PROGRESSIVEOFCOLLAPSE CONCRETE BUILDINGS RESISTANCE

Ying Tian

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Nevada Las Vegas

OUTLINE

Historical events of progressive collapse Design standards and available approaches Gaps in existing knowledge and research needs Experimental study of progressive collapse resistance of RC beams Numerical simulation of axially restrained RC frame beams Numerical simulation of RC flat-plate buildings at the risk of progressive collapse

Structural laboratory at UNLV

Progressive collapse iseventually, defined as the initial local failure from element to element resulting, in the collapse of an spread entire structureof or a an disproportionately
large part of it.

--- ASCE 07-10

HISTORICAL EVENTS OF PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE

Ronan Point apartment, 1968, UK

Precast concrete wall and floor system. Explosion caused by a gas leak blew out one of the precast wall panels on the 18th floor, triggering the partial collapse of the building. Attention to progressive collapse was initiated.

(Nair, 2004)

Commonwealth Avenue apartment, 1971, Boston

RC flat-plate structure Likely construction over-load, poor material properties in cold weather, and inadequate positioning slab top bars caused punching shear failure at roof level. Punching shear failure propagated to the ground level.

Attention to progressive collapse was initiated.

(King and Delatte, 2004)

Alfred P. Murrah Building, 1995, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

RC frame structure with transfer girders designed in accordance with ACI 318-71.

Discontinuity of reinforcement in both the positive and negative moment reinforcement.

The blast from the bomb destroyed column G20 below the transfer girder and may have destroyed or severely damaged columns G24.

168 people died.

Sampoong Department Store, Seoul, South Korea RC flat-plate structure Punching shear failure initiated from an interior slab-column connection at the top story.

Contributing factors the included reduced slabeteffective 35% increase in dead loads for due to thefailure change of use at the 5th floor (Gardner al. 2002). depth and a
Killed 501 people.

DESIGN STANDARDS

Both consider progressive collapse as dynamic and nonlinear event.

ASCE/SEI Committee, Disproportionate Collapse Standards and Guidance, is currently develop new standard modified from DOD 2009.

Design Approaches
Indirect Design - emphasizes providing minimum levels of strength, continuity, and ductility to ensure structural integrity.

Direct Design - includes the Specific Load Resistance and the Alternate Path approaches.

Indirect design DOD procedure

Relies on an integrated
system of tie forces for developing tensile membrane or catenary action. Horizontal ties and vertical ties.

 Indirect Design emphasizes providing minimum levels of strength, continuity, and ductility to ensure structural integrity.
Building must bridge across a removed element.

Location of column removal considered in DOD 2009

Moment before column removal

Moment after column removal

Dynamic Loading Effects Due To Sudden Removal of

Supporting Column
m g
P 3.5

(undamped SDOF system)

P u
2.5

P = 0.9Pu

P = 0.7P
u

1.5 Displacement / Static Displacement P

P = mg
5% damping ratio

0.5 0

t
2.5

0.5

1.5

Time (s)

Three analysis procedures permitted: Linear Static (consider M-factor) Nonlinear Static (consider Nonlinear Dynamic Increase factor)

Nonlinear Dynamic

Forcedriven nonlinear static analysis Load applied considers DIF for tributary area surrounding the lost element

Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) for concrete structures

(Marchand et al. 2009) Protection Engineering Consultants

GAP IN EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH NEEDS

Actual strength of critical element such as beams and beam-column joints Actual deformation capacity of critical element such as beams under large deformation Participation of slabs in resisting progressive collapse Appropriate retrofit techniques for progressive collapse prevention

Risk of progressive collapse of flat-plate structures

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
In collaboration with Dr. Youpo Su at Hebei Polytechnic University (China) Investigated flexural capacity of RC frame beams where axial restrains exist Both static and dynamic loading tests were conducted.

Typical Behavior of RC Frame Beams

Ptu Tensile arch

(catenary) action

Vertical Load

Pcu
P

Compressi ve arch action

yu

Capacity based on yield-line theory

cu

Deflection

t u

(Bao, 2008)

Compressive arch action and catenary action

Prototype Structure and Test Specimen

Prototype structure and typical geometry of test specimen

Monotonic Loading Test Setup

12 specimens were tested: 9 under static loading (1/2scale), 3 under different loading speed (1/3scale) Test variables: (1) reinforcement ratio, (2) spantodepth ratio, and

(3) loading speed

Following concrete crushing

Prior to final failure

A3: 2.7 m x B1: 4.2 m x B2: 5.7 m x All 3 14 at

0.3 m x 0.15 m, Pcu = 249 kN, PACI = 147 kN 0.3 m x 0.15 m, Pcu = 125 kN, PACI = 77 kN 0.3 m x 0.15 m, Pcu = 83 kN, PACI = 55 kN top and bottom, = 1.13%

(a)
A 4 A1 A 5

A2 A6 A3

with symmetrical reinforcement with asymmetrical reinforcement

3
3

2 . 5

2.5

Strength Enhancement Factor

1 . 5

1.5

B1

1 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 Flexural Reinforcement Ratio (%)

(b )
A6

A3

B 3 B 2

with symmetrical reinforcement with asymmetrical reinforcement

Strength Enhancement Factor

Span / Depth (l / h )
n

10

Effect of Reinforcement Ratio Spantodepth ratio

Effect of

200 150

45

30 100 15 50 0 0 -50 -15 -100 -150 -200 Specimen C1 Specimen C2 Specimen C3 Peak Load Pcu -30 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0

-45

Center Deflection / Beam Depth (/h )

(kip) Horizontal Reaction N (kip) Vertical Load P (kN) Vertical Load P (kN) Horizontal Reaction N

C1: 2.7 m x 91.6 kN C2: 2.7 m x kN C3: 2.7 m x 108 kN All 2 12 at

0.2 m x 0.1 m, loading rate 0.2 mm/s, Pcu = 0.2 m x 0.1 m, loading rate 2 mm/s, Pcu = 96.4 0.2 m x 0.1 m, loading rate 20 mm/s, Pcu = top and bottom, = 1.3%

Observations from monotonic loading tests

Compressive arch action resulting from axial restraint contributed at least 50% extra loading capacity beyond the capacity estimated without considering axial restraining forces and strain harderning. Load resistance under catenary action may not provide higher capacity than under compressive arch action. High loading speed slightly increases beam flexural stiffness and load resistance.

Dynamic Loading Tests

Test variables: Load level, reinforcement ratio Four specimens were tested: D1 to D4, 5700 mm x 300 mm x 150 mm (1/2scale) D1: no axial restraint was applied D1 and D2: = 1.2 %, D3: 1.8 %, D4: 2.4% Each specimen was tested multiple times with different weight of mass blocks

Load release time less than 10% of natural period

Lower weight of mass blocks: study the dynamic response of a specimen within its elastic range

Higher weight of mass blocks: detect the dynamic load carrying capacity

Dynamic response under lower level of load

(a)
Mi span d defl Quar erspan t de ction

flectio n

15

Deflection (mm)
10

0 (b)

45

30

15

Horizontal Force (kN) Restraining Moment (kN-m) 0

45

30

15

0 (c)

0.1

0.2

0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 Time (s)

0.5

0.6

P= 53.5

kN

D4

P = 4.0 kN 4

P = 28.9 kN

Dynamic response under higher level of load

Flexur l yielding a te Concr crushing e D1

P = 23.9 kN P = 18.8 kN

D2

P = 44.0 k N

= 38.9 kN

90

Center Deflection (mm)

60

30

0
90

Center Deflection (mm)

60

30

D3
P = 54.6 kN

0
1.5

0.5 Time (s)

1.5

0.5

Time (s)

Dynamic response of axial restraining force and restraining moment

15 0 10 0 50

15 0 10 0 50

150

100 50

(b )

50 10 0

50

-50

-100

-100

(a )

At peak deflection peak deflection 15 0 0 0.05 20 0.25 0.3 0 15 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.05 20 0.25 0.3 0 0.1 0.15

At -150

0.2

20 0

At

Conc ete r Cru

shin g

Restraining Moment (kN-m) Axial Force (kN) Time (s)

Time (s)

0.05 (c 0 0.3 ) 0.25

0.1

0.15

0.2

Time (s)

Specimen D2 Specimen D4

Specimen D3

Concrete Spalling

Diagonal Crack

Edge Column (a) Damage pattern of Specimen D3 (P = 54.6 kN)

Center Column

Damage pattern of Specimen D3

(P = 54.6 kN, approximately the load capacity)

Damage pattern of Specimen D3 (P = 53.5 kN, collapsed)

Damage Pattern

Observations from dynamic loading tests

Typically assumed 5% damping ratio for cracked concrete structures was verified. Compressive arch action still exists under dynamic loading scenario considered by DOD and can significantly increase the dynamic loading capacity.

Dynamic increase factor of 2 could be too conservative for force controlled actions. Another series of tests is being conducted to further identify dynamic loading effects (mainly evaluate DIF proposed by DOD and dynamic deformation capacity).

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AXIALLY RESTRAINED RC FRAME BEAMS (ONGOING)

Current DOD progressive collapse design guideline considers dynamic loading condition. The response of structure from an analysis (deformation and force demand) can be highly sensitive to the definition of beam flexural capacity. To reduce uncertainty in an analysis, appropriate nonlinear model is need for frame beams surrounding the lost column. Using traditional ACI code approach to define M- (or M-p) in a nonlinear analysis cannot effectively capture the dynamic response under both compressive arch action and catenary action. Numerical analysis needs to consider the geometry nonlinearity when solving system equations.

Using fiber section to define flexural property

Cross section is divided into several layers (regions) to have fibers along the beam or column. Material property is defined at stress- strain level. Confinement effects due to transverse reinforcement can be explicitly considered. Can be used for irregular cross sections. Current fiber section can only define flexural and axial

loading behavior. Involves higher computational cost. Available in SAP newer editions.

Simulation of axially restrained beams tested

OPENSEES was adopted Concrete 1 was used to define material property for concrete Confined concrete model for peak stress and ultimate compress strain proposed by Scott et al. (1982) was use for cover concrete and core concrete. Steel 2 was used to define material property for reinforcing bars.

Concrete property

Model (Bond_SP01) proposed by Zhao and Sritharan (2007) was considered.

Zero-length section was used to define bond-slip property. Ultimate goal: nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of multistory RC frame building designed w/ seismic loading (assisted by Ken Zhang) and w/o seismic loading (assisted by Sang-in Choi).

(Concrete 1 model)

Simulation results
200

150

Load (measured) (measured)

Load (calculated)

Average Axial Force

Axial Force (calculated)

100 50

Pu (ACI)

0
0 -50 50 100 150 200 250 300

Load and Axial Force (kN)

-100

-150

-200

Vertical Displacement at Center Column (mm)

Symmetrically reinforced beam ( = 1.5%)

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF RC FLAT-PLATES (ONGOING)

Flat-plate buildings, especially those designed prior to 1980s, could be vulnerable to a progressive collapse. ABAQUS using shell elements is used to conduct nonlinear analysis. Concrete damaged plasticity model was used to simulate the property of concrete under tri-axial state of stress. Rebar layer was used to simulate tension and compression mats of slab flexural reinforcement.

Preliminary analyses have been conducted. Research assisted by Jinrong Liu.

Behavior of two slab-column connections under simulated gravity loading

Twoway ar strength sh (ACI 3

G1.0 G0.5

1808)

Fir st Yielding
e 4

4 Inclined Crack

1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5

Center Deflection (in.)

(Tested at University of Texas at Austin)

40

Test results of slab-column connections by (Elstner and Hognestad, 1956)

(=0.99%)
(=0.50%)

(=0.50%)

For flatplates with lowtomoderate reinforcement ratios, punching shear

failure is actually controlled by flexure rather than shear.

Calibration of modeling parameter

1 60 50

Specimen A-13, = 0.55% Vertical Shear (kips)

50 40

Specimen 6AH, = 0.6%

0.8 P2>P1 0. 6 0. 4 T o r q u e (t o n fm ) 0. 2

Specimen T-2

40 30 30 20
10

P 1

Sl ab Colu mn Lateral Load

Applied Load
20

10

0 0 0.6 Deflection (in) Vertical Shear (kips) 0.2 0.8 0.4

0 0 1.5 0.5 2 Deflection (in) 1 2.5

0 0 0.009 0.003 0.012

Twist Angle (rad)

0.006

Test Result

FE Simulation Result

Simulation results for a one story flat-plate building

Peak Dynamic Rotation Demand (rad.)

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY AT UNLV

Renovated from a gymnasium

Strong floor

Strong floor: 32 ft long, 28 ft wide, and 4 ft thick reinforced concrete slab with a matrix of embedded anchors

Anchor unit

CONCLUSIONS

Lateral restraining effect existing in an actual moment frame may significantly increase beam flexural capacity. Even though such effect is generally neglected in a normal design, it can be considered for progressive collapse resistance under extreme loading conditions. Fiber section can best describe the strength and stiffness properties of RC frame beams. Flat-plate buildings, especially older flat-plates, could be at high risk of progressive collapse. Input for industry is needed to better improve current design practice for progressive collapse.

Thank You
QUESTIONS?