Teaching Aids

DR. ANIL KHURANA

ASSTT. DIRECTOR www.similima.com CCRH
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Preparing students to receive information

Attention Establish common ground
between instructor and student. Capturing and hold the attention of the class. Specify the benefits students can have.

Motivation Overview

Create receptive attitude towards lesson. Create smooth transition into lesson. Indicate what is to be covered and relate this information to the overall course
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EVALUATING OURSELVES

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Why use teaching aids?

Teaching aids are useful to:
reinforce what you are saying, ensure that your point is understood, signal what is important/essential, enable students to visualise or experience something that is impractical to see or do in real life, engage students other senses in the learning process, facilitate different learning styles.

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We Learn and Retain:

10% of what we READ 20% of what we HEAR 30% of what we SEE 50% of what we HEAR and SEE
Higher levels of retention can be achieved through active involvement in learning.
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Five basic principles

Links, Intelligibility, General style, Highlighting, Targeting

LIGHT
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highlighting

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Types and uses of teaching materials

Boards, flip charts Small groups, problem based learning tutorials, workshops Lecture notes Small and large groups; help to improve interactivity Overhead projector Small and large groups, workshops, and interactive sessions 35 mm slides and PowerPoint Generally large groups and lecture formats Videos Good for clinical teaching in larger groups (use film of patients); also for teaching communication skills and practical skills (students can keep films for self appraisal) Life and plastic models Anatomy teaching in small groups or for self directed learning Computer assisted learning packages Small groups with a tutor; large groups in computer laboratories; self directed learning Skills centres and simulators Small groups learning clinical skills
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WHITE-/BLACKBOARD
Advantages
No advanced preparation required, except when displaying a complex table/chart/ diagram. Technology is not dependent on electricity or other possible glitches. Can be used by students for problem-solving, etc.

Disadvantages
Time-consuming if you have a lot to write. Handwriting may be difficult to read (legibility, size, glare, etc.). Turn your back on audience. Cleaning the board (chalk dust, permanent marker, etc.) Cant go back to something youve erased.
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WHITE-/BLACKBOARD
TIPS
Get to the lecture hall early to make sure that the board has been cleaned. Bring your own chalk/markers and eraser. If you have problems with keeping your writing level, draw horizontal lines in advance using a pencil and metre stick. Draw complex diagrams, charts, etc. in advance and cover with a piece of newsprint until needed.

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Advantages
Allows you to prepare all your slides in advance. Particularly suited for complex diagrams, charts and illustrations. Can build up information pointby-point through the use of overlays. Dont have to turn your back on the audience.

Disadvantages
A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard work. Image quality can also be a problem. Can be disorienting to manipulate transparencies on projector plate.

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Preparing Transparencies
By hand, or Computer application (eg. MS PowerPoint, MS Word, HTML documents) Printing - colour or B/W Printer (laser or inkjet), or Photocopier

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Selecting Text
Avoid overcrowding Avoid continuous prose Bullet or numbered points preferred KILLS
Keep It Legible, Clean and Simple

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Keep words to a minimum:
Please observe the rules prohibiting the combustion of vegetable material and the exhalation of noxious fumes in this auditorium.

NO SMOKING

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Tables are best avoided:
1st Qtr. 2nd Qtr. 3rd Qtr. 4th Qtr. 20.4 27.4 90.0 20.4 30.6 38.6 34.7 31.5 45.9 46.8 45.0 43.9

East West North

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Use Charts/Graphs instead:
200 150 100 50 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
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North West East

4th Qtr
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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Choosing a Font
Size - minimum 20pt (5mm high)

Examples:
14 pt Tahoma

20 pt Tahoma

28 pt Tahoma

36 pt Tahoma
Sans serif fonts preferred Times New Roman Arial Comic Sans
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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Style Notes for Transparencies
Allow a margin of 5 cm (2) all round. Avoid TOO MUCH UPPERCASE TEXT For emphasis, use bold or underlining instead of italics Keep titles systematic and consistent Justification - left or centred Avoid light text on dark background.

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Beforehand
Get to the room early to make sure the OHP is working. Check the aim and focus. Walk to the back of the room to see whether the smallest print is readable. Relax (if possible).

During the Lecture

Keep used and unused slides in separate piles. Cover the slide with a piece of cardboard and slide it down to reveal text as you go. Use a pen on the OHP glass rather than pointing to the screen.
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35mm slide projector

Useful since multimedia projectors and computers are expensive and not available in all locations Many institutions usually have it. With the advent of computers usage is now very limited Slide preparation is cumbersome for which professional help is required..
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Number your slides so that if a projectionist is loading them or the carousel is dropped they can be quickly reordered

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DATA PROJECTOR (portable)

How to connect your Laptop to a portable data projector:
Attach one end of the data cable to the serial port of the laptop. Attach the other end to the RGB IN port of the data projector. Switch the data projector on followed by the laptop. Press the 'Fn' and the appropriate function key to display.

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DATA PROJECTOR (fixed)

NOTE: Available in certain classrooms only A FEW DAYS BEFORE
Contact Education Services Helpdesk to have your account authorised for log on.

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DATA PROJECTOR (fixed)

JUST BEFORE YOUR LECTURE/TUTORIAL
Log on as normal. Open PowerPoint (or other application) and access files on your designated network drive, or Open web browser, type in the URL and queue up what you want to present. Minimise window until you are ready to use.
For further information, see: http://odtl.dcu.ie/projects/web-tl/terminals.html

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Ground rules for slide preparation (35 mm or PowerPoint) Use a clear font that is easily readable Use a type size of 20 points or greater Use a light text on a dark background for slides (in contrast with OHP transparencies) Use short sentences and small tables Restrict the overall number of words on each slide to about 40 or fewer Avoid patterned backgroundsthey are extremely distracting Limit the number of colours on your slides to a maximum of three Use highlighting to emphasise items in lists Use animation and sound effects sparingly
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Other Media FLIPCHART

When to USE:
if electricity is unavailable, to enable students to illustrate group reports, to provide a written record of points made by students.

TIPS
Check the room and equipment beforehand. Get your own pad of newsprint. Write out important pages in advance. Dont put too much on a page. Carry a collection of felt-tip pens and check that they havent dried out. Bring along some Blutack.

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Other Media AUDIO TAPES or CDs

When to USE:
Particularly suited for language learning, media studies, English literature, etc. Valuable when referring to recorded historical events (e.g. Martin Luther Kings I have a dream speech). Background music can also be played before class starts and during group activities.

TIPS
Check the room and equipment beforehand. Can it be heard from the back of the room? Find the right spot on the tape/ CD and queue it up in advance. Dont play more than a few minutes of audio at one time. Break up longer clips into segments, interspersed with discussion or other activities.
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Other Media VIDEO TAPES or DVDs

When to USE:
Adds a dimension not available through audio alone helps students to visualise. Essential when illustrating things that are impractical to do in real life. Particularly suited for language learning, media studies, engineering, etc. Valuable when referring to recorded historical events.

TIPS
Same as for CDs/audio tapes Check equipment beforehand. Can images be seen from the back of the room? Queue up the tape in advance. Break viewing into short segments, interspersed with discussion or activities.

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Making the most of the DATA PROJECTOR

A brief introduction to MS PowerPoint
Further information can be found on the CSD web-site: http://www.dcu.ie/internal/csd/sms/webguides2000/power2k/power.htm

TASK: Choosing Media

Stage One
Work individually. Think of a lecture/ tutorial you will be giving. What media will you use to support it? Time for task - 2 minutes.

Stage Two
Form triads. Share you plans with each other. Why did you choose specific media? Time for task - 5 minutes.

Stage Three

Raise problems/issues in plenary session.

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Anatomy atlases

http:// www.anatomyatlases.org/atlaso

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a) Head of the femoral bone (bound to the Acetabulum an enarthosis). b) Femoral head fossa for the round ligament. c) Femoral neck. d) Greater trochanter (insertion site for mm gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator and quadratus femoris). e) Lesser trochanter (insertion site for mm psoas major and internal iliac. f) Anterior intertrochanteric line (origin for m vastus lateralis). g) Body (or diaphysis). h) Lateral femoral condyle (origin for m popliteus and plantaris). i) Medial femoral condyle (origin for the medial head of gastrocnemius). k) Articular groove for the patella.
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a) Talus. b) Calcaneus. c) Os navicular. d) Os cuneiform, I. e) Os cuneiform, II. f) Os cuneiform, III. g) Os cuboid. h) Os metatarsal of the great toe. i) Ossa metatarsal bones. k) Os phalanx I, great toe. l) Os phalanx II, great toe. m) Ossa phalangum, I. n) Ossa phalangum, II. o) Ossa phalangum, III.
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AnatomyPro
3D Softwares for teaching anatomy

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www.similima.com www.medicstock.com

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