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COMMUNICATION Process of transferring information from one source to another Two-way process Social cement (w/o it, social

ial groups disintegrate).

KEY ELEMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. SENDER-communicators attitude (positive); communicators selection of meaningful symbols MESSAGE RECIEVER FEEDBACK- reaction (verbal or nonverbal; external or internal)

IMPORTANCE 1. 2. 3. 4. PHYSICAL NEEDS- satisfaction of personal relationships IDENTITY NEEDS- development of the unique I SOCIAL NEEDS- satisfies our social need to belong (fills in t he social vacuum within..) PRACTICAL NEEDS- needed in all facets of life (change, energy, challenge)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1. VERBAL- reciprocal conversation; of or concerned with words (oral and written). 2. NONVERBAL- wordless message 3. PROXEMICS- the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. -categories: intimate, social, personal, public 4. CHRONEMICS- the study of the use of time in non-verbal communication TIME PERCEPTIONS- punctuality, willingness to wait, speed of speech, how long people are willing to listen A. MONOCHROMATIC TIME SCHEDULE - time is very important; can be controlled or wasted -characterized by a linear pattern -emphasis is on the use of time schedules and appointments B. POLYCHRONIC TIME SCHEDULE - personal movement more important - emphasis lies on personal relationships rather than keeping appointments on Time

MOVEMENT AND BODY POSITION KINESICS- study of body movements, facial expressions, gestures A. POSTURE- can be used to determine a participants degree of attention and involvement, different in status, level of fondness; direction of lean, body orientation, arm position, body openness B. GESTURE- non-vocal bodily movement intended to express meaning; articulated with the hands, arms or body, head movement, face and eyes (winking), nodding, rolling ones eyes. 5 TYPES: 1. EMBLEMS- gesture w/ direct verbal translations (eg. Goodbye wave) 2. ILLUSTRATORS- gestures that depict what is said verbally (eg. Turning an imaginary steering wheel while talking about driving) 3. AFFECT DISPLAY- gestures that convey emotions (eg. Smile) 4. REGULATORS- gestures that control interactions 5. ADAPTOR- gestures that facilitate the release of bodily tension (eg. Quickly moving ones leg)

HAPTICS- the study of touching as non-verbal communication Eg. Handshakes, holding hands, kissing, backslapping, high fives, pat on the shoulder, brushing an arm..; self touching (eg. Licking, picking, holding, scratching)

Meaning conveyed: dependent upon the context of the situation, relationship between communicators, manner of touch.

EYE GAZE OCULESICS- the study of the role of the yes in non-verbal communication Eye contact- indicates interest, attention and involvement Gaze- actions of looking while talking, looking while listening, amount of gaze, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, blink rate.

PARALANGUAGE (vocalics)- the study of non-verbal cues of the voice PROSODY- properties of speech (tone, pitch, accent) -may change the meaning of words Voice Qualifiers- style in delivering a message (eg. Yelling hey stop that vs whispering hey stop that.) Voice Segregates- notify that the speaker is listening (eg. Uh-huh)

FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships Avoids embarrassing situations Conceals deception

5 PRIMARY FUNSTIONS (Argyle, 1998) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Express emotions Express interpersonal attitudes Used to accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners Self- presentation of ones personality Rituals (greetings)

INTERACTION OF VERBAL and NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONS 6 WAYS: 1. Repeating consists of using gestures to strengthen a verbal message 2. Conflicting- may occur because of uncertainty, ambivalence, frustration; great attention is placed on bodily movement and positioning to clarify situation. 3. Complementing- non-verbal signals affirm the verbal exchange 4. Substituting- non-verbal signals are used w/o verbal communication to convey messages 5. Regulating- non-verbal behavior regulates conversations (eg. Touching someones arm - to talk next/ to interrupt) 6. Accenting/ Moderating- Nonverbal signals are used to alter the interpretation of verbal messages (eg. Touch, voice, pitch, gestures) Nonverbal behavior- can be used to moderate or tone down aspects of verbal messages Eg. Anger- accentuated by shaking a fist

ORAL COMMUNICATION Sound representation of a language (speaking/listening)

VOICE- production of sound SPEECH- combination of sounds so that they become symbols that represent meanings to both speaker and listener VOICE QUALITY- distinctive characteristics of voice that makes it pleasant to hear -timbre/tone color - determined by the combination of resonances (richness and volume) of sound Change in voice quality: Emotions Good voice- clear, pleasant, varied, and understandable Elements of voice w/c reflect mood: quality; pitch; force/intensity; rate

VOICE QUALITIES 1. NORMAL VOICE- with little or no emotion; the result of proper distribution between the oral and nasal resonance 2. BREATHY VOICE- whispered type of tone; aspirate quality of voice in w/c sound of rushing air present in the real whisper is sustained by partial vibration of vocal chords. 3. FULL VOICE- orotund quality; deep quality of voice; creates mood of reverence, solemnity, melancholy, stirring appeal for justice. 4. CHESTY VOICE- deep hollow voice as if coming from a deep and empty cave; pectoral quality; effective in speaking the part of a spirit or ghost. 5. THIN VOICE- high-pitched; falsetto; occurs in extreme fatigue, weakening, old age, ill -health, extreme excitement

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