September 26, 2006 Pol 218 Lec Purposes of comparison - comparative analysis complements causal analysis - Preserve historical

historical particularity--. Path dependence Comparative process of state formation -consolidation of territory (penetration) -integration of culture(national identity) -expansion of participation (suffrage)transformation of legitimacy -establishment of social services (distribution) Lock talks about the theory of liberation political Analytical theory studies social and political and eco phenomenon. Analyzing political phenomenon is to know y things occur they way they are. How this interact with certain eco theories. Esp. the making of state and the relation with these theories such and capitalism and liberalism. The broad general perspective and all the cases are different than others. Comparative analysis is to understand the theory is to define the different way in general idea and all the countries are moving from feudal states to modern political theory. Y do they differ so much y do Germany and Japan didnt go through under the democratic idea the way U.K and France did. Y didnt they become fully democratic before WWII. All of these countries undergo the common process. The first and most important is the consolidation of territory. 2nd the integration of the cultural authority with the political process. The assumption is the whole process of modernization leads with the smaller ethnic ids into the large identities. As they emerge they give up little bit of their culture and adopt the political culture in which the either brought up or they adopt. Re-assurance of Quebec in Canada is one example U.K the ethnic minorities are whales and Scotland but they are consolidate into England. They become part of U.K and we treat them as the U.K political culture but they appear in early 20th century and Tony Blair re introduce the form of liberalism and now the Scottish and Whelish they elect their own candidates. 3rd process is transformation of the legitimacy-( for Weber the exercise of authority is alienated.) Power is historically consolidate in the hands of one individual. Either monarch or the tribal leader. Bases of legitimacy have changed and the right to vote has been gotten and the suffrage is no more. Power is about the allocation of resource and so in politics. And mostly the resources are distributed with the bases of power. Beginning of 19th century and the conception started that power is seen which is used to

distribution of resources by the market distribution esp to those ppl who are not being treated well through the market distribution. End of Last Week Lecture Historical Roots of Capitalism and the Nation State Introduction - Origin of modern state - Transition from feudalism to capitalism The Feudal System - Emerged after fall of Roman empire - Peasant tied to soil by strict legal relationship - Property rights limited by feudal relations Reciprocal obligations between lord and serf Vassal swore fealtylord provided protection Characterized by dispersal of authority - power fragmented among many entities - parcellization of sovereignty - king governed country like a giant houseld. -bases of feudalism are agriculture, very little increase in pop and also agri not a lot of trade in this part of the world. Basic unit in the feudal system is peasant, (serf) not slaves, serf has rights but legally ties to the land, they have rights to farm the land for particular lord but have obligation to their lord. But they are not allowed to move from one lord to the other lord. -Lord has reciprocal obligation between lords and serfs. Feudal territories are divided into the demesne (large farm governed by one lord and many serfs living and working on it, largely agriculture) lord is the eco master and also political authority with very little mechanism of justice outside of the world. Lord is chained to monarch but the king in feudal society has his own demesne or his own land. - King is not necessarily or particularly a powerful figure in the territory. - Feudal societies are very violent and very male chauvinisms. - Weak underline bases on which the authority rests in the feudal system. But have particular type of society. Very conversed and slow moving military operation . - Very limited taxation and very little administration and 2 other forms are bases or creation of modern beauracracy. - Primary form of taxation are the resources are paid by the lord to whoever they have lend their land too. Kings uses the income of their land to exercise the authority. The officials of govt are the adviser to the king and no sense of impersonal sense of serving to the state. - Power was decentralized on political bases coz rest of France was ruled by many other lords but they were loyal to the king. But can change their loyalty with the major political and military power.

Conflicting loyalty of the lords or dukes. No sense of nation in France or ppl living in France has loyalty or sense of belonging and sense of nationality with the France. - Power is also decentralize and disperse in the functional sense not territorial sense, competing with the king is the church. Church was very powerful and the authority of church fights with the authority of the king. - Popes are often manage to mangle the religious authority with the political authority. - Church is powerful coz it controls its own land and huge amount of territory and has their own serfs and provides income for the leaders and monks of the church and it practice the power and politics in their own territories. - There is the Holy Roman Empire which rules parts of Germany. No Germany at that time. Italy in this period and no king at that time and most parcellized at that time. - Cities manage to retain a lot of eco under the Roman period and were independent of the lords and didnt have to pay to the lords as the serfs did. - They had property rights in the city and encourage trades in the city. - Cities were small in the feudal system. Commercial life in cities was controlled by the merchants and the merchants were guild. It is basically a monopoly an organization with the possible commodities bought or sold in that period probably the salt merchants. Primary purpose to limit the # of merchants who can sell the salt. They were very powerful and monopolistic. Craft guilds were even more powerful coz they control the apprentice. Who can have skills and who cant. - Town were small, not a lot of trade. Limited production, besides armors they have probably the most important were tapestries which can be hung to the walls and also as decoration. As feudalism began to develop and it contains the seeds of its own destruction but before the destruction it prospers. Population increase in Europe from 20 million to 50 million and increase in gradually trade. The started to trade not only in Europe but in the rest of the world. Middle east and near east. - Rise of capitalism - Feudalism contained seeds of its won destruction - Agricultural crisis of 14th century Impact of Black Death and subsequent plagues Followed by century of warfare - Legn tried to tie peasants to land - Worked better in east - Growth of money economy in west - Conversion of dues to rents - Leasing of demesne lands to peasant tenants - payment of wages to peasants - purchase of land by merchants When the Europe started the trade with the other countries and as trade grows and the pop increase the eco surplus increase the cities began to grow in size and influence and sifting starts from rural society to urban society and it began in the mid 14th century.

Declining agriculture output and massive killing of serfs and many ppl relying to live on that standard of life. Whole series of legislation are passed in that period which intended to tie the peasant to the land and it doesnt work. It worked in the east rather than the west. Feudal system was working in the eastern part of Europe but not in western. Some peasants mover to cities and some became Vagabonds (peasants rebel and lived either by moving, stealing or traveling.) Questioning the political authority to lords. Then lords tried many things either attracts peasants to their lands and start allowing peasants to either rent the land from lord or paying money to the peasants to come and work on their land. This transformation began in next 200 yr and it slowly became feudal system to the commercial system. More cash or special crop. Whole part of England producing wheat. One part in becoming the specialist in one crop. Mergence of the gentry. Commercial land owning farmers. Farm on commercial bases rather then feudal bases. Capitalism began to emerge in agriculture system. Feudal system started to lose in the commercial bases. Ppl started to own property and ppl got right to chose which land owner they wanted to work with. Ppl started to get paid for their own work. King is still there but his power stated to become low. Raising a sheep started to become a very commercial job. Trading Baltic increases. Trade excelerate in the midetranien area. Portuguese began to look for the sea roots to find India or the other part of the world. Idea of monopoly from the merchants of the town to become this great trading companies and report straight to king. Spanish were trading the gold and silver and taking it back to the Spanish king. Importing the wealth from this new trading world to the old world. The trading centers became the commercial centers. Manufacturing centers. The stock market started from there. 2 or 300 yrs of growing colonizing and growing the trading rivalry not only in the merchants but these trading companies. Coz English were stealing the gold from the new world and then Spain invaded England but England win coz of bad weather etc. All this needs money but Spain is getting money in the form of the gold and silver. Harnessing of the water power started in the 1400 and it started to produce energy. Rise of Capitalism Growth of towns Mediterranean trade - Baltic trade in wool and cloth Age of discovery (America and Indies) Accumulation of wealth in merchant companies Generates new income for the crown ---But increasing pressure to provide protection for the economy (early forms of mercantilism)

Accelerating pace of technological innovation --Harnessing of water power ---Navigational innovations Intellectual mobilization --Printing, universities --Role of science (Bacon, Descartes, etc) Transformation of political authority --Crisis of governance Extreme dispersal of authority dysfunctional Stalemate between kings and lords Consolidation of power in hands of kings Professionalization of War --Growing use of firearms and mercenaries Consolidation of territory in larger units --France, Spain, Brandenburg, etc Commercial rivalry among leading countries --England, Spain , France, Netherlands --Use of state power to support commerce Mercantilism