Hygrothermal assessment

1. Global thermal insulation coefficient (G)

I. II. III. Calculus of geometrical characteristics of the building Calculus and verification of the overall thermal resistance (R-value) Calculus and verification of global thermal insulation coefficient (G)

The building is placed in Suceava City, climatic area IV, having the external winter temperature Te=-210 C (according to C107/3-2005, Annex D) and Ti=200C The global thermal insulation coefficient G is computed according to C107/1-2005. The calculation method is based on the appropriate design thermal conductivities or design thermal resistances of the materials and products involved. Performance Requirements Criteria and Levels for Outer Building Elements: Overall Thermal Resistance (R) is higher than the Minimum Overall Thermal Resistance (Rmin-value) that is given for each type of element under inspection, indoor and outdoor environments, building destination, and placement.
R Rmin

The overall thermal transmittance (U), in W/(m2*K), as a reciprocal value of the overall thermal resistance, is a measure of heat transfer through an element. Overall Thermal Transmittance (U) is not higher than the Maximum Overall Thermal Transmittance (Umaxvalue) that is given for each type of element under inspection.

1 U max R

Minimum Overall Thermal Resistance and Maximum Overall Thermal Transmittance for building elements according to C107 for buildings designed after January 1st 2011: Building element External wall Woodwork Slab over last floor Slab over unheated semibasement Rmin [m2*K/W] 1.80 0.77 5.00 2.90 0.56 1.30 0.20 0.35 Umax [W/(m2*K)]

Symbols and units Symbol A R Rse Rsi i(e) U d h U R Quantity area design thermal resistance external surface resistance internal surface resistance linear thermal transmittance relative humidity of the air indoor (outdoor) air temperature drop (difference) of temperature thermal transmittance thickness heat transfer coefficient design thermal conductivity Average Thermal Transmittance including Thermal Bridge Losses Average Thermal Resistance including Thermal Bridge Effect Unit m2 2 m *K/W m2*K/W m2*K/W W/( m*K) % 0 C 0 C W/(m2*K) m W/(m2*K) W/( m*K) W/(m2*K) m2*K/W

I.

Calculus of geometrical characteristics of the building 1. The area of the envelope elements i. ii. iii. The area of the superior slab Aroof= 376.3 m2 The area of the slab over the semi-basement Asb=376.3 m2 The area of the external woodwork
Type W1 W2 W3 D1 b h m m 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.15 1.6 1.55 1.6 2.15 Total for East Wall No. 16 16 8 16 Area Perimeter b*h (m2) 2(b*h) (m) 7.68 44.8 14.72 62.4 19.84 50.4 55.04 120 97.28 277.6

Type W1 D2 D1
Type W1 W2 W3 D1

b h m m 0.6 0.8 0.8 2.15 1.6 2.15 Total for South Wall
b h m m 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.15 1.6 1.55 1.6 2.15 Total for West Wall

No. 16 8 32
No. 16 16 16 8

Area Perimeter b*h (m2) 2(b*h) (m) 7.68 44.8 13.76 47.2 110.08 240 131.52 332
Area Perimeter b*h (m2) 2(b*h) (m) 7.68 44.8 14.72 62.4 39.68 100.8 27.52 60 89.6 268

Type W1 D1 D2

b h m m 0.6 0.8 1.6 2.15 0.8 2.15 Total for North Wall

No. 8 16 8

Area Perimeter b*h (m2) 2(b*h) (m) 3.84 22.4 55.04 120 13.76 47.2 72.64 189.6

iv.

The area of External Walls a. AEast = Atot-Awoodwork=673.28-97.28=576 m2 b. ASouth = Atot-Awoodwork=536.52-131.52=405 m2 c. AWest = Atot-Awoodwork=673.28-89.6=583.68 m2 d. AEast = Atot-Awoodwork=536.52-72.64=463.88 m2 Envelope Element External Wall E S W N Superior Slab Inferior Slab Total Envelope Area = Total (m2) 673.28 536.52 673.28 536.52 376.3 376.3 3172.2 Woodwork (m2) 97.28 131.52 89.6 72.64 Opaque Area (m2) 576 405 583.68 463.88 376.3 376.3

2. The interior heated volume

3. The compactness of the building (Atotal/Vinterior) A/V=3172.2/9896.7 =0.32 m2/m3

Calculus of the overall thermal resistance (R-value) Calculating the air-to-air thermal resistance of a multilayer element, the resistances of the layers and those of the surfaces will be summarized: d 1 1 R Rsi Rs Rse s Rm in hi he where, R : overall thermal resistance, in m2.K/W i and e and s indices : inner and outer surfaces, and material layer surface including any airspace Rsi(se) : thermal resistances of a surface, in m2*K/W hi(e) : surface heat transfer coefficients, in W/(m2*K). A thermal bridge is a part of the building envelope where the otherwise uniform thermal resistance is significantly changed by : full or partial penetration of the building envelope by materials with a different thermal conductivity and/or a change in thickness of the fabric and/or a difference between internal and external areas, such as occur at wall-floor-ceiling junctions. Heat loss due to the thermal bridges makes 15% increment on the U-value. Extra heat losses due to the linear thermal bridge effect are almost 5% of the losses calculated. 1. External walls No. Material Layer Thickness d (mm) 1 2 3 4 Interior Plaster BCA Masonry Thermal Insulation (expanded polystyrene) Faade Plaster 0.015 0.250 0.100 0.025 Thermal Conductivity [W/( m*K)] 0.870 0.700 0.047 0.870 Thermal Resistance R=d/ [m2*K/W] 0.017 0.357 2.128 0.029

II.

Rsi Rse

1 1 0.125 [m2*K/W] hi 8 1 1 0.042 [m2*K/W] he 24

d 1 1 1 1 s 0.017 0.357 2.128 0.029 2.698 hi he 8 24

R Rsi Rs Rse

R = 2.698 m2*K/W > 1.80 = Rmin Taking into account the heat losses due to thermal bridges : R= 2.698 * 0.8 =2.1584 > 1.80 = Rmin 2. Superior slab (under the non-pedestrian terrace) No. Material Layer Thickness d (m) 1 2 3 4 Ceiling Plaster Reinforced concrete slab Sloping concrete layer Vapour Barrier(cardboardbitumen) Thermal Insulation (extruded polystyrene) Double layer roof skin 0.015 0.15 0.03 Thermal Conductivity [W/( m*K)] 0.87 1.74 1.28 Thermal Resistance R=d/ [m2*K/W] 0.017 0.086 0.023 0.029

5 6

0.20 0.01

0.03 0.17

6.667 0.059

Rsi
Rse

1 1 0.1 [m2*K/W] hi 10
1 1 0.042 [m2*K/W] he 24 d 1 1 1 1 s 0.017 0.086 0.023 0.029 6.667 0.059 6.995 hi he 10 24

R Rsi Rs Rse

R = 6.995 m2*K/W > 5 =Rmin Taking into account the heat losses due to thermal bridges : R= 6.995 * 0.8 =5.596 > 5 =Rmin

3. Inferior slab (slab over the semi-basement) No. Material Layer Thickness d (m) 1 2 3 4 5 Floor tiles M100 euqalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Thermal Insulation (Glass Wool ) Ceiling Plaster 0.02 0.03 0.18 0.15 0.015 Thermal Conductivity [W/( m*K)] 1 0.93 1.74 0.032 0.87 Thermal Resistance R=d/ [m2*K/W] 0.020 0.032 0.103 4.688 0.017

Rsi Rse

1 1 0.167 [m2*K/W] hi 6 1 1 0.083 [m2*K/W] he 12 d 1 1 1 1 s 0.020 0.032 0.103 4.688 0.017 5.110 hi he 6 12

R Rsi Rs Rse

R = 5.110 m2*K/W >2.90 =Rmin Taking into account the heat losses due to thermal bridges : R= 5.110 * 0.8 =4.088 > 2.90 =Rmin

Calculus and verification of global thermal insulation coefficient (G) C107/1-2005 contains the verification methodology for the global thermal insulation coefficient G for dwellings. This is defined as the amount of heat losses made by direct transmission through the building`s envelope surface, for a temperature difference of 1 C (or 1 K), relative to the volume of building, plus the heat losses associated with refreshing of the internal air, and those due to additional infiltration of cold air. " Heat Loss Coefficient per Volume (G-value) in W/(m3*K) must be below the Nominal Heat Loss Coefficient per Volume (GN-value). According to C107/1-2005 Annex 2, for A/V=0.32 and 9 floors, GN will be considered: GN = 0.39 W/(m3*K) In order to compute G, we use the following relation:

III.

n- the natural ventilation speed (expressed in the number of air exchanges per hour in a given space) n=0.5 h-1 ,according to C107/1-2005, table 1 non-dimensional factor of correction V the heated volume of the building (m3) Rj - the revised specific thermal resistance of the element j [m 2*K/W]; Aj the surface of element j with a function of thermal insulation [m 2];

( G=0.351 < GN=0.39 [m3*K]

2. Condensation check
With increasing levels of insulation, the use of impermeable cladding materials and new methods of construction, can often come increased risk of condensation in buildings. Condensation can give rise to a range of problems from surface staining of internal finishes to long term degradation of the structure. Recent health scares from toxic mold growth in buildings have also highlighted the dangers that may be caused if condensation persists. The Condensation Risk Analysis according to the latest standards and assessment of the risk of both surface and interstitial condensation occurring for different building elements needs to be realized. If a potential risk is indicated the design can be reconsidered and if necessary modified to minimize the risk. When heat flows out of the envelope, the temperature of the internal surfaces is slightly lower than the internal air temperature due to the surface thermal resistance. The size of this temperature drop is related to the overall thermal resistance of the construction. Should the air carrying moisture vapor drop below its dew-point at the wall surface -excess moisture will be deposited. If this situation persists then surface mold will begin to form.

I.

Climate parameters a) Interior climate Ti=200C (the interior calculus temperature) i=60% (the relative humidity of interior air) Rsi=0.125 m2*K/W (the interior superficial thermal resistance) b) Exterior climate Te=-21oC (external winter temperature corresponding to climate zone 4 according to Annex D, C107-2005) e=60% (the relative humidity of exterior air) Rse=0.042 m2*K/W (the exterior superficial thermal resistance)

II.

Risk of condensation on the interior surface of the building element (external wall)

In order to avoid surface condensation, the temperature of the inner surface of the building element in the most unfavorable zone from heat transfer resistance point of view should be bigger than the dew point temperature( .

In order to determine the temperature on the surface of the element, in the unidirectional transfer hypothesis, the following relation is used:

Taking into account the values for the interior humidity i=60% and for the interior temperature i=+200C, the dew point temperature can be obtained, in our case: 12.00C. ( )

The condition being satisfied, no condensation will appear on the interior surface of the external wall.

III.

Condensation checking within the building elements structure

Interstitial condensation occurs as a result of moisture diffusing through the permeable building fabric from the high vapor pressure side to the low vapor pressure side. As the air is moving through the building fabric, it can be cooled, in the process increasing the moisture saturation of the air. Where the temperature drops sufficiently to cause the air to reach saturation, water vapor in the air can condense out. The point at which this occurs is called the dew point which is the point where condensation occurs. The condition for avoidance of condensation is that at any point within the element the partial pressure does not reach the saturation pressure value pspv. a) Establishing the temperature variation in the structure of the element (considering the annual average temperature) , where