh report with the title Stress Prevention and Job Performance states that effect of intervention programe on job stress is very

encouraging. The organization should educate employee on job stress, inform the employees regarding policies of the

organization, how to reduce job stress and initiate employees support program. Stress prevention program encourage employees and results in enhanced production. NIOSH (2000)has reported that on average employees remain off the job for almost 20 days due to job stress, so job stress results in increased absenteeism.
In the research study by the national insurance company that female workers feel more stressed than male workers. The chances of burnout and physical sickness related to job stress are more among

female workers. The reason may be that the women are paid less than male workers.

European Agency (2001) research report has mentioned the following details which may be considered at the cost of Each year millions of working days are lost due to job stress. The cost of job stress in term of money is in millions of dollars. Many studies have tried to determine the posible positive relationship between job stress and violance at work drug use. One study has established the fact that job stress creates negative indivisuals The and has who negative effect job on the start

organization.

workers

experienced

stress

using drugs and alcohol and tobacco to reduce there tension, so job stress is one of the reason for drinking in the workers ILO (2001). University of Utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, establish and extends that job stressors faced by workers during job includes

workload, role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of job autonomy and lack of job control. A research report satisfaction in and Saudi Medical Journal

(2003)titledJob

organizationalcommitment

states that female nurses are more satisfied and contented in

the

public

sector nurses

hospital, provide

the

study output

further as

reveals to

that less

satisfied

higher

compared

satisfied nurses. The other factor for higher production from nurses is there comittment toward job. A report in Journal of Health (2003) with title stress and suicide in nurses revealed that the relation between

stress and suicide remained U shaped. when the job stress and home stress are combined, five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs. Risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. School of Health Science (2002),Blekinge Institute of

Technology Karlskrona, Sweden entitled job stress of nurses concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral. There is shortage of too nurses impedes of in the health care and to

organizational avoid the

structure

nursing stress

performance nurses

negative

consequences

for

moral

support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime

ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title The influence of work stress and work support on burnout in public hospital nurses States that female nurses with high level of stress and little support have experience high rate of

burnout. Job stressors were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflict. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses' subjective

experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession HSJ - HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL(2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE job stress and job satisfaction shows that a strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job

satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses' job satisfaction was found, the

association between clinical leadership and quality of interprofessional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, the a positive clinical but weak relationship and the was revealed of

between

leadership

quality

relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses' stress emerged as mediating

variables between stress and job satisfaction. A research study by Deptt of medicine(2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, job stress corelation with job satisfaction

and burn outThe findings are that medical staff frequently faces burn out due to high level of job stress. The turn over rate amongst the highly stressed workers are very high. The problem of burnout is common amongst the staff of cancer unit. A research paper by School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009),

UK,entitled Workplace stress in nursing finds that workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many on years. stress

Stress

management

programe

should

concentrate

prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout (2005), Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS, concludes that,The mental healthcounselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of2.57 on afive point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational 2.25. The Stress Scalehaving yielded in a baseline study score of

mental

health

counselors

this

scoredon

average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. Employees in publiclyfunded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health)

experience greater perceived work stressthan those counselors in privately funded clinics.
Research study conducted by Carol Brewer(2000)mentioned that new comers in the profession of nursing confront enhanced stress as

compared to existing lot .New nurses have reported the following are the major sources of job stress for them; complex jobs ,long

hours,overtimes frequently, role conflict, role ambiguity, dangerous working conditions,abuses, inadequate resources and strain. Exploratory Study( 2001) to dig out the job stressors conducted in Tiawan on nurses concludes that changes in the of today's social

organizations,role

conflict,

role

ambiguity,lack

support,working environment in the hospital, demanding job of nurses are the main stressors for nurses. European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences, reportentitled Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction signify that job stress and job satisfaction (1986) are job invrsely corelated. has According been found to Stamps &

Piedmonte

satisfaction

significant

relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively

related with job satisfaction. Fletcher & Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals

that,

both

of

job

stress

and

job

satisfaction

were

found

to

be

interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. to it The relationship If a between variables exists can be very two

important variables,

academician. could be

definite for a

link

between to

possible

academician

provide

intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995).

Study

of

Job

Stress in what

and

Job

Satisfaction a exists

among

University

Staff

Malaysia, corelation Inverse

research between job

article(2007)investigates stress and job

satisfaction?

relationship

exists

between job stress and job satisfaction. The stressors that have been taken by for research contain leadership with style and work

interference

management,

relationship

peers,

burden, role ambiguity, and role conflict.

Faculty of Education (2001), University of Ibadan, article entitledEffects of Job Stress states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental, work behaviour,and

performance,satisfaction level. Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers (1999). Many also

experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by

colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker

compensation claims for anxiety, depression,nervous breakdown and other are stress just related the tip symptom. of the Union iceberg: leaders Teacher say are these very

figures

reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian

education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language teacher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties,

Howell had a nervous breakdown.

After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing

support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did hate to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom. Nebuo Miuro (1999)quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didn't get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause habits, an unhealthy of lifestyle such as and

smoking,

poor

eating

lack

physical

exercise

sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with

stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the country's current recession is making matters

worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing pressure life on qtime employment to work guarantees, long hours. putting Many further blame

employees

also

Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue explains a Japanese

psychiatrist. So far, only 17 percent of Japanese companies offer over stressed employees some form of counseling.

CHAPTER III Methodology This chapter focuses on the method in which the research question was investigated. It provides insight into the

research design, sampling method employed, the data gathering instruments used and the statistical techniques applied. Research Design This study will employ the descriptive research design. According the Aquino (1999), descriptive research is a type of research that aims to find facts with adequate description and interpretation. A quantitative empirical investigation was

preferred above a qualitative design as the aim was not to describe, emphasise meaning or experiences, but rather to solve the stated problem by analysing and interpreting data

statistically. Quantitative approaches are also considered to be more objective, structured and have both high validity and reliability (Coolican, 1999). Stratified random sampling was employed to obtain a representative sample and information was collected by means of a questionnaire.

Respondents, Population and Sample A population is defined as the total collection of

individuals or objects that forms the focus of the research whereas the sample is a selected part or a subset of the population (Pretorius, 1995,). According to Pretorius (1995), research is generally conducted to make inferences about the population based on the information available about the sample, in order to make inferences from the sample to the population.

The population in this study consisted of 300 Physical Education teachers from various public high schools in Capiz. Sekaran (2003) maintains that the ideal sample size should

constitute approximately 115 respondents.

For the purpose of

this research questionnaires were administered and retrieved. A response rate of thirty percent (30%) is considered acceptable for most research purposes (Sekaran, 2003, p. 204).

Sampling Procedure Probability sampling is considered to be the best

technique as all elements have equalchance to be included in the sample and hence it 1990; Shaughnessy yields greater validity Murphy 1997). and & A

reliability.(Anastasi, Davidshofer, 1988;

Huysamen, &

1983;

Zechmeister,

stratified random sample was therefore selected, as it allows the population to be divided into subsets or strata which are then randomly sampled, and in this manner increases

representativeness of the sample, and minimizes sampling error (Lehman, 1991). The researcher can therefore from the outset define or categorizee the population in terms of supplementary information correlated e.g. with age, the occupation, income and gender to be &

variables

being

studied

(Shaughnessy

Zechmeister,1997).

The Research Instrument The data collection instruments and the used included Institute Job a for

biographical Occupational

questionnaire Safety and

National

Health

(NIOSH)

Generic

Stress

Questionaire . A questionnaire was employed as it allows the researcher to gather structured information from a large number of individuals (Lehman, 1991), it allows for anonymity and it is economical to use (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 1996).

Another

common

method

used

to

quantify

stress

is

the

Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale. Identifying potential areas of concern can help some make the necessary environment or

personal changes to improve stressful situations. However, for many situations changes are not possible and individuals need

to adopt stress management techniques to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of prolonged exposure to unhealthy stress. Moreover, Weiers (1988) indicates that the analysis of

questionnaires is easy due tothe structured information in the questionnaire with few open-ended questions. Linde,Rothmann and Sieberhagen (1999, cited in van Zyl, 2002) espouse the view that questionnaires, requiring self-evaluation can present an objective measurement of stress since the person is evaluating himself/herself and the interpretation of data is not dependent on the subjective judgement of another person, for instance an interviewer. As self-evaluation questionnaires are quantified, it is easier to compare the scores of different individuals.

Statistical Tool Usage

After the questionnaire have been retrieved and tabulate it will be subjected to statistical treatment. Coolican (1999, p. 389) maintains that Analysis of variance procedures are powerful parametric methods for testing the significance of

differences between sample means where more than two conditions are used, or even when several independent variables are

involved. ANOVA makes it feasible to appraise the separate or combined influences of several (Mouton independent & Marais, variables 1990). on the was

experimental

criterion

ANOVA

therefore

used

to

establish

if

statistical

significant

difference exist between the levels of stress based on the biographical variables.

Multiple regression analyses the common and separate influences of two or more variables on a dependent variable (Kerlinger, 1986), and it is used to establish theextent to which various differing variables add to predict another variable (Guyatt, Walter, Shannon, was Cook Jaeschke used to & Heddle, determine 1995). if the Multiple selected the

regression sources of

therefore

stress

statistically

significantly

explain

variance in total stress experienced by teachers.

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