Worksheet 16: Week 10 Wednesday/Thursday 1. Most nitrogen on Earth is in the form of ___N2______ .

N2 can be incorporated into biomolecules by some bacteria: this process is called __nitrogen fixation_. The reaction that fixes nitrogen is catalyzed by _____nitrogenase____ and is very highly __endergonic_________ it uses up ___16_ ATPs. 2. Where do plants get nitrogen from? Nitrate (No3-) in the soil or NH3 (fixed by bacteria). 3. Where do animals get nitrogen from? Proteins or Nucleic acids in our diet. 4. Amino acid metabolism summary: The first step in catabolism of amino acids is to transfer the amino group from the amino acid to _____alpha ketogluterate____, forming ______glutamate_______________. The majority of the glutamate is converted to ___glutamine___, so that it can be transported through the blood to the ___liver______. In the liver, it goes through the urea cycle. The urea is then transport to the __kidneys_____, where it is excreted. The amino groups from the rest of the glutamate are either excreted directly from the kidneys, or used for biosynthesis of other amino acids. 5. In each round of the urea cycle, ___1_____- molecule of urea is produced. It contains 2 amino groups: 1 from ____carbomyl phosphate and 1 from ____aspartate_____. 6. Which enzymes of the urea cycle are located in the mitochondria? Orithinine transcarbamoylase Which enzymes are located in the cytosol? Arginino succinate synthetase Arginonosuccinate lyase Arginase 7. When a fat molecule is broken down, it is first broken up into ___glycerol__ and fatty acids_____. Then the glycerol is catabolized to __glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate__________, which can enter the ___glycolysis________ pathway. The fatty acids are catabolized to __actylcoA_______, which can enter the __TCA cycle____. 8. What is the net ATP production when palmitate, a 16:0 fatty acid, is completely broken down? 8 Acetyl CoA moleculeseach acetyl coA will produce 10 ATP! Each acetyl coA goes through one round of the citric acid cycle. Every NADH is 2.5 ATP and every QH2 is 1.5 ATP.

The citric acid cycle makes 1 ATP, 1QH2, and 3 NADH. So in addition to the 8 acetyl coA you make 7 NADHs and 7QH2 because last round produces 2 at once. Therefore 16:0 fatty acid when it is broken down will have 10 atp/8 acetyl coA=80 ATP and 7 NADH and 7QH2 so extra 28 ATP for a total of 108. But dont forget that we used 2 ATP in the beginning. So subtract those two to get a FINAL OF 106 ATP.

9. What is the net ATP production when the fat molecule shown below is completely broken down?

Do the glycerol and fatty acids separately! Glycerol: uses one atp makes one NADH! But if its completely broken down It goes to glycolysis. 2 ATP, 1 NADH ( (b/c not glucose G3PD). Pyruvate Acetyl CoA (by PDH makes 1 NADH)TCA cycle (10ATP)so it is going through electron transport when you are converting NADH/QH2 to ATPs! 18.5 ATP THEREFORE TOTAL = 378.5 ATP Fatty Acids: 1st molecule: 20C 100 9NADH 22.5 9 QH2 -2 = 134 ATP 16C 106 ATP 18C 90 atp (8NADH 8QH2) 120 ATP For every 2 carbons you add you add 14 more ATP! TREND! 10. Which hormones regulate fatty acid catabolism? Insulin (it will inhibit), Glucagon (stimulate), Epinephrine FIGHT OR FLIGHT! SO YOU WILL NEED ENERGY FROM FAT BREAKDOWN!(stimulate). 11. Where does fatty acid catabolism occur? The cyle part of it (4 enzymes) are in the mitochondrial matrix but the activation step is in the cytosol so the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. Fatty acyl-coAs are transported into the matrix on carnitine (transporter).