International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6545(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 63-74 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF DSTATCOM IN AN INDIAN POWER SYSTEM FOR LOAD AND VOLTAGE BALANCING
D.K. Tanti1, M.K. Verma2, Brijesh Singh3, O.N. Mehrotra4
2,3

Department of Electrical Engineering, B.I.T., Sindri (INDIA) Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T.( BHU), Varanasi (INDIA)

1,4

ABSTRACT The present paper deals with the problem of unbalanced voltages arising due to unbalanced loads in an electrical power system network. In this paper, placement of Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in an Indian power system network has been considered to balance load voltages and currents against switching of unbalanced loads. Impact of DSTATCOM has also been observed in balancing voltage at all other buses which get affected due to connection of unbalanced load in the system. A feed forward neural network with back propagation algorithm has been trained with unbalanced bus voltages with targets defined as balanced bus voltages prior to connection of unbalanced load in the system. The DSTATCOM has been placed at the bus having maximum squared deviation of three phase unbalanced bus voltage from its target value. Simulations have been carried out in standard MATLAB environment using SIMULINK and power system block-set toolboxes. Simulation results establish effectiveness of DSTATCOM placement in load and voltage balancing in the Indian power system considered. Keywords: Power quality, Load balancing, Voltage balancing, DSTATCOM, Optimal placement, ANN 1. INTRODUCTION Power quality is of increasing importance in worldwide distribution. The present distribution systems are facing severe power quality problems such as poor voltage regulation, high reactive power demand, harmonics in supply voltage and current, and load unbalancing [1]. Therefore, maintenance of power quality is becoming of increasing
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

importance in worldwide distribution systems. Industrial consumers with more automated processes require high quality power supply else equipments such as microcontrollers, computers and motor drives may get damaged. High quality power delivery includes balanced voltage supply to consumers. Connection of unbalanced load at a bus may cause unbalanced voltage and current drawn by other loads connected at that bus. Switching of unbalanced load at a bus may also result in unbalanced voltage at some other buses. Unbalanced voltages contain negative and zero sequence components which may cause additional losses in motors and generators, oscillating torques in Alternating Current (AC) machines, increased ripples in rectifiers, saturation of transformers, excessive neutral currents and malfunctioning of several type of equipments. With the advancement in power electronics, new controllers known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) have been developed [2]. These controllers have been proved to be quite effective in power flow control, reactive power compensation and enhancement of stability margin in AC networks [3]. Power electronics based controllers used in distribution systems are called custom power devices. Custom power devices have been proved to be quite effective in power quality enhancement [1]. The custom power devices may be series, shunt, and series-shunt or series-series type depending upon their connection in the circuit. Most prominent custom power devices include Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) [1]. There are several papers reported in literature on placement of custom power devices in balancing of unbalanced load in radial distribution systems. Load voltage balancing using DVR against unbalanced supply voltage in radial distribution system has been considered [4], [5]. Placement of DSTATCOM in weak AC radial distribution system for load voltage and current balancing has been considered in [6]. Balancing of source currents using DSTATCOM in radial distribution system has been considered in [7]. In [7], unbalancing has been caused by connection of unbalanced and non-linear load. Load compensation using DSTATCOM against unbalancing caused by opening of one of the phase of the load in radial distribution system has been considered in [8]. Balancing of supply across an unbalanced 4phase load along with power factor improvement using DSTATCOM has been suggested in [9]. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based controller has been proposed in [10] to balance terminal voltage of an isolated standalone asynchronous generator driven by constant speed prime mover. A non-linear and unbalanced load has been connected at the generator terminals in [10] to create unbalance in supply voltages. The paper [11] uses three phase four wire four leg VSC topology for a DSTATCOM application. The four leg inverter is operated in a current controlled mode by a suitable control strategy to inject compensator currents in order to achieve harmonic compensation, load balancing and power factor correction. The control of DSTATCOM for reactive power, harmonics and unbalanced load current compensation has been presented [12] for a diesel generator set for an isolated system. The paper [13] proposes a method to use SVCs (Static VAR Compensators) with four wire three phase loads for load balancing and reactive power compensation. A DVR/APF (Active Power Filter) based on Proportional Resonant (PR) controller has been proposed in [14] to protect sensitive industrial loads at the point of common coupling, against voltage harmonics, imbalances and sags. Most of the work on placement of custom power devices in load balancing has concentrated on radial distribution systems. Very limited attempt seems to be made in load balancing in interconnected power systems using custom power devices. Unbalanced load
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

connected at a particular bus may cause voltage unbalances at several other buses in an interconnected power system network. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based approach has been applied for optimal placement of custom power devices in IEEE 14- bus system considering it as an interconnected distribution system, for balancing bus voltages at all the buses caused by unbalanced load connected at a particular bus [15]. However, IEEE 14-bus system may be considered as a small and well behaved system. The methodology suitable for optimal placement of custom power devices for this system may not be suitable for a large and practical system. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network based approach suggested in [15] has been considered for optimal placement of DSTATCOM to balance unbalanced voltages in a practical 75-bus Indian system representing earlier Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Network. The ANN has been trained with Levenberg Marquardth back-propagation algorithm (trainlm). 2. DSTATCOM MODEL In the present work, DSTATCOM has been represented as three independently controllable single phase current sources injecting reactive current in the three phases at the point of coupling. The proposed DSTATCOM model has been shown in Figure-1. The control scheme consists of three control switches which can be set on/off as per compensation requirement.

Figure-1. Proposed DSTATCOM model 3. METHODOLOGY The simulation model of the power system network under study is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software [16]. The developed plant model was used to find three phase balanced bus voltages prior to switching of unbalanced load, unbalanced three phase voltage and current at the bus where unbalanced load is switched on, and unbalanced three
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

phase voltages at other buses in the system. The voltage data base so prepared has been used for training of ANN for finding the optimal location of DSTATCOM. A feed forward Artificial Neural Network with back propagation algorithm has been used. The neural network has been trained to give a desired pattern at the output, when the corresponding input data set is applied. The training process is carried out with a large number of input and output target data. The system has been made unbalanced by connection of highly unbalanced load at different load buses. The three phase balanced per unit (p.u.) voltages of buses prior to connection of unbalanced load, have been taken as output target data. The three phase p.u. voltages of buses under unbalanced loading conditions have been considered as input data to train the neural network. Once the network is trained, some data are used to test the network. The testing results provide information about the optimal location for the placement of DSTATCOM controller. Mean Square Error (MSE) has been computed for all the buses. The load bus corresponding to highest mean Mean Square Error value has been selected as the optimal bus for the placement of DSTATCOM controller. 4. CASE STUDIES Case studies were performed on a practical 75-bus Indian system [17]. The 75 bus Indian system is a reduced representation of earlier Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Network. It consists of 75 buses including 15 synchronous generators and 97 transmission lines. There are 42 load buses in the system having a net real and reactive power demand of 6573.5 MW and 1002.37 MVAR, respectively. The single-line-diagram of the system has been shown in Figure-2. Simulation model of 75-bus system Indian system was developed using software package MATLAB/SIMULINK [16]. The simulation block diagram of the system has been shown in Figure-3. The developed plant model shown in Figure-3 was used to find three phase balanced bus voltages prior to switching of unbalanced load, unbalanced three phase voltage and current at the bus where unbalanced load is switched on, and unbalanced three phase voltages at other buses in the system. In order to create unbalance loading condition, an additional Y- connected highly unbalanced load ; Phase A [P=1MW, Q=100MVAR] , Phase B [ P=25KW, Q=200KVAR] , Phase C [ P=1KW, Q=0.1KVAR] was connected at each bus considered at a time, with all other buses having balanced base case loadings. A feed forward neural network was trained with three phase unbalanced bus voltages. The balanced three phase voltages of different buses prior to connection of unbalanced load at a bus were considered as target data for the neural network. The Mean Square Errors (MSE) were calculated for all the load buses using training data and target data. The MSE of all the buses have been shown in Figure-4. It is observed from Figure-4 that bus-47 has maximum MSE value. Therefore, bus-47 was selected as the optimal location for the placement of DSTATCOM controller. Three phase voltage at all the buses and three phase current at the bus with unbalanced load were found with DSTATCOM placed at bus-47 for all the unbalanced loading cases. The variation of three phase voltage with respect to time for all the buses and variation of three phase current with respect to time at the bus with unbalanced load were plotted using MATLAB software [16]. Three phase voltage and current at bus-30 with unbalanced load connected at bus-30 have been shown in Figure-5. Three phase voltage at buses 16, 49, 62 and 74 with unbalanced load connected at bus-30 have been shown in Figure-6. Three phase voltage and current at bus-39 with unbalanced load connected at bus39 have been shown in Figure-7. Three phase voltage at buses 28, 57, 65 and 73 with
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

unbalanced load connected at bus-39 have been shown in Figure-8. Three phase voltage at buses 20, 32, 52 and 69 with unbalanced load connected at bus-47 have been shown in Figure-9. Three phase voltage and current at bus-47 with unbalanced load connected at bus47 have been shown in Figure-10. Three phase voltage and current at bus-50 with unbalanced load connected at bus-50 have been shown in Figure-11. Three phase voltage at buses 25, 34, 53 and 64 with unbalanced load connected at bus-50 have been shown in Figure-12. Three phase voltage and current at bus-54 with unbalanced load connected at bus-54 have been shown in Figure-13. Three phase voltage at buses 24, 42, 60 and 66 with unbalanced load connected at bus-54 have been shown in Figure-14. It is observed from figures 5, 7, 10, 11 and 13 that placement of DSTATCOM at bus-47 results in considerable balancing of load voltage and current at the bus with unbalanced load. It is observed from figures 6, 8, 9, 12 and 14 that placement of DSTATCOM at bus-47 is also able to produce considerable voltage balancing at other buses.

Figure-2. Single line diagram of the 75-bus Indian system

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Figure-3. 75-bus Indian system (MATLAB/SIMULINK) model

Figure-4. Mean Square Error for different load buses (75-bus Indian System)
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Bu s No. 30

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

30

Figure-5. Three phase voltage and current at bus-30 with unbalanced load connected at

bus-30

Bus No. 16

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

49

62

74

Figure-6. Three phase voltage at buses 16, 49, 62 and 74 with unbalanced load connected at bus-30

Bus No. 39

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

39

Figure-7. Three phase voltage and current at bus-39 with unbalanced load connected at bus-39 69

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Bus No. 28

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

57

65

73

Figure-8. Three phase voltage at buses 28, 57, 65 and 73 with unbalanced load connected at bus-39

Bus no. 20

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

32

52

69

Figure-9. Three phase voltage at buses 20, 32, 52 and 69 with unbalanced load at connected at bus-47
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Bus No. 47

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

47

Figure-10. Three phase voltage and current at bus-47 with unbalanced load connected at bus-47 Bus no. 50 Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

50

Figure-11. Three phase voltage and current at bus-50 with unbalanced load connected at bus-50 Bus no. 25 Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

34

53

64

Figure-12. Three phase voltage at buses 25, 34, 53 and 64 with unbalanced load at connected at bus-50
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME

Bus no. 54

Without DSTATCOM

With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

54

Figure-13. Three phase voltage and current at bus-54 with unbalanced load connected at bus-54 Bus no. 24 Without DSTATCOM With DSTATCOM at Bus 47

42

60

66

Figure-14. Three phase voltage at buses 24, 42, 60 and 66 with unbalanced load at connected at bus-54

5. CONCLUSION Custom power devices have shown to be quite effective in power quality enhancement. However, due to high cost and for most effective utilization, these controllers are to be placed optimally in the system. In the present work, optimal placement of DSTATCOM has been considered in a practical Indian power system based on ANN methodology to balance voltages and currents caused by switching of unbalanced loads. Simulation results show that DSTATCOM is capable of enhancing not only voltage and current unbalances at unbalanced load location, but also voltages at other locations.

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REFERENCES [1] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power quality enhancement using custom power devices, Kluwer Academic Publishers (London) 2002. [2] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and technology of Flexible AC Transmission System, IEEE publication, 2000. [3] J. Dixon, Luis Moran, Jose Rodriguez, Reactive power compensation technologies: State of art review, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.93, No. 12, pp. 2144-2164, December 2005. [4] Arindam Ghosh and Gerald Ledwich, Compensation of distribution system voltage using DVR, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 1030-1036, October 2002. [5] Pendro Roncero-Sanchez, Enrique Acha, Jose Enrique Ortega-Calderon, Vicente Feliu, and Aurelio Gareia-Cerrada, A versatile control scheme for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer for power quality improvement, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 277-284, January 2009. [6] Arindam Ghosh and Gerald Ledwich, Load compensating DSTATCOM in weak AC systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1302-1309, October 2003. [7] C. N. Bhende, Dr. M. K. Mishra, and Dr. H. M. Suryawanshi, A D-STATCOM modeling, analysis and performance for unbalanced and non-linear loads, Institutions of Engineers(India) Journal EL , Vol. 86, pp. 297-304, March 2006. [8] Wei-Neng Chang and Kuan-Dih Yeh, Design and implementation of D-STATCOM for fast load compensation of unbalanced loads, Journal of Marine Science and Technology , Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 257-263, 2009. [9] Zakir Husain, Ravinder Kumar Singh and Shri Niwas Tiwari, Balancing of unbalanced load and power factor correction in multiphase ( 4 phase ) load circuits using D-STATCOM, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2010, Vol. II WCE-2010, June 30-July 2, 2010, London (U.K). [10] Gaurav Kumar Kasal and Bhim Singh, Harmonic elimination, voltage control and load balancing in an isolated power generation, European Transactions on Electrical Power, Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 771-784, September 2010. [11] Srikanthan S, and Mahesh K. Mishra, Modeling of a four leg inverter based DSTATCOM for load compensation , pp. 1-6, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology. [12] Bhim Singh and Jitendra Solanki, Load Compensation for Diesel Generator based Isolated Generation System employing DSTATCOM , IEEE Transaction on Industry Application, Vol. 47 No. 1, pp. 238-244 Jan./Feb. 2011. [13] F. R. Quintela, J. M. G. Arevalo, R. C. Redondo and N. R. Melchor, Four-Wire Three-Phase Load Balancing with Static VARs Compensators , pp. 562-568, Electrical Power & Enery Systems 33(2011). [14] Pablo Fernandez-Comesana, Francisco D. Freijedo, Jesus Doval-Gandoy, Oscar Lopez, Alejandro G. Yepes, Jano Malvar, Mitigation of voltage sags, imbalances and harmonics in sensitive industrial loads by means of a series power line conditioners, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 84, Issue 1, pp. 20-30, March 2012.

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[15] D. K. Tanti, M.K.Verma, Brijesh Singh and O.N.Mehrotra, Optimal Placement of Custom Power Devices in Power System Network for Load and Voltage Balancing , International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 187-199, October- December 2012, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [16] MATLAB 7 Users Guides for SIMPOWER SYSTEMS and Neural Network Toolbox. [17] S. N. Singh and S.C. Srivastava, Corrective action planning to achieve optimal power flow solution, IEE Proceedings, Part C, Vol. 142, pp. 576-582, November 1995. [18] D. Pattanayaka, M. Basub and R. N. Chakrabartic, Multi-Objective Differential Evolution for Optimal Power Flow, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 31 - 43, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [19] G.Kumar and P.S.Raju, Study of DSTATCOM in Improved Custom Power Park for Power Quality Improvement, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 12 - 20, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.

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