FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/1

FLUID DYNAMICS



OBJECTIVES





General Objective : To know, understand and apply the mechanism of flow to simple
pipes.

Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you should be able to :


define types of flow

define discharge, continuity equation and mass flowrate in pipes

solve problems related to the use of continuity equation
















UNIT 4
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/2










4.1 TYPES OF FLOW

4.1.1 Steady flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream may vary from cross-
section, but for each cross-section they do not change with time. Example: a
wave travelling along a channel.

4.1.2 Uniform flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are the same at
each successive cross-section. Example: flow through a pipe of uniform bore
running completely full.

4.1.3 Laminar flow
Also known as streamline or viscous flow, in which the particles of the fluid
move in an orderly manner and retain the same relative positions in
successive cross-sections.

4.1.4 Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow is a non steady flow in which the particles of fluid move in a
disorderly manner, occupying different relative positions in successive cross-
sections.



4.2 Discharge and Mass Flowrate

4.2.1 Discharge
The volume of liquid passing through a given cross-section in unit time is
called the discharge. It is measured in cubic meter per second, or similar units
and denoted by Q.


v A Q . =






INPUT
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/3





Example 4.1

If the diameter d = 15 cm and the mean velocity, v = 3 m/s, calculate the actual
discharge in the pipe.

Solution to Example 4.1

Av Q =
v
d
=
4
2

( )
3
4
15 . 0
2
=


s m / 053 . 0
3
=





4.2.2 Mass Flowrate

The mass of fluid passing through a given cross section in unit time is called
the mass flow rate. It is measured in kilogram per second, or similar units and
denoted by

m.
v A m =

=
2 1
m m



2 2 2 1 1 1
v A v A =








A
1
v
1
A
2
v
2

in out
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/4





`Example 4.2

Oil flows through a pipe at a velocity of 1.6 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is 8 cm.
Calculate discharge and mass flowrate of oil. Take into consideration s
oil
= 0.85.

Solution to Example 4.2

1 1 1
v A Q =

( )
( ) 6 . 1
4
08 . 0
2

=
s m / 10 042 . 8
3 3
=

Q m =

( )( )
3
10 042 . 8 1000 85 . 0

=
s kg / 836 . 6 =


A very simple way to measure the rate at which water is flowing along the pipe is by
catching all the water that is coming out of the pipe in a bucket over a fixed time
period. We can obtain the rate of accumulation of mass by measuring the weight of the
water in the bucket and dividing this by the time taken to collect this water. This is
known as the mass flowrate.



Example 4.3

The weight of an empty bucket is 2.0 kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the
weight of the bucket is 8.0 kg. Calculate the mass flowrate of the fluid.

Solution to Example 4.3


fluid the collect to taken time
bucket in flowrate mass
m flowrate mass =

,

7
0 . 2 0 . 8
=
s kg / 857 . 0 =




FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/5






ACTIVITY 4A





TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
INPUT!

4.1 List down four types of flow. Define any three types of flow that you have
listed.







































FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/6






FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 4A




4.1
1. Steady flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream may vary from cross-
section, but for each cross-section they do not change with time. Example: a
wave travelling along a channel.

2. Uniform flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are the same at
each successive cross-section. Example: flow through a pipe of uniform bore
running completely full.

3. Laminar flow
Also known as streamline or viscous flow, in which the particles of the fluid
move in an orderly manner and retain the same relative positions in successive
cross-sections.

4. Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow is a non steady flow in which the particles of fluid move in a
disorderly manner, occupying different relative positions in successive cross-
sections.



















FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/7









4.3 Continuity Equation
For continuity of flow in any system of fluid flow, the total amount of fluid
entering the system must equal the amount leaving the system. This occurs in
the case of uniform flow and steady flow.
















Q
P
= discharge through cross-section P-P
A
P
= cross-sectional area through P-P
v
p
= fluid mean velocity through P-P
Q
R
= discharge through cross-section R-R
A
R
= cross-sectional area through R-R
v
R
= fluid mean velocity through R-R






Discharge at section P = Discharge at section R
Q
P
= Q
R

A
P
v
P
= A
R
v
R





INPUT
R P
SYSTEM
P R
Q
R
Q
P
Q
P
=Q
R

Figure 4.1
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/8





Application

We can apply the principle of continuity to pipes with cross sections that have
changes along their length. Consider the diagram below of a pipe with a
contraction.














A liquid is flowing from left to right and the pipe is narrowing in the same
direction. By the continuity principle, the discharge must be the same at each
section. The mass going into the pipe is equal to the mass going out of the
pipe.

Discharge at section 1 = Discharge at section 2

2 1
Q Q =

2 2 1 1
v A v A =



Example 4.4

If the area A
1
= 10 10
-3
m
2
and A
2
= 3 10
-3
m
2
and the upstream mean velocity,
v
1
=2.1 m/s, calculate the downstream mean velocity.

Solution to Example 4.4

2
1 1
2
A
v A
v =

( )
3
3
10 3
1 . 2 10 10

=
s m/ 0 . 7 =

Section 1 Section 2
Figure 4.2
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/9





Now try this on a diffuser, a pipe which expands or diverges as in the figure
below.













Example 4.5

Referring to the Figure the diameter at section 1 is d
1
= 30 mm and at section 2 is
d
2
=40 mm and the mean velocity at section 2 is v
2
= 3.0 m/s. Calculate the velocity
entering the diffuser.

Solution to Example 4.5

2
2
1
2
1
v
d
d
v
|
|

\
|
=

0 . 3
30
40
2

\
|
=
s m/ 3 . 5 =














The downstream velocity only
changes from the upstream by
the ratio of the two areas of the
pipe. As the area of the circular
pipe is a function of the
diameter, we can reduce the
calculation further. Thus,
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
4 /
4 /
v
d
d
v
d
d
v
A
A
v = = =

2
2
1
2
v
d
d
|
|

\
|
=
Section 1 Section 2
Figure 4.3
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/10





Another example in the use of the continuity principle is to determine the
velocities in pipes coming from a junction.













Total discharge into the junction = Total discharge out of the junction
Q
1
= Q
2
+ Q
3

A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
+ A
3
v
3



Example 4.6
A pipe is split into 2 pipes which are BC and BD as shown in the Figure 4.5. The
following information is given:

diameter pipe AB at A = 0.45 m
diameter pipe AB at B = 0.3 m
diameter pipe BC = 0.2 m
diameter pipe BD = 0.15 m
Calculate:

a) discharge at section A if v
A
= 2 m/s
b) velocity at section B and section D if velocity at section C = 4 m/s













1
3
2
Figure 4.4
A
D
C
Figure 4.5
B
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/11





Solution to Example 4.6

a) Discharge at section A

A A A
v A Q =

( )
2
4
45 . 0
2
=


s m / 318 . 0
3
=

b) Discharge at section A = Discharge at section B

B A
Q Q =

B B A A
v A v A =
B
A A
B
A
v A
v =

( )
( )
2
3 . 0
4 318 . 0

=
s m/ 5 . 4 =

For continuity of flow


D C B
Q Q Q + =

C B D
Q Q Q =
( ) ( )
C C B B
v A v A =

( ) ( )
(

= 4
4
2 . 0
5 . 4
4
3 . 0
2 2


s m / 192 . 0
3
=

For pipe BD


D D D
v A Q =
s m / 192 . 0
3
=


D
D
D
A
Q
v =

( )
2
15 . 0
4 192 . 0

= s m/ 86 . 10 =

FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/12





ACTIVITY 4B




TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
INPUT!

4.2 State the actual discharge equation for the following pipes.


















Q
1
= _______________

Q
2
= _______________

Q
7
= _______________












6
5
4
3
2
7
8
1
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/13





FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 4B






4.2
















Q
1
= _Q
2
+Q
3
_

Q
2
= _Q
4
+Q
5
+Q
6
_

Q
7
= _Q
3
Q
8
_













6
5
4
3
2
7
8
1
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/14







SELF-ASSESSMENT



You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check
your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment. If you face any problems,
discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.


4.1 Water flows through a pipe AB of diameter d
1
= 50 mm, which is in series with
a pipe BC of diameter d
2
= 75 mm in which the mean velocity v
2
= 2 m/s. At C
the pipe forks and one branch CD is of diameter d
3
such that the mean velocity
v
3
is 1.5 m/s. The other branch CE is of diameter d
4
= 30 mm and conditions are
such that the discharge Q
2
from BC divides so that Q
4
= Q
3
. Calculate the
values of Q
1
,v
1
,Q
2
,Q
3
,D
3
,Q
4
and v
4
..































B
E
D C
A
FLUID DYNAMICS J3008/4/15







FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT






Answers:

4.1 Q
1
= 8.836 10
-3
m
3
/s

v
1
= 4.50 m/s

Q
3
= 5.891 10
-3
m
3
/s

Q
4
= 2.945 10
-3
m
3
/s

d
3
= 71 mm

v
4
= 4.17 m/s