Decapoda

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other meanings of decapod, see Decapod (disambiguation). Decapoda
Temporal range: DevonianRecent

Pre O S D C P T J K
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"Decapoda" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904

Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Superorder: Eucarida Decapoda Order: Latreille, 1802 Suborders Dendrobranchiata

Pleocyemata See text for superfamilies. The decapods or Decapoda (literally "ten-footed") are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimp. Most decapods are scavengers. It is estimated that the order contains nearly 15,000 species in around 2,700 genera, with approximately 3,300 fossil species.[1] Nearly half of these species are crabs, with the shrimp (c.3000 species) and Anomura (including hermit crabs, porcelain crabs, squat lobsters: c.2500 species), making up the bulk of the remainder.[1] The earliest fossil decapod is the Devonian Palaeopalaemon.[2]

Contents
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1 Anatomy 2 Classification 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Anatomy
Main article: Decapod anatomy As the name Decapoda (from the Greek , deca-, "ten", and / , -pod, "foot") implies, all decapods have ten legs. These are in the form of five pairs of thoracic appendages on the last five thoracic segments. The front three pairs function as mouthparts and are generally referred to as maxillipeds; the remainder are pereiopods. In many decapods, however, one pair of legs has enlarged pincers; the claws are called chelae, so those legs may be called chelipeds. Further appendages are found on the abdomen, with each segment capable of carrying a pair of biramous pleopods, the last of which form part of the tail fan (together with the telson) and are called uropods.

[edit] Classification
Classification within the order Decapoda depends on the structure of the gills and legs, and the way in which the larvae develop, giving rise to two suborders: Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata. Dendrobranchiata consists of prawns, including many species colloquially referred to as "shrimp", such as the "white shrimp", Litopenaeus setiferus. Pleocyemata includes the remaining groups, including true shrimp. Those groups which usually walk rather than swim (Pleocyemata, excluding Stenopodidea and Caridea) form a clade called Reptantia.[3] The following classification to the level of superfamilies follows De Grave et al.[1]

Whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Dendrobranchiata: Penaeoidea)

Heterocarpus ensifer (Caridea: Pandaloidea)

Austropotamobius pallipes (Astacidea: Astacoidea)

Upogebia deltaura (Gebiidea: Upogebiidae)

California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus (Achelata: Palinuridae)

Polycheles sculptus (Polychelida: Polychelidae)

Australian land hermit crab, Coenobita variabilis (Anomura: Paguroidea)

Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura: Portunoidea) Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802

Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 o Penaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 o Sergestoidea Dana, 1852 Suborder Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 o Infraorder Stenopodidea Bate, 1888 o Infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852 Procaridoidea Chace & Manning, 1972 Galatheacaridoidea Vereshchaka, 1997 Pasiphaeoidea Dana, 1852 Oplophoroidea Dana, 1852 Atyoidea De Haan, 1849 Bresilioidea Calman, 1896

o o o o o o

Nematocarcinoidea Smith, 1884 Psalidopodoidea Wood-Mason, 1874 Stylodactyloidea Bate, 1888 Campylonotoidea Sollaud, 1913 Palaemonoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Alpheoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Processoidea Ortmann, 1896 Pandaloidea Haworth, 1825 Physetocaridoidea Chace, 1940 Crangonoidea Haworth, 1825 Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802 Enoplometopoidea de Saint Laurent, 1988 Nephropoidea Dana, 1852 Astacoidea Latreille, 1802 Parastacoidea Huxley, 1879 Infraorder Glypheidea Winckler, 1882 Glypheoidea Winckler, 1882 Infraorder Axiidea de Saint Laurent, 1979b Infraorder Gebiidea de Saint Laurent, 1979 Infraorder Achelata Scholtz & Richter, 1995 Infraorder Polychelida Scholtz & Richter, 1995 Infraorder Anomura MacLeay, 1838 Aegloidea Dana, 1852 Galatheoidea Samouelle, 1819 Hippoidea Latreille, 1825a Kiwaoidea Macpherson, Jones & Segonzac, 2005 Lithodoidea Samouelle, 1819 Lomisoidea Bouvier, 1895 Paguroidea Latreille, 1802 Infraorder Brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 Section Dromiacea De Haan, 1833 Dromioidea De Haan, 1833 Homolodromioidea Alcock, 1900 Homoloidea De Haan, 1839 Section Raninoida De Haan, 1839 Section Cyclodorippoida Ortmann, 1892 Section Eubrachyura de Saint Laurent, 1980 Subsection Heterotremata Guinot, 1977 Aethroidea Dana, 1851 Bellioidea Dana, 1852 Bythograeoidea Williams, 1980 Calappoidea De Haan, 1833 Cancroidea Latreille, 1802 Carpilioidea Ortmann, 1893 Cheiragonoidea Ortmann, 1893 Corystoidea Samouelle, 1819 Dairoidea Serne, 1965 Dorippoidea MacLeay, 1838 Eriphioidea MacLeay, 1838 Gecarcinucoidea Rathbun, 1904

Goneplacoidea MacLeay, 1838 Hexapodoidea Miers, 1886 Leucosioidea Samouelle, 1819 Majoidea Samouelle, 1819 Orithyioidea Dana, 1852c Palicoidea Bouvier, 1898 Parthenopoidea MacLeay, Pilumnoidea Samouelle, 1819 Portunoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Potamoidea Ortmann, 1896 Pseudothelphusoidea Ortmann, 1893 Pseudozioidea Alcock, 1898 Retroplumoidea Gill, 1894 Trapezioidea Miers, 1886 Trichodactyloidea H. Milne-Edwards, 1853 Xanthoidea MacLeay, 1838 Subsection Thoracotremata Guinot, 1977 Cryptochiroidea Paul'son, 1875 Grapsoidea MacLeay, 1838 Ocypodoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Pinnotheroidea De Haan, 1833

Phylogeny of Malacostraca

[edit] References
1. ^ a b c Sammy De Grave, N. Dean Pentcheff, Shane T. Ahyong et al. (2009). "A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. 21: 1109. 2. ^ Robert P. D. Crean (November 14, 2004). "Order Decapoda: Fossil record and evolution". University of Bristol. Retrieved January 2, 2010. 3. ^ G. Scholtz & S. Richter (1995). "Phylogenetic systematics of the reptantian Decapoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113 (3): 289328. doi:10.1006/zjls.1995.0011.

Fossil record and evolution

Origins
The origin of decapods is poorly understood, but a fossil group of crustaceans known as the Phyllocarida are thought to hold the key. These bear a resemblance to the Decapoda and Euphausiaceae, with a long abdomen bearing pleopods (although this is not quite as well developed) and a bivalved carapace covering the thorax. Like decapods, this carapace has a series of transverse grooves. Although Echinocaris, a Devonian phyllocarid, shows the post-

cervical and cervical grooves, it lacks the branchio-cardiac groove (instead possessing an anterior groove [v]) and this is thought to indicate that it is more primitive than true decapods. But it is on its way there! There is some difficulty in using carapace grooves only. Palaeopemphix was originally considered to belong to the Decapoda, with three transverse grooves clearly present. However, the carapace was weakly hinged, with a broad reflex in the surface (a doublure), and this excludes it from the Decapoda, placing it instead within the Phyllocarida. Clearly more work has to be done on groove identification before relationships among these early forms can be better understood.

The Earliest Decapod

The earliest decapod, Palaeopalaemon from the Devonian of the USA, lived 100 million years before the Mesozoic radiation of decapods. It is known from a very well preserved specimen (seen in various views, left) and all the major carapace grooves may be identified. In addition, it lacks exopod-bearing pereiopods and has five pairs of pereiopods. Despite the very early occurence of Palaeopalaemon , it has rather advanced characteristics. For example, it has a reptant macrurous

condition and, contradicting early hypotheses, the legs of this animal are differentiated, some being chelate, while others are achelate.

Trends in Decapod Evolution

Even though Palaeopalaemon was a crawler, it is still thought that the first decapods were swimmers. For swimmers, the escape mechanism is a powerful contraction of the abdomen, which results in a very rapid backward movement. However, as a more benthic lifestyle is adopted, the large abdomen (pleon) actually becomes a hindrance. There is therefore a reduction and loss of the pleopods, and the abdomen (while never actually lost) is greatly reduced and held under the body where it is used only in reproduction (as in the crabs). For some time the origin of crabs was unknown, but in the 1930s the missing link, Eocarcinus, showed that it must lie among the Pemphicidea, an extant group of lobsters.
Diagram showing the major changes in body shape through time, from top to bottom

When looking at the carapace grooves, many changes were associated with the increasing complexity of decapods throughout their evolution. As the walking legs of decapods become specialised (or at least differentiated) with the adaptation towards a benthic mode of life, the lower surface of the carapace had to expand. The carapace grooves then crowded together. As the thoracic somites also adapted to these changes, the increasing nonfunctional areas became reduced and this may have led to a posteriorly directed elongation of the branchiocardiac groove. Finally, as the attractor epimeralis muscle became concentrated into a smaller space, the anterior and lateral margins of this groove became reduced or even disappeared completely.