Textile fibers

Synthetic fibers A branch latest chemical fibers developed in the last 40 years in an extraordinary pace is the synthetic fibers. These fibers are the result of development of one of the most modern branches of chemistry: polymer chemistry. Combines them was possible only when the research revealed a polymer reliable features needed: to be filiform (ie without branching or crosslinked chains) have a suitable molecular weight, can be oriented and crystallized, to be soluble in solvents or to melt without decomposition. Synthetic fibers have some superior properties including natural ones: good strength, excellent chemical resistance, resistance to moth and decay. Synthetic fibers may be awarded properties that do not have natural ones: neinflamabilitate, high temperature resistance, etc.. There are some unsatisfactory properties: low moisture absorption, high electrostatic charge, pilling effect (pilling) colorabilitate more difficult. With the advent of new types of synthetic fiber spinning processes known to have added new ones: melt spinning, and more recently, spinning the suspension spinning semitopitura etc. In general, the scheme for obtaining a synthetic fiber is: preparation of polymer -> spinning -> stretching -> twist -> fixing. The last time, it is widely used and cofilarea. Cofilate fibers have two structures: the "shell-core" and "side by side" ("side by side"). Shell-core fibers have a core of a polymer fiber that gives strength, elasticity and so on, and a shell of another polymer to lower static load, increase gloss, reduce pilling etc. Structure "side by side" may, for example, to provide high fiber curl, if the two polymers have different contractions. Polyamide fibers: These macromolecules consist of filiform (without side chains) in the amide groups that are polar and hydrophilic portions alternate with non-polar hydrocarbon chains and hydrophobic proteins like fiber structure. Nylon: These fibers are used for obtaining molded articles, textiles and medical sutures. Nylon fibers are more resistant and stronger than silk and relatively insensitive to moisture and mold. Nylon is a polyamide made from petroleum. Nylon melts and then burns rapidly if the flame remains on the melted fiber. If you can keep the flame burning nylon, plastic smells burnt. Polyester fibers: They are as important representative Terylene (Terom, Dacron) resulting in poliestificarea (with elimination of water) of terephthalic acid with 1,2 ethanediol. This

type of fiber have strong hydrophobic character and are resistant to light, heat, water drainage. The polyester is a polymer obtained from a mixture of coal, water and oil. Polyester melts and burns at the same time, melt and ashes can quickly adhere to any surface, including sticks to human skin, causing burns. The smoke from polyester is burned black, accompanied by a sweet smell. Polyester fibers also have the polycondensation reaction, but from a diacid (or diester) and a diol. The reaction proceeds in two steps: esterification (or transesterification) and polycondensation. Polyester fiber produced in the largest quantity is polietilentereftalatul. The reaction takes place with stirring in vacuo and its two-stage require catalysts. The polymer was melt spun as polyamides. Acrylic fibers: Acrylic fibers and acrylonitrile technology are derived from natural petroleum. Acrilii burn easily due to their specific structure. A match or a cigarette fell on a blanket acrylic can burn, burning rate is high, if no steps to fighting. Ash is dense. The smell is unpleasant, astringent. Prepared by radical polymerization of two fibers are very important: acrylic fibers and polyvinyl alcohol fibers. In fact, acrylics, acrylonitrile copolymers are based on vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, etc.. The copolymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent (such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene carbonate, thiocyanate solution) and the fan the wet or dry spinning.

Ionic Polymerization: Ionic polymerization is used in the production of polypropylene and polyethylene fibers. Polypropylene fibers had a dynamic development in recent years due to resistance and chemical agents, and because of very low specific gravity. Such a structure is obtained only by ionic polymerization. One of the systems is the Ziegler-Natta catalyst used, that TiCl3 + Al (C2H5) 3. Spinning is the melt. Polymer: Macromolecular polymer is a substance whose molecule is formed by the union of a chain of two or more monomer molecules. The polymer was dissolved in hot water in a fan the sodium sulphate bath. Following treatment with formaldehyde, to a part of OH groups esterified. This gives waterproof polymer. Conventional fibers by polymerization or copolymerization of vinyl chloride (CH2 = CHCl) are less important due to the low melting temperature. Polyvinyl alcohol fibers are obtained by the polymerisation of vinyl acetate followed by hydrolysis of the polymer with caustic methanol. After the method of preparation of the polymer are known: - Fibre prepared by polycondensation;

- Fibre prepared by radical polymerization; - Fibre prepared by ionic polymerization; - Fibers prepared by other methods.