Chapter 5: Tissues

I. Introduction
A. Cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body
B. Cells of different tissues are structured differently, which leads to their
differences in function
C. Tissues of the human body include four major types:
1. Epithelial Tissues
a. widespread throughout the body…covers organs and lines
body surfaces
b. anchored to a basement membrane
c. are made up of tightly packed cells containing little
intercellular material
d. generally lack blood vessels
e. are replaced frequently
f. functions in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and
sensory reception
g. there are 9 types of epithelial tissues:
1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
-made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells
-functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs
-lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body
cavities
2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
-consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells
with centrally located nuclei
-functions in secretion and absorption in the
kidneys and in secretion in glands
3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
-made up of a row of elongated cells whose nuclei
are all located near the basement membrane
-lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it
protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive
fluids and absorbs nutrients
-in the intestines, these cells passes microvilli that
increases the surface area available
4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial
 -appeared layered due to the varying positions of
their nuclei within the rows of cells, but are not
truly layered
-Cilia may be present
-Cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through the
oviducts to the uterus in the female reproductive
system
5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
-made up of layers of flattened cells that are
designed to protect underlying layers
-makes up the outer layer of skin
-lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal
6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
-consists of two-three layers of cuboidal cells
lining a lumen (opening) of the mammary glands,
sweat glands, and pancreas
-several layers of cells provide greater protection
than a single layer
7. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
-consists of several layers of cells
-found in part of the male urethra and parts of the
pharynx
8. Transitional Epithelium
-designed to distend and return to its normal size
-found in the urinary bladder
-design provides dispensability (stretching)
and keeps urine from diffusing back into the
internal cavity
9. Glandular Epithelium
-made up of cells designed to produce and secrete
substances into ducts or into body fluids
-exocrine glands- glands that secrete products
into ducts
-endocrine glands- glands that secrete products
into body fluids and blood
2. Connective Tissues
a. Bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store
fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection and repair
tissue damage
b. Unlike epithelial tissue, have abundant intercellular material
and have good blood supplies (except in cartilage)
c. There are 6 types of connective tissues:
1. Loose Connective Tissue
-forms delicate, thin membranes, throughout the
body that bind body parts together
-binds the skin to underlying organs and fills space
within muscles
2. Adipose Tissue
-designed to store fat
-pound beneath the skin around joints, padding the
kidneys and other internal organs and in certain
abdominal membranes
3. Dense Connective Tissues
-consists of densely packed fibers and is very
strong but lacks a good blood supply
-is found a part of tendons and ligaments
4. Cartilage
-provides a supportive framework for various
structures
-Hyaline Cartilage- is white with abundant white
collagen fibers
-is found at the end of bones and supports
respiratory passages
-Elastic Cartilage
-provides a framework for the external ears
and parts of the larynx
-Fibrocartilage
-tough tissue that provides a shock
absorbing function in intervertebral disks in
the knees and pelvic girder
5. Bone
-the most rigid connective tissue
-bone cells are called Osteocytes
 -has a good blood supply enabling rapid recovery
after an injury
6. Blood
-composed of red and white cells suspended in
plasma
-formed in the red bone marrow
-functions to transport substances throughout the
body
3. Muscle Tissue
a. Muscle cells or fibers can contract
b. Consists of 3 major types:
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
-attached to bone
-can be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary)
-cells (muscle fibers) are long and cylindrical,
striated (striped) and have many nuclei
-contracts from nervous impulses then relaxes
2. Smooth Muscle Tissues
-lacks striations, only has one nucleus and consists
of spindle shaped cells
-is involuntary muscle
-found in the walls of internal organs and in the
digestive tract, blood vessels and urinary bladder
3. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
-found only in the heart
-consists of branching fibers that are connected
to each other
-involuntary muscle
-has a single nucleus in each cell, but appears
striated
4. Nervous Tissue
a. found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
b. neutrons, or nerve cells, conduct nervous impulses
c. neuroglia, or helper cells, support, and nourish the neutrons