GROUP 17 ELEMENTS (HALOGENS) - F, Cl, Br, I, As General Diatomics F2 - light yellow gas Cl2 - yellow gas Br2 - red

liquid I2 - metallic solid (purple vapor) As2 - radioactive; extremely rare reactivity (oxidzing agents: X2 + 2e- 6 2X-)

Preparation Fluorine

H2SO4 CaF2(s) x x x x x v 2HF % CaSO4

fluorspar

electrolysis 2HF x x x x x x x x x x v H2(g) % F2(g) (F. Moisson,1886) i n KF

F2 (most reactive element) 2F2 + O2 6 2F2O
a reactive gas

F2O + H2O 6 2HF + O2 Chlorine 4NaCl + 2H2SO4 + MnO2 Industrial:

)
x

6 2Na SO + M Cl + 2H O + Cl

electrolysis ( ) x xx x x x x x x v 2 NaOH % Cl2 8 % H2 8

Bromine (produced from brines) 2Br- + Cl2 x6 Br2 + 2ClIodine (from brines)

Astatine
209 83 1 Bi + 4 2He x6 20N + 211 85

At
J1/2

= 7.21 hours

- 44 mg in earth's crust

Hydrides HF,
8

HCl, HBr, HI strong mineral acids

weak acid H2SO4 + NaX 6 HX 8 + NaHSO4 HF reacts with glass ! 4HF + SiO2 6 SiF4 8 + 2H2O

Oxides halogen oxides - unstable oxidizing agents ClO, Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O7 7 unpleasent, explosive substances Cl2O + CaO(aq) 6 Ca(OCl)2
a Calcium hypochlorie (bleach)

ClO2 6 used to bleach flours, wood pulp 5CO + I2O5(s) 6 I2(s) + 5CO2(g)

used to quantitatively determine CO concentrations

Oxyacids Hypohalous Acids (HOX) and Hypohalites (OXG) X2 + H2O HOX + H+ + Xa 8

equilibrium can be driven by removal of Xof neutralization of H+ Cl2O + H2O HOCl

a used in manufacture of bleaches

Household bleach: 5.25% NaOCl in water Bleaching Powder: Ca(OCl)2

G Halous Acids (HOXO) and Halites (XO2 )

rare Ba(OH)2 + H2O2 + ClO2 6 Ba(ClO2)2 + 2H2O + O2 Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4 6 BaSO4 + 2HClO2
_

strong acid, good oxidzing agent

G Halic Acids (HOXO2) and Halates (XO3 )

G 3X2 + 6OH- x6 XO3 + 5X- + 3H2O

I2 + 10 HNO3 x6 2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O

a

white solid KClO3 - primary oxidant in fireworks

MnO2 3 KClO3 x x x x x 6 KCl % O2 7 source of oxygen gas ) 2

G Perhalic Acids (HOXO3) and Perhalates (XO4 )

G G XO3 + H2O 6 XO4 + 2H+ + 2eG (electrolysis)

X = Cl, I HXO4 a strong oxidizing acids NH4ClO4 7 used in space shuttle as propellent (each shuttle launch requires 700 tons) ! HBrO4 (discovered in 1968)
G G BrO3 + F2 + 2OH- 6 BrO4 + 2F- + H2O

Applications Chlorine: bleaches (NaOCl, Ca(OCl)2) oxidizing agents organic transformations

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chlorinated hydrocarbons (Freon's) bromine: productive of ethylene dibromide CH2 = CH2 + Br2 6 BrCH2CH2Br a anti-knock agent insecticides (CH3Br) flame-retardants (Br2C3H5O)3PO a can be incorporated in fibers photography - AgBr (photo sensitive)

iodine: production of iodine containing organics "iodized" salt