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Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Project Description:
This example will use the following frame to model lateral wind loading, patterned live loading, and temperature loading. Additionally, moment releases will be required on the cross bracing. FEATURES: Generate Copies Moving Members Renaming Members Name Filter Graphical Results

Braced Frame Geometry

Setting up the Project:


When you start up VA you are presented with the VisualAnalysis Startup Wizard. Choose Cancel in this wizard.

VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Tutorial Examples 1

VisualAnalysis Startup Wizard

A new project automatically generated for you. Make sure the project is a plane frame (Edit | Project Information), set the unit style to US ft-lb (Edit | project Units), and name the project "Braced Frame" (Edit | Project Information). Basic Level Users: The Basic Level of VA does not support the Generate Copies command or the Rename command. If you are using the Basic Level you will have to graphically sketch the model and rename the members individually.

Modeling the Structure:


To begin draw a 32 ft column member and specify it as a W12x87. Note you may have to zoom out so that you can draw the full 32 ft. This is easily done by spinning your mouse wheel, pressing Ctrl <->, or using the menu commands. Select this column and select Model | Generate Copies. Use a rectangular pattern and generate 3 copies in the X direction spaced at 20 ft.

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VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Since the middle bay is spaced at 15 ft we will use the move command to correct our model. Select the two right most columns and choose Model | Move. Specify Move Selected Items and 5 ft in the X direction.

VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Tutorial Examples 3

You can select multiple items by holding down the Ctrl key while clicking on them. Note, the 10 ft in the Generate Copies command has the effect of moving in the Y direction. When we generated copies in the Y direction it automatically split and connected our beams and columns.

Now draw in the top-level beams and specify them as W14x30. After drawing in these three, select them and using the Generate Copies command on the Model menu, make two copies in the Y direction at 10 ft. When you finish, the model should look like the following.

We now need to add our cross members to the middle bay. Specify these members as L3-1/2x3-1/2x3/8. When you draw these members VA will present you with some Member crossing options. This is one of the few cases where we want to select the Leave unconnected, good for X-bracing option. We do not expect any force transfer to exist between the brace members. We also need to be sure to release the moments on these members. To do this, select the members and under Connections and Type on the Project Manager, change it to Simple Connect. A frame structure, as we selected at the beginning, assumes by default that all of the connections are moment connections. When this is not the case, the moment must be "released" so that it behaves simply connected. Lastly, make the column base supports fixed. Cleaning up the Model Up until now, in both this tutorial and previous tutorials, we have neglected a good naming convention. With simple models this is usually not so important but as our models get more complex, it is crucial. It is a matter of preference as to when you name your elements. Some people like to name them as they go. Alternatively, you can use the Rename command and do it when your model geometry is essentially finished. For this tutorial select all of the beam elements and go to Model | Rename. Change the name prefix to "BM".

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VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Similarly, select the column members and rename them with the COL prefix and select the cross bracing and rename them with the XBRC prefix. As we will see, this will make loading and viewing operations much easier later on.

Final Model Geometry

Loading the Structure:


If you started with the Auto-Generated project you may already have a number of service load cases created depending on your customization settings. Please either edit your existing service cases or newly create the following service load cases. Dead Loads, include the structure self-weight Live Loads, Pattern 1 Live Loads, Pattern 2 Wind Loads Temperature Loads We now need to apply loads to the structure within the corresponding service load case. This is done by selecting a particular load case from the drop down menu on the status bar. The currently selected service load case is the one the loads are applied in.

VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Tutorial Examples 5

Dead Load Service Case We want to apply a 500 lb/ft uniform load in the global -Y direction to all the beams. Make sure the Dead Loads service case is selected in the status bar at the bottom. On the Filter Tab of the Project Manager, under Members, locate the Name Filter field and type in BM and press Enter on the keyboard. This will isolate all beam elements based on the naming convention we set up.

To select all of the beams, just hold down the Ctrl + Shift keys and click on one of the beams. Choose Load | New Members Loads. On the Type tab, specify the Load Type as Uniformly distributed and the Global direction, Force Y. Move to the Magnitude tab and specify the load as 500 lb/ft, then click OK. (A minus sign indicates the negative direction of that specified. i.e. Force Y)

Live Loads Pattern 1 Service Case We now want to apply a 2000 lb/ft LL in a similar manner as above. Switch the service case to Live Loads Pattern 1 in the status bar. With the BM name filter still on, select the members as shown below and apply the 2000 lb/ft load.

Live Load Pattern 1 loading with the BM name filter on.

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VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Live Loads Pattern 2 Service Case Don't forget to switch to the Live Loads Pattern 2 service case in the status bar. Again, apply a 2000 lb/ft load, but to the beams shown below for Pattern 2. Note that instead of using the Load menu, after selecting the desired members, you can right click and choose Apply Member Loads from the context menu that appears.

Live Load Pattern 2 loading with the BM name filter on.

Wind Loads Service Case Don't forget to switch to the Wind Loads service case in the status bar. We now want to apply our wind load to the left column. To remove the BM name filter that is still on, go back to the Name Filter field, delete the BM, and hit the Enter key. You should now see all of your structure again. The wind load is to be a linearly distributed load varying from 0 lb/ft to 160 lb/ft. To apply this over numerous members the load needs to be specified for each of the three column segments.

Select the bottom column and choose Apply Member Loads, on the Type tab select Linearly distributed and change the direction to Global Force X. Specify the magnitudes as 0 lb/ft to 60 lb/ft. (160 lb/ft / 32 ft = 5 lb/ft per foot of column.) Select the middle column and apply the wind load this time ranging from 60 lb/ft to 110 lb/ft. Lastly, select the top column and apply the wind load ranging from 110 lb/ft to 160 lb/ft. Your model should look like the following.

VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Tutorial Examples 7

Wind Loads

Temperature Load Service Case* For this tutorial we will say that some kind of temperature differential is taking place in the exterior columns. Switch to the Temperature Loads service case and apply a 5 deg-F/ft temperature gradient to the exterior columns. Note that this is done the same way as the member loads, just a different Load Type is selected. *Basic Level Users: The Basic Level of VA does not support temperature loadings. Just ignore this loading scenario and continue with the tutorial.

Temperature Gradient of 5 deg-F/ft applied to exterior columns.

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VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Analysis & Results:


Now that we have our model created and loaded, we should check our model for errors before setting the analysis options and actually analyzing the structure. Select Analyze | Check Model for Errors to make sure there are no problems. If something looks like a potential problem, it will direct you to where to start looking. With a good model, we should set our analysis options. Go to Analyze | Analysis Options and uncheck Calculate dynamic mode shapes. Leave the Static Analysis setting at Calculate both 1st and 2nd order results. Now select Analyze | Analyze Now or click the lightning bolt button on the toolbar. You can view the results for each of the service cases by switching them in the status bar while in a result view.

Deflected shape due to Wind Loads

Note that the deflected shape VA shows is amplified. This is controlled on the Filter tab of the Project Manager. Sometimes the amplification makes the deflected shape look strange. An example of this is in the dead load case, the cross bracing looks like it has deflected a significant amount but when you actually check its deflection it is on the order of 0.2 inches. Similar to checking our model for errors before analyzing, we should also validate our analysis results before reporting and working with our results. Use Analyze | Result Validation Checks to check the results. This will bring up a report summarizing the basic checks VA has made to validate correct results.

The Result Validation Checks check translations in the model to verify that the small deflections assumed in a linear analysis are not violated. The validation checks also report the applied loads and reactions to make sure the statics balance. Lastly, the report also performs basic material strength checks. As you can see in the report above, we have an issue with translation and stress in the temperature load case and further analysis and design work is needed.

VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

Tutorial Examples 9

There are a number of ways to view the results for the various load cases. In the 2D Tutorial we looked at some graphical reports. Again, as in Tutorial 4, the Report These Results option is available and will give you Nodal Displacements, Nodal Reactions, and Member Internal Forces. In this tutorial we will look at member graphs. These are useful if you need to view the shear, moment, or displacement along a specific member. In the Wind Loads case, select the top left beam, right-click and choose Graph Member from the context menu.

Member Graph for the top left beam in the Wind Loads service case.

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VisualAnalysis Tutorial 5: Braced Frame

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