K. NWuitcha M.

Banna
GPTE-LES, University of Lome, PO Box 1515, Lome, Togo

S. W. Igo
IRSAT=CNRST-Department of Energy, 03 PO Box 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina-Faso

B. Zeghmati1
LA.M.P.S-GME, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France e-mail: zeghmati@univ-perp.fr

Numerical Analysis of Depollution of Smoke Produced by Household Wastes Incineration

This study reports the results on a numerical investigation of the depollution of smokes produced by the incineration of household wastes in a cylindrical furnace. Transfers are described by double-diffusive mixed convection equations, associated to radiative transfer equation, and a global kinetics model. The governing equations are discretized using nite volume method and the resulting algebraic equations are solved by THOMAS algorithm. The linkage between the pressure and velocity elds is assumed by SIMPLE algorithm. Results are presented as streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations for different Reynolds number (300 Re 1800). Effects of Reynolds number, relative height opening, aspect ratio, excess air ratio, and radiative transfers on gas pollutants (CO, CH4, C2H4) destruction are investigated in detail. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005204] Keywords: waste, combustion, pollutants, modelling, heat transfers

K. Palm
IRSAT=CNRST-Department of Energy, 03 PO Box 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso

X. Chesneau
LA.M.P.S-GME, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France

Introduction

The quantity of household wastes has increased steadily over the past few years. A great part of these wastes is treated by thermal processes. The two main advantages of these processes are the reduction of their volume and the recovery of energy for electricity or steam production. However, the toxic effects and environmental risks posed by gas pollutants generated by the wastes incineration affect people living conditions. Considering the environmental protection and the stringent pollutant emission standards introduced for waste incineration, it is very important to optimize combustion systems and ue gas cleaning systems to have a low environmental impact according to the emission limits. The combustion contributes to air pollution in a number of different ways. It results in the removal of O2 from the air and in the introduction of H2O, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons and their products of pyrolysis as well as soot and other dispersed solids, including metal oxides. Incineration, which is essentially a process of pyrolysis and combustion, produces residual concentrations of halogenated hydrocarbons as well as HCl, HBr, HF, and all of the products mentioned in conjunction with combustion itself [1]. Some of these compounds further react in the atmosphere. In addition, combustion is a source of heating of atmosphere both directly and by virtue of greenhouse effects due to the products of combustion. Environmental aspects of the biomass pyrolysis were investigated by Mezerette et al. [2]. Using an experimental study, they describe the composition and toxicity of pyrolysis efuents and emission factors of pollutants for different pyrolysis processes. In order to reduce the concentration of gas pollutants from waste incinerators, various equipments such as lter, rotary kilns,
1 Corresponding author. Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received March 1, 2011; nal manuscript received September 19, 2011; published online February 15, 2012. Assoc. Editor: He-Ping Tan.

and uidised bed are used. Several processes of treatment and energy valorization of such efuents were also proposed [24], but the incineration remains at present the most promising technique of depollution [2]. Halouani and Farhat [5] studied the depollution of atmospheric emissions of wood pyrolysis furnaces. Their results show that the incineration, at about 1000  C of wood carbonization smokes allow the destruction of 99% of the mass of pollutants except CO2 and the reduction of polluting gas emission. The incineration of smoke generated by household wastes combustion is characterized by different mechanisms, which strongly interact with each other. These are the chemical reactions of gas mixture oxidation and of the pollutant formation=destruction processes, the heat and mass transfers. Numerical simulations of combustion in such furnaces require adequate treatment of these different processes. During the last years, the interest in mathematical modeling of reacting ows has grown considerably. Numerical simulations of one- and two-dimensional laminar systems have become standard tools in combustion research. Some researchers used open channels to simulate the heat transfer mechanisms for either pure natural convection [611] or mixed convection [12,13]. The destruction of organic compounds by incineration involves the pyrolytic and oxidative processes and also convective transfers. So, convective and radiative transfers are depending on the heat released by the incineration of combustive smoke components in the thermo-destruction process. A detailed understanding of the interaction between the complex, nite-rate chemistry and multidimensional uid dynamics are made possible by the development of numerical combustion models. The importance of detailed chemical kinetics has been demonstrated by theoretical and numerical analyses [1416]. Zhou et al. [17] presented a numerical simulation of two-dimensional laminar methane=air premixed jet ames with a detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms. Transport and thermodynamic physical properties for each species and gas mixture are included and the Lewis number has been taken into account for a nonuniform burning pattern APRIL 2012, Vol. 134 / 041203-1

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of fuel-rich premixed ames. The analysis is focused on the sensitivity of the modeling of the detailed chemical kinetics on the ame temperature and concentrations of major components for three different equivalence ratios. The works showed that temperature and major species distributions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Therefore, the global one-step chemical mechanism still plays an important role in understanding the chemical and physical process of combustion of the hydrocarbon fuels in two- and three-dimensional reacting ows [18]. Me chi et al. [19] studied the radiative heat transfer in a vertical incinerator of the wood pyrolysis fumes, by using a nodal analysis associated to the zonal method where the term due to the radiation in the energy equation is expressed in terms of exchange areas. The effects of the inner wall emissivity, soot concentration, and gas partial pressure on the wall heat ux and the gas mixture temperature distribution are analyzed. De Bortoli [20] presented a theoretical model taking into account laminar uid ow dynamics, heat transfer, and chemical kinetics inside a square cavity. The authors found that the temperature increased due to chemical reactions and showed that the ow movement grows with the increase of the heat released by the chemical reactions. The thermo-destruction of the fumes in a cylindrical incinerator was investigated numerically by Palm et al. [21]. In this study, axial pressure gradient component was neglected. The set of transfer equations of a laminar ow is solved using an implicit numerical scheme, Gauss and Thomas algorithms. The results showed that radiative transfers increase signicantly the fumes temperature and they are more cleaned up from components as CO, CH4, and C2H4 at the exit of the furnace. On the basis of the literature review, it appears that except for methane=air premixed jet ames, very few numerical works are reported on thermo-destruction of smokes in mixed convection taking into account radiative transfers and chemical kinetics in furnaces. The effects of combined thermal and smoke components buoyancy induced by temperature and concentration gradients, however, are not been studied. Thereafter, due to its practical interest, the topic needs to be further explored to improve the knowledge in this eld. The aim of the present study is to investigate the depollution effectiveness during the thermo-destruction of fume generated by household wastes. In this analysis doublediffusive mixed convection heat and mass inside a vertical cylinder furnace are analyzed numerically. Both radiative transfer and the heat generated by chemical reactions related to the thermodestruction of the main components of the fumes are coupled with the heat, mass, and momentum transfers. The set of transfer equations is solved using the nite volume method (FVM) and Thomas algorithm. The linkage between the velocity and pressure elds is assumed by SIMPLE algorithm.

Fig. 1 A schematic diagram of problem

transfers are laminar, two-dimensional, and axisymmetric; the Boussinesq approximation is considered; the uid properties are considered variables. In fact, the viscosity and thermal conductivity expressions of the gas mixture are based on Wilke and Wassiljewa equations [22]. The thermal conductivity and the viscosity of individual species of the gas mixture are estimated from the Chapman-Enskog collision theory. The mixture-averaged specic heat is supposed to be the sum of specic heat of each species weighted by mass fraction and is a polynomial approximation depending on temperature. The effective molecular diffusion coefcient, function of mole fraction, and binary mass diffusivity of each species are obtained using the Chapman-Enskog equation and the Lennard-Jones characteristic parameters. Using nondimensional variables dened in the nomenclature, the dimensionless transfers governing equations are obtained in the following. 2.2 Governing Equations. Continuity equation @q @ 1@ qu r qv 0 @t @z r @r Momentum equation    @ @ 1@ @P 1 @ @u qu quu r qvu l @t @ z Re @ z @z @ z  r @ r 1@ @u GrT 1 X rl 2 2 (2) Grmk r @r @r Re Re    @ @ 1@ @P 1 @ @v qv quv r qvv l @t @z r @r @ r Re @ z @z    1@ @v lv (3) rl 2 r @r @r r Energy equation @ @ 1@ qCp T qCp uT r qCp vT @t @ z r @r      1 @ @T 1@ @T _ T SR k rk x RePr @ z @z r @r @r (1)

Physical Model and Mathematical Formulation

2.1 Model Description and Assumptions. The physical model and coordinates system are shown in Fig. 1. The furnace considered is a vertical cylinder of height H0 1 m and diameter D0 1 m. The top and bottom walls are insulated with a glass wool layer and vertical wall is composed of three layers: an internal refractory brick layer (0.10 m); a medial metallic layer (0.005 m); and an external layer in glass wool (0.10 m). A ow of smokes assimilated to a gas mixture enters in the furnace through a port d0in 0:20 m located in the middle of the bottom wall. After the incineration process the gas mixture is rejected through a port d0out 0:20 m in the middle of the top wall. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations for a twodimensional ow of an incompressible Newtonian uid are written. The following assumptions are made: the viscous dissipation is neglected; the Dufour and Soret effects are neglected; the furnace walls are gray, diffusively emitting, and reecting radiation; the gas mixture is assimilated to an ideal gas and supposed to be grey and diffusing; 041203-2 / Vol. 134, APRIL 2012

(4)

_ T and SR are the dimensionless heat released rate due to where x the chemical reactions and radiation, respectively. Transactions of the ASME

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Species diffusion equation @ @ 1@ qYk quYk r qvYk @t @ z r @r     1 @ @ Yk 1@ @ Yk _k qDk r qDk x ReSc @ z r @r @z @r

where k (5) X
i

Xi ki ;

X
i

Xi Ei ;

X
i

Yi

(15)

_ k dimensionless mass rate of species k (CH4, C2H4, CO, with x H2, C, O2, CO2, H2O). Radiative transfer equation The radiative transfer equation is expressed by 1@ 1 @ @ r lmn I mn gmn I mn nmn Imn bI mn Smn R r @r r @W @z (6) with Smn R ka I 0 rS 4p
4p

Xi, Yi, ki, and Ei are, respectively, mole fraction, mass fraction, pre-exponential factor, and activation energy of each chemical species i (including species as CH4, C2H4, CO, H2, C). The pre-exponential factor ki and the activation energy Ei are _ 0T from Ref. [24]. _ i and x obtained from Ref. [23] whereas x Thermo-destruction efciency (TDEk) TDEk kout kin Y Y  Ykin (16)

I m n Um n !mn dXm n

0 0

0 0

0 0

(7)

kin and Y kout are, respectively, the average value of chemical speY cies k (including species as CH4, C2H4, CO, H2, C) mass fraction at the inlet port and at the outlet port. The thermo-destruction efciency depends on the residence time (tR) of components of smokes dened as the needed time for a particle to travel from the inlet to exit of furnace. tR H0 Uin (17)

where lmn , gmn , and nmn are the direction cosines expressed as follows: lmn sinh; gmn sinh sin w ; nmn cosh (8)

2.3 Initial and Boundaries Conditions The radiative heat ux is estimated as follows: ~:~ Imn r ; z; XX er dX QR r QR z
X4p

(9) (10)

Initial conditions 8t t0 , t0 corresponding to the time from the beginning of the smoke components combustion Tin Ta ; T0 Ta

I mn r ; z; X~ X:~ ez dX

X4p

u v 0;

Yk Ykin

(18)

Energy equation is coupled to the radiative transfer via the radiative source term din S0 SR r ; z qin Cpin T0 Ta vin R where S0R r ; z   4 n2 rT0 1 @ rQR @ QR r z pdin r @ r @z (12) (11)

Boundary conditions 8t > t0 At the inlet port 0 r 1 ; z0 2

v 0;

Chemical reaction modelling The smoke generated by agricultural or municipal waste combustion is assumed to be a mixture of the following species CH4, C2H4, CO, H2, C. The complete combustion reaction schemes of this species are listed as follows: CH4 2O2 ! 2H2 O CO2 C2 H4 3O2 ! 2H2 O 2CO2 1 CO O2 ! CO2 2 1 H2 O 2 ! H 2 O 2 C O2 ! CO2

3 1 Tin Ta ; Yk Ykin u 1 4r 2 ; P ; T 2 2 T0 Ta (19)

1 At the outlet port 0 r ; zH 2      @ u  0; @ v 0; @ T  0; @ z zH @ z zH @ z zH

 @ Yk   0 @ z zH

(20)

(13)

At the axis symmetry y 0, 0 z H      @ u  0; @ P 0; @ T  0; v 0;   @ r r0 @ r r 0 @ r r0 D On the vertical wall r , 0 2 u v 0; k

 @ Yk   0 @ r r0 (21)

A one-step global reacting model was adopted, which combines pure component rate data to an expression for a mixture. The overall chemical rate is given by [17].   q E _ g kYYO2 exp x MO2 RT Journal of Heat Transfer (14)

Tpi Tpe 3 P ri1 1 2 r1 k log i ri i1  @ Yk   0 hair TPe Ta ; @ r rD

2

 @T  @ r rD

(22)

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where ki is the layer i conductivity, ri and ri 1 are two consecutive radius of the cylindrical surfaces delimiting the layer i. 1 D r ,zH On the top wall 2 2    @T  0; @ Yk  0 (23) u v 0;  @ z zH @ z zH 1 On the bottom wall 2 D r ;z 0 2  @T  0; u v 0; @ z z0

Table 1 of Re

Grids effect on the obtained results for different values Re 300 Re 600 Wmax 0.096 0.099 Num 7.297 7.290 Re 900 Wmax 0.170 0.174 Num 8.634 8.629

Grids 51 51 101 61

Wmax 0.091 0.093

Num 5.804 5.799

 @ Yk   0 @ z z0

(24)

The radiation boundary condition is written as 1 , z0 At the inlet port 0 r 2   peg T 4 I 2 T0 n At the outlet port 0 r 1 , zH 2   peg T 4 I 2 T0 n

(25)

(26)

On walls Iw ew I0 1 ew p
~ nW :~ X

~ j d X0 IW j~ nW :X

~>0 if ~ nW :X

(27)
Fig. 2 Comparison of streamlines (a) and isotherms (b) proles

where ew is the wall emissivity and ~ nW represents the unit normal vector on the wall.

Numerical Procedure and Code Validation

Transfer equations (1)(5) and radiative transfer Equation (6) are discretized using a FVM on a staggered grid scheme [25,26], the hybrid scheme for the convective and diffusive terms of the advection equations. The algebraic equations deduced from this discretization are solved by a line-by-line procedure and Thomas algorithm. Volumetric radiative heat transfer rate, volumetric heat transfer rate due to chemical reactions, and molar rate of reaction of species are linearized and treated explicitly. Under relaxation coefcients, equal to 0.6 for u-velocity, v-velocity, and 0.8 for pressure, temperature, chemical species mass fractions, and radiative intensity are used. The linkage between velocity and pressure is assumed by SIMPLE algorithm. The solution is considered acceptable when the following convergence criterion is considered satised for each step of time and for each dependent variable u: jun1 un j=jun1 j 104

cavity, heated from its vertical left wall with a constant heat ux and thermally insulated from its remaining boundaries. The streamlines and isotherms patterns are in good agreement with those of Raji (Fig. 2). The accuracy of the numerical model developed to solve radiative transfer equation in a cylindrical enclosure containing absorbing-emitting medium with constant temperature is also checked by comparing the results of the present study with the exact solution presented by Dua and Cheng [28]. As seen in Fig. 3(a), the dimensionless radiative uxes are in good agreement with those reported in Ref. [28]; the maximum discrepancy is less than 1.5%. The validation of the one-step global reaction model used in the present work is also carried out by studying the laminar ow of methane=air combustion near a wall at constant temperature. The computations have been carried out for a stoechiometric mixture of methane and air. Results are in excellent agreement (maximum discrepancies inferior to 2%) with those obtained by Popp and Baum [29] (Fig. 3(b)).

where the superscripts design the iteration number, u stands for u, v, T, Yk, and I. As a result of a grid independence study, a uniform grid size of 51 51 is found to model accurately the ow elds and heat transfer within the incinerator. A mesh of 101 61 leads to values for which the discrepancies with those obtained using the grid size 51 51 are lower than 0.4% and 0.8%, for the maximum stream function and Nusselt number, respectively (Table 1). All calculations reported here are performed for a step Dt0 0:01s and spatial mesh 51 51 (Dr0 0:01 m, Dz0 0:02 m). The total solid angle X 4p is divided into (Nh NW) (10 8) control solid angles with Dh p=Nh and DW 2p=NW . 3.1 Validation. The accuracy of numerical model is checked by comparing the results from the present study with those obtained by Raji et al. [27] for mixed convection in a ventilated 041203-4 / Vol. 134, APRIL 2012

Results and Discussion

The computations are performed for Reynolds number in the range of 3001800, excess air ratio (25%150%), aspect ratio 0 =D0 , A H0 =D0 , and relative height of the openings B din respectively, equal to 1 and 1=5. The thermal conductivities of re-proof brick, metal, and glass wool layers composing the incinerator walls are, respectively, 1.6, 20, and 0.11 W m1 K1. At the inlet of the incinerator: The mass fractions of the fumes and oxygen are given in Table 2. The fumes temperature is taken equal to the preheating one. Prandtl and Schmidt numbers for each chemical species of the fumes, supposed to be composed of CH4, C2H4, CO, H2, and C [30], are computed using the thermophysical properties of the mixture composed of O2 and fumes. Transactions of the ASME

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Fig. 3

(a) Comparison of dimensionless radial heat ux proles and (b) species mass fractions proles

Table 2 Chemical analysis of the smoke at the inlet port of the incinerator Smoke components CH4 C2H4 Mass fractions (%) 6.35 7.40 CO H2 C O2 CO2 H2O

3.69 2.64 1.58 0.81 0.00 0.00

4.1 Transfers Without the Thermo-Destruction Process. In this section, the preheating temperature is supposed inferior to the ignition one for the combustion of the fumes components (CH4, C2H4, CO, H2, and C). Streamlines, isotherms, and isoconcentrations patterns for Re 600 are presented in Fig. 4 for two durations (t0 1.5 s, 6 s). The streamline patterns are composed of two counter-rotating cells, located on both sides of the symmetrical vertical axis of the incinerator. It is illustrated in Fig. 4(a) that the main ow moves along the symmetry axis because of the inlet and outlet ports locations. In the median plane, the isotherms and isoconcentrations, especially for small durations are similar to parabolas whose vertices are located on the symmetry axis of the incinerator. In fact, these isotherms and isoconcentrations patterns are due to the inlet mixture temperature value supposed to be equal to the preheating one. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that in the lower part of the incinerator (near the inlet port), the temperature and concentrations values are close to the their values at inlet port and in the outer part their values are maintained constant due to the absence of the heat and mass interactions between the ow and the incinerator wall. The mass fractions of the fume components decrease as the ow moves towards the exit (Fig. 4). We note that the concentrations elds of chemical species as C2H4, CO, H2, C, and O2 not illustrated in this paper are similar to the concentration eld of CH4. The temporal evolution of the streamlines, isotherms, and isoconcentrations patterns are presented in Fig. 4. The intensication of the convective transfers induced by thermal and mass inertia effects as the time increases lead to an increase of the streamlines values, isotherms, and isoconcentrations patterns. 4.2 Transfers With the Thermo-Destruction Process. In this section the inlet fumes temperature and the initial one of the incinerator are equal to 700 K. This value is sufcient to ignite the combustion of the fumes components. We analyze the effects of the combustion of the fumes components on the ow structure, temperature, and mass fractions elds. Journal of Heat Transfer

Figures 4 and 5 show that the amount of heat released in the fumes combustion intensies and homogenizes the convective transfers. Consequently, the isotherms and isoconcentrations patterns and their values are strongly modied; the isotherms and isoconcentrations patterns increase as time increases (Fig. 5) illustrating clearly the heat and mass transfers by convection between the walls and the mean ow. However, the ow structure is not signicantly modied. The isoconcentrations values of the reactants (components of fumes and oxygen) decrease (the products (CO2 and H2O) of the fumes combustion increase) as time increases due to their consumption during the thermo-destruction process. The isotherms and isoconcentrations distributions close the vertical walls characterize transfers by diffusion mode between fumes and walls theses walls. The effect of the Reynolds number on the ow structure, temperature and concentrations distributions is illustrated in Fig. 6 for a duration t0 6 s. The ow structure is not affected signicantly by the increase of the Reynolds number. Therefore, the variation of Reynolds number affects strongly the temperature and the concentrations distributions. An increase of the Reynolds number leads to an intensication of the convective transfers and consequently to an increase of the size of isotherms and isoconcentrations patterns. At a duration t0 6 s and for Re 600, the temperature and mass fractions prole as well as the one of the heat rate and mass rate productions of smoke components are plotted in Fig. 7. As the radial distance (r0 ) increases in the range 00.15 m, the temperature and the heat rate production increase, because of the intensication of the convective transfers due to the amount of heat released in the smoke components combustion. We observe that the mass rate production of CH4 increases and consequently the mass fraction of CH4 decreases as r decreases. For low values of the axial coordinate (z0 ) (near the inlet port), the temperature and the heat rate production increase while the mass fraction of CH4 decreases quickly as the radial distance increases. For a given r0 , the fumes temperature and the heat rate production induced by the thermo-destruction process increase with z0 . By varying r0 , we note that the precedent parameters increase until a maximum value for r0 0.15 m then remains constant in the range 0.15 m0.4 m wherever the axial coordinate. Wherever z0 , the heat loss through the wall incinerator leads to a decrease of the fumes temperature and the heat rate production for r0 varying in the range 0.4 m < r0 < 0.5 m. It will be noted that, wherever z0 , the concentration of CH4 increases with r0 . As r0 increases, the heat rate production increases with z0 for r0 varying between 0.15 and 0.4, APRIL 2012, Vol. 134 / 041203-5

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Fig. 4 Streamlines (a), isotherms (b), and isoconcentration of CH4 (c) without thermo-destruction process and radiation: Re 5 600; A0 5 25%; A 5 1; B 5 1=5

Fig. 5

Streamlines (a), isotherms (b), isoconcentration of CH4 (c): Re 5 600; A0 5 25%; A 5 1; B 5 1=5

In Fig. 8, we plotted the fume temperature and the heat rate production versus time for Re 600, z0 0.48 m and three radial values r0 0.04, 0.24, and 0.44 m. We observe that for r0 0.04 m, the fume temperature increases weakly while the heat rate production decreases slowly with time. For the others values of r0 , these parameters increase quickly with time until t0 10 s for which the 041203-6 / Vol. 134, APRIL 2012

heat rate production reaches its maximum value then decreases until a value close wherever r0 for t0 30 s corresponding to the steady state. We note that the maximum value of the fume temperature and the heat rate production is obtained for r0 0.24 m, corresponding to the zone of the thermo-destruction process. Consequently, the mass fractions of smoke components as CH4 Transactions of the ASME

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Fig. 6 Streamlines (a), isotherms (b), and isoconcentrations of CH4 (c) with thermo-destruction process and without radiation: t0 5 6 s; Re 5 600; A0 5 25%; A 5 1; B 5 1=5

Fig. 7 Temperature and heat rate production (a), mass fraction and mass rate production of CH4 (b) versus radial distance with chemical reaction and without radiation

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Fig. 8

Temperature and heat rate production versus time with chemical reaction and without radiation

Fig. 9 Mass fractions and mass rates production of CH4 and CO2 versus time with chemical reaction and without radiation

Fig. 10 Streamlines (a), isotherms (b), and isoconcentration of CH4 (c) with chemical reaction and radiative transfers: Re 5 600; t0 5 6 s; A0 5 25%; A 5 1; B 5 1=5

041203-8 / Vol. 134, APRIL 2012

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Fig. 11 Mass fractions of chemical species versus time at the outlet port of the incinerator with chemical reactions. Effect of radiative transfers: Re 5 600; A0 5 25%; A 5 1; B 5 1=4.

Fig. 12 Efciency of the thermo-destruction process without radiation: (a) Effect of Reynolds number, (b) effect of excess air ratio, (c), effect of aspect ratio A 5 H0 =D0 and (d) effect of relative height of the openings B 5 d 0 in=D0

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decrease and the mass fractions of H2O and CO2 increase with time (Fig. 9). 4.3 Effects of Radiative Transfers. In this section we analyze the effect of radiative transfers on the ow structure, temperature, and isoconcentrations in the incinerator. The radiative transfer inuence weakly the ow structure because the transfer by forced convection is, comparative to the heat radiative ux emitted by the walls of incinerator, predominant. For example, for an excess air ratio of 100% and Re 600, the radiative transfers increase the fumes temperature in the upper part of the incinerator (Figs. 5 and 10). Consequently, the thermo-destruction of smokes components is enhanced. As time increase, the isotherms located in the upper part of the incinerator merge with those of the lower part. The maximum values of the isotherms are in the region (0.15 < r0 < 0.40, 0 < z0 < 1). The amount of heat released by the combustion of the fumes components increases the walls temperature, in spite of the fact that radiative transfers decrease weakly walls temperature. At the outlet port of the incinerator the effect of the radiative transfer on the thermo-destruction of the pollutants mass fractions (CH4, C2H4, CO, H2, and C) is weak (Fig. 11). The increase of the temperature of the gas mixture by the radiative transfers, especially in the zone of main ow, contributes to improve the thermodestruction process. However, these pollutants mass fractions decrease quickly as time increases. So, the cleaning-up by thermodestruction process of the fumes pollutant component produced by the combustion of household wastes is fast and very efcient. 4.4 Efficiency of Thermo-Destruction Process. The effect of Reynolds number on the efciency of the incineration of the fumes is presented in Fig. 12(a). As it was reported above, the increase of the inlet smokes ow rate leads to an intensication of the convective transfer and consequently to a decrease of the thermo-destruction of the pollutant components of the smokes because the smokes residence time is particularly small since the inlet smokes ow rate is great. It can be noted that the thermodestruction process is more effective for weak values of excess air ratio (Fig. 12(b)). In fact, the increase of the excess air ratio leads to a temperature drop and consequently to a diminution of the amount of heat necessary for the thermo-destruction process. The aspect ratio of the incinerator (A H0 =D0 ) and the relative width of the ports affects strongly the thermo-destruction efciency (Figs. 12(c) and 12(d)). The efciency increases as the aspect ratio increases because of the residence time increases with the aspect ratio. The increase of the relative width of the port B d0in =D0 leads to an increase of the inlet fume velocity and consequently a decrease of the residence time. So, the thermo-destruction process efciency is greater than the relative width of the ports is small.

fast and very efcient. This process is improved by the radiative transfer and is particularly great than the excess air and the inlet fumes ow rate are low. The thermo-destruction process increases as the aspect ratio increases and as the relative width of the ports of the incinerator decreases.

Nomenclature
A0 excess air ratio (%) C0p specic heat of the uid (J kg1 K1) Cp dimensionless specic heat of the uid Cp C0p =Cpin din inlet port size (m) D0 furnace diameter (m) D dimensionless furnace diameter D D0 =din D0k coefcient of diffusion m2 s1 Dk dimensionless diffusion coefcient Dk D0kin =Dkin g gravitational acceleration (m s2) GrT thermal Grashof number 3 2 qin =l2 GrT gbT T0 Ta din in Grmk mass Grashof number 3 2 qin =l2 Grmk gbYk Yk Yke din in hair convective exchange coefcient on the external face of the vertical wall (W m2 K1) H0 furnace height (m) H dimensionless furnace height H H0 =din I0 radiative intensity (W m2 sr1) 4 I dimensionless radiative intensity I pI0 =n2 rT0 Nh ; Nw polar and azimuthal angle number r0 radial coordinate (m) r dimensionless radial coordinate r r 0 =din P0 pressure (Pa) P0 ambient pressure (Pa) 2 P dimensionless pressure P P0 P0 =qin Uin l = k Pr Prandtl number Pr C pin in in 0 QrR radial radiative heat ux Wm2 radial radiative heat ux QR r dimensionless 0 R R 2 4 p Q = n rT0 Q r r 0 QzR axial radiative heat ux Wm2 axial radiative heat ux QR z dimensionless 0 R 2 4 QR z pQz =n rT0 Re Reynolds number Re qin din Uin =lin Sc Schmidt number Sc lin =qin Dkin S0R volumetric radiative heat rate (W m3) SR dimensionless radiative heat rate SR din S0R =qin Cpin T0 Ta Uin t0 time (s) t dimensionless time t t0 uin =din tR residence time (s) T0 temperature (K) T dimensionless temperature T T 0 Ta =T0 Ta T0 preheating temperature of the incinerator Ta ambient temperature (K) TDEk thermo-destruction efciency Tpi temperature of the internal face of the vertical wall (K) Tpe temperature of the external face of the vertical wall (K) u0 axial velocity (m s1) u dimensionless axial velocity u u0 =uin v0 radial velocity (m s1) v dimensionless radial velocity v v0 =uin Mk molecular weight of species k (kg mol1) Yk species mass fraction z0 axial coordinate (m) z dimensionless axial coordinate z z0 =din b extinction coefcient (m1) Transactions of the ASME

Conclusion

A numerical simulation of the depollution of smokes produced by the incineration of household wastes is investigated. Transfer equations are solved using nite volume method and Thomas Algorithm. We analyze the effect of inlet smoke ow rate, excess air, aspect ratio, and relative height of the ports. The major results can be summarized as follows: The ow structure, imposed by the inlet and outlet ports, is weakly affected signicantly by the increasing of the inlet fumes rate. Therefore, the inlet fumes rate inuences strongly the temperature and the concentrations distributions of the fumes components. The amount of the heat released by the thermo-destruction process intensies and homogenizes the transfers by convection. However, the isotherms and isoconcentrations patterns and their values are strongly modied. The thermo-destruction process of the fumes pollutant component produced by the combustion of household wastes is 041203-10 / Vol. 134, APRIL 2012

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bYk bT Dr0 Dr Dz0 Dz DhDw DXmn ~; X ~0 X U l, g , n r k0 k l0 l q0 q _ 0T x _T x _ 0k x _k x

coefcient of expansion due to mass fraction gradient coefcient of volumetric thermal expansion (K1) radial step (m) dimensionless radial step Dr Dr 0 =din axial step (m) dimensionless axial step Dz Dz0 =din polar and azimuthal steps discrete solid angle step (sr) outward and inward radiation directions scattering phase function direction cosines Stefan-Boltzmann constant (r 5.67 108 W m2 K 4 ) uid thermal conductivity (W m1K1) dimensionless uid thermal conductivity k k0 =kin uid viscosity (k gm1 s1) dimensionless uid viscosity l l0 =lin uid density, (k gm3) dimensionless uid density q q0 =qin volumetric heat rate due to chemical reactions (W m 3 ) dimensionless heat rate due to chemical reactions _ 0T =qin Cpin T0 Ta Uin _ T din x x molar rate of reaction of species k (mol m3 s1) dimensionless molar rate of reaction of species k _ 0k din =pin Uin _ k Mk x x blackbody gas inlet outlet wall

Subscripts
b g in out w

Superscripts
m,n,m0 ,n0 radial direction R radiative

References
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Journal of Heat Transfer

APRIL 2012, Vol. 134 / 041203-11

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