4.

'TIT' Tf (Modals) : W F f
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5

3 k

m' fkiI X

%f&' X %f&' X 1ChlUcYQ W "Used to" Tl ?dPT "Dare" Tl ?dPT

4.3

TT (Voice) - WT 4.3.1 w '&F$T

4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9

* f%?rx@

m 9 f m c % f ; r FiTWT k m '&F$T % RVr

%fkiI3f.*sfiFF8-mrnaT*%RVr
3Trmef sfiFF rn TF[ST;9Tef W h W %' -grf (Models) Tl F & F T ? h l W F Wf$ Tl sfiFF w !TmFm Wf$ Tl sfiFF m

4.3.10 S i b j f t = t ? ~ & f h ' @ @ F & ~ 3 f . f . ' b y ' % ~ ~ F 4 & T l J P & l 4.3.11 sfiFF~7fil?dPTWT*?

4.2

%m'd (Modals) - W $ kk ? ;

m w ~ ~ ; ~ ~ t i f a m ( ~ e r b ) $ m W ~ & m & h ~ W F&C7 f h %, M 'fm9EF fam ModalsIModal Auxiliary $ ;Tm 3 M % ~ @ * ( ~ ~ o d ) ~ ~ m h % ~ r n % s T r f ~ t i

m:
Sarala We

@%1md*mm~Tiffzra%1~Mti%~d+m
Subject Auxiliary
can could may might will would shall should must needn't daren't ought to used to

Main Verb
drive reach go and read arrive help like be see work worry face follow sing a car the college in time. now. late. her. to attend the function. in Delhi tomorrow. a good doctor at once. harder now onwards. about this matter. his teacher. the rules of the road. song early in the morning.

You The train He They

I
You She You
'

He A driver She

~ ~ f m $ ~ ~ t i h ~ ~ a d m f g s r m % 4 ~ ~ $ FlTT 3;m;l adm fam KPJ Yd%?T (Modal Auxiliary) $ ;Tm 3 M% 1F % I (Together with the Main Verbs that follow, they rn %
express the 'mode' or manner of actions denoted by the verbs) b $T3T (ability), (Possibility), slim (Permission), W?ll (Capacity), ' f j (Probability), ~

* *+

TRbT(obligation or duty), TFPf (advisability)

**

; f

fi %I

You may go and read now W 3lef you are free to go and read now. T@ Fm7 Sarala can drive a car, W miVrf 8 Sarala has the ability to drive a car V T T You sh~uld see a good doctor at once W 3Tef 'It is advisable for you to see a good doctor at once.'

1.

? j F T 'Fm92F; f%V$i (Primary Auxiliaries) 3 sTiPd 3&$

~ + f ; * ~ ~ * ~ % ~
I rn drive. He a drive. You rn drive. They can drive. We a drive. She a drive. Modal Auxiliaries WF3 'Fs $ mJW *f;Jqm*?!l He must work harder.

am;h $ Modal Auxiliary

2.

%, % %

f$

f ;

3.

~ ~ T W - F ~( T b

a s e f o r m o f v e r b ) ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T

m 3 1
~ (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
4.

* + +rnmm?r2:
m-g
Modal Auxiliary He mavlcan be driving. He could have said t his/so.

: ~ ~ d He can drivedldrives. I can driving. She can drove. They can driven.

f ; Primary Auxiliary 'be' 1 'have'

T 3f

? WT ~

1.

'fm;ar*',LKEfim~','fm;ar3'~~

(Use of Mav &

m)

*Tm%l
I pavlcan go. =T-Fm;iil+r She mavlcan go.

rn&nr&$~
We mavlcan go.

B ~ & ? I
They mav/can go.

% . r r m $ 1
Mohan maytcan go.
TF&fTd*

~ a y ' i r y r~ a n - f ; ~ &

person&

~umber%f;~[e~8% w %

mmm?:
(i) (ii) (iii)

?Fm ~ a y & c a n m ~ ; r : : ~ 8 m ~ " f ; T ~ d % ~ ~ % f ; q

Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb

TEFlTf+?r

m % 1 (i) May 3lER (Permission) a;T p8' T C

(Permission) TT

3F?i TbWiT TT & h% I Can q 3TlT 8 % 3F?i dW Tf;T h % 1 :

~ m & ~ ~

*&m1 An Englishman ma^ be a scholar of Sanskrit language and literature but he never become Kalidas or Bhavabhuti.

m*m**%f;f$dl;T&&$Q-rn91*&
d l

We may be scholars of English language and literature but can never become Shakespeare or Milton.

m % R ~ ~ ' ~ m 9 + ~ m & g t c g * 3 @ ~ * & * 1

You mav be successful for the time being but finally you shall suffer shameful defeat. speak four languages.

~ W T * * r n % l

He

m8RmFF[ri;J$f&1 It mav rain this evening. (ii) 'May' M W % B (wish)

**

?r;m

%:

~finrg&!
May he live long !

38Y";immfT!
May she have good health ! (iii)
'KiF;T',

M', m',Lfm;m W , 'Tm;tr 4',

31, W F?lT (Use of 'might' and

kV?8 I

'could') (iv) might iWT could TiWW:may iWT can ?8 Q -

rnbl,

* *
ff',
r

o * i;

rnm T' * *'

* ~

h FFK

He might come.

Irt*Trf;rm1
I could go.

could T dm y~ 8 W 3 f . %I (vi) V $ Person m'r umber a; F I T 4 might I miaht/could do this work. We miahtlcould go there. You miaht/could help her. 'They might/could come by that evening. miaht/could give a better performance. He -or Sitaram miaht/could solve that sum. (vii) M i g h t T d m 3 m d %$%lTm%: ~ ~ T T ! ~ ~ $ $ ~ T % T F I T (Probability) w 3 - 3TlWJd It miaht rain.

3mm%1
The Prime Minister miaht visit Jaipur.

?TW=m%-ff~~srrd%l
(viii) Could $ Jrbm T sT.s 6d

- W Polite request

3-

Could you tell me the time?

wTm*mm?
Could you help me in this situation?

wmgM3Wm*?
Could you wait for a few minutes?

wrrn~rnrn*?

4.2.2

TW F (Use of 'should' & 'must"& 'ought')

1,

~
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

T -

o ~ ~ ~ W ~ + ~ ' W ~ T T & I
Indians should read 'Ramcharitmanas'.

3;rT;h?i4m&%~~3*1
'They should mend their habits.
.~TT*

f$i8

The modern Hindi poets must read 'Kamayani'.

* W'

& Tlf??? I

@ST~?~~%TT~W~~TRTTT&I
You must ao to see your father in the Hospital. @drii-m*mwa=rmTT&l You ouaht to obey your parents.

&~*M*~TT&I
We ouaht not to speak ill of others.
~ ~ ~ T ~ ~ I

(vii) + ~ ~ F F T T * ~ F F T T He ouaht to be ashamed of himself for such conduct.

3T$Ti

fiFit d 3 Tf?Tt f?lq'should' 'must' imr 'ought to' Fl adm '6TT mrr b I

* $ * 4 $ ~ 3

I % s h o u l d F l d P T ~ ~ ~ 3 P rnustmdDT f ~ ~ 8 , 3 T f ; l ; f l $ m m ~ ~ ; ~ ~ * e ~ & * h ~ f l o u ~ h t t o ~ d P T 3TWl & ~ - ~ ~ * F F ~ ; T & J ' ~ T oT uI g ~ ~ h ?t !~ I m h $ ~ t o ~

m?!~
2

rnfl
Subject F d - Auxiliary verb TiZTFF h - Main Verb
3

f h lI

m % T k rlT' Fl

Past form of 'should'

~
(i)
(ii) (iii)

~ ~ T R V I
He should have played.
@ T ~ ~ V I You should have written a letter.
@&FmeqW Ef;lWVTif&Vl

I should have taken care of my health.

@ r T T i T % m W m w r n m 3

(F)Subject
(T) Auxiliary Verb

H e1You1l should have playedlwrittenltaken care.

('IT) Main verb In past participle

4.

~ ' W F ; I i 3 m W K l T h ' ~ % W' ~ ' eed'+d%l

(i)

@m-m\
A

371 $ -

sr
I F & ~ * ~ ~ I

I need a good shirt.

(ii)

$m*;jffm~
sr
@ ~ & * W * % I I do not need a good shirt.

(iii)

WI

3
T

m?

W I @ r n m * m * ?

Do I need his help?

@vmm*@l
rlT

@vmm*-@l
I needed 1 required a Maruti car.

@v+m;r;rM*eTT1 rlT
@v+m;r;r*m*@1

I did not need a house.

m*vmm*eTT?
rlT

m*vmm*3mmT@?
Did I need one lac rupees? (vii)

*--*-MI
rlT

3-m*1
I shall need your help. (viii)

*gw-ttw*-*ml
rlT

3gwflm**1
I shall not need your help.

m@gwflm*mM?
rlT

w*7J-wttm*?
Shall I need your help?

m sT;rT I Negative form 3 need % 1. Present Indefinite Tense negative form % M ?F@&R

WR

(i)

~ ; ~ S ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * W R T K K T & ? ! I
9T

* ~ * r n * l

They need not purchase a book. (ii)

+~#**wsT;ITPI.~I
9T

+3#*m*1
He need not go there. (iii) @ J W ? F E W T ~ * ~ * % I
9T

@JW?Tmgrn*rn*l
You need not help him. (iv) & & ~ m r c 4 t ~ e s r ; r ~ * ~ ~ ~ * f 1 We need not heed the propaganda made by him.

w$m TIT8

3 does not need 9T do not need R R T need not %T (Main verb) F l&f h l W f 3 W k T TFfT & Present Tense Plural form

3f.Wfl~*a;3~'Flmsmm~rzmfl (F) Subject I, we, you, helshe, they (T) Auxiliary need not (T) Main verb purchase, go, him.
2.

Need not ? d I W 2 % % TFlT TF8 Ti!? f compulsion. W d 3 'need not' 'must' Fl ~~T%w&F f I (i)

there is no

FWTRfemd~rnrn:
Mohan Mgg I leave tomorrow'? Sohan No, you needn't. (ii) Sarala W I pay the amount in one instalment? You needn't. You can pay it in three instalments. (iii) Vimla (iii) I need hardly tell you that you can depend on me.
3.

Must

*3

zT (negatives) 8 I 3 8 (i) 'needn' t' (ii) 'don' t have to'

(i) (ii)

@&m.rffinSm~
You need not bring your certificates.

@~~%ift3~~~~.rfff!1
You don't have to stay.

4.

Mustn't Fl 3Vf f not permitted to (iii) @ ~ T . r f f You mustn't walk on the grass. (iv) You mustn't use his scooter.

~ ~ l

T J $ & ~ * & F T T ~ T F ~ T ~ I

4.2.4 'Used to' W 3dT

wm~arr~;~Tfwlr?W

*f4qqTi+hd;3qm*m*m:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

f+dm:q~~m#kg;r:
'&"-I

a ; p * d ; . l i m m m f t $ ~
Meera used to sing songs about her love for Lord Krishna.

W & ~ : @ V T M ~ T T ;W S T ; $ * ~ % I
He used to go for a walk every morning; now he doesn't.

W ?lkf&fhFI%s T m T m T;WWTTTT$

WIT81

He used to visit us every day; now he comes only occasionally.

~ V % ? ~ F T ~ V C V T * ~ ~ T I
There used to be a temple in this place long ago.

2.

The negative form of used to : (v) ~V%?m*mrme~~; w ~ m r n 8 1 He used not go to temple earlier; but now he goes often. (vi) w ~ M V X ~ T T ; He didn't use to smoke; but now he does. or He used not smoke; but now he does.

W W ~ B I

3.

'Used to' in Interrogative sentences: (vi) Used she to smoke.

- w r W ~ ~ e f t ?
4.

'Used to' in the sense of 'accustomed to' (vii) w M sf;^ ST& 8 I He is used to hard work. (viii)

~FFFFT&FF#.F~~~~*T&$I%~~;T~~~~=&%I
You have to get used to standing in long queues these days.

m PFK d; ndr?i

used to d; $ be/seen/get/become sf;T 3$FRf

;;rrar b 1

4.2.5 'Dare' ?f;T J&JT

Dare sf;T 3Tef $ I (i) be brave enough to (ii) have the courage. (iii) fearlessness of any consequence. (i) (ii) (iii)

mwkm+rg;kd;f+ivamw6lf:1
We dare challange Pakistan to fight.

@ k F& ZF;T rn %

v?

How dare you say such a thing?

mm~d~$r?q~Orrrn*~VC~7d*f&W?&
*I

If we stand united, the enemy dare not step on Indian soil.. (iv) (v)

~T~T~~;T&R&&TTT~F~?sR'F~;TI
I daren't leave the office without permission.

~mameam;~m'Fm;T~
He did not dare to criticise the government.

WWR6

maw-:
1.

You have to get used to getting up early in the morning.

2.

1 used to visit them every day.

3.

We dare to face their wrath.

~
F

X
1

4. ~

How dare you to use that language?

m : g m r * ~ .
I

5.

If we are well equipped with the arms, the robbers daren't enter the house.

4.3

m (voice) : FFT

W ~ : W ~ c t r l l r ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ m I f $ e ~ d

Wrn?r*~b13~m;~rn&bl~fBm*3~[~*&3 Mmmb%fBm$md$~*vmmb.md*~%,m ~ m ~ f + v r 3 1 ~ m 3 ~ &&3t%?Im+: & m * ~ f

1.

~ *

3RZ

(Active Voice):

m%rmgTbl

3FT?Fw&l
T P T l

f%leff+@fhhTl
2.

He reads a book. He plucked up a flower. The student will write a letter. Let him bring a book.
i

d k ~ (Pasive T Voice):
~TiblT3bl y4*3mrbl f$?$'i&arnb~
W I

A book is read. A flower is plucked up. A letter is written. L.et a book be brought.

* : * % d * & * * d * m ~ f ~ & ~ * ~ efm*%3+?deml

FFFkF f % T & (Transitive verbs)

FlTWFtT:

?I W 7%7 % :

(Active Voice) (Passive Voice)

1.

--(i)

Transitive verbs m f;T passive YiW

sFbm &al 8,

&*$%if81
He has three daughters.

T V T passive : Three daughters had by him sFbm

fB;mp & $I?%$ passive voice

(ii) (iii) (iv)
2.

& w'f?T I @ m ?ml'kr d sFbm?! :

He resembles his father. Two and two equal four. This wrist watch cost me a lot. Cognate object T$ $ i passive sFbm

& f%T (Intransitive verb) % f;$?

w'f?T??me133

(v)

-TJT7*f%Tl They lived a good life (Active).

*rn~*f%Trnl
A good life was lived by them. (Passive) (vi)

T ~ W ? ! I
She dreams a dream. (Active)

*mmk3mr81
A dream is dreamt by her. (Passive)
4.3.1 TF4 Y ' k R h (Change of Voice)

(T)

(FIT) Tense

) (

Active Voice

(WkV4) Passive Voice

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite

8 FF W

<I

* ~ T v T W ~ ~ ~ $ I
;ttrnmf?mTTrnrl ;ttrnWf&m3fibrTT1
A letter is written by me. A letter was written by me. A letter will be written by me.

%VqWWl

8 W f?@T1 I write a letter I wrote a letter. I shall write a letter.

5?3.TmWTGl2TTl

(T) Present Continuous T 3Tm W W % I

Past Continuous Future Continuous

mmmTwims~~~81
& ~ ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ T T T ~ Z T T I '
&ZlTjTm~sTTW

5?

jTm

W Ti7

*I
He is eating a mango He was eating a mango. He will be eating a mango.
(T)

A mango is being eaten by him. A mango was being eaten by him.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

&vmfa4lf1 d m v m f a 4 l ~ fl 3 T m ? F v m f a 4 l @ d l r n ~ m m
@I
3 T r n ~ T k r r h

adi~mvmf?&s~~
A poem has been written by you. A poem had been written by you. A poem will have been written by you.

$?*I You have written a poem. You had written a poem.

You will have written a poem.

* msf;rwfSmmrB:
3?&8 jf Active Voice d;

rn

Passive Voice d; aTW jf

& d;

rn
~ ~ ~ ~ f :

(i)
(ii) (iii)

Active Voice d; subject $T objective case If W d ; 3 k r I f ~ f :

F C ;Tft Passive Voice d;

~ ~ ~ b y

* rnjf~trtrf:~ * 9@S f h * f: *
Active voice $ object Active voice I % write 3
k

Nominative case jf TCWT ;Tft passive voice d; W d;

eat

verb d; third form 3Vlk past participle d; F iIf written eaten jf m 3I

&

F 4 f i q q ~ e n s e d ; ~ ~ 8 1 1. (A) d jf mw Present Indefinite TenseIf formof verbsf;rfSm BI

1.

f?iq am, is, are + 3rd

fTvmmg1
I purchase a pen.

.4tmvmmm81
A pen is purchased by me.
2.

4 M * 8 1
They bring vegetables.

dmM?;rr;S*81
Vegetables are brought by them.
3.

F4A-Tmsar&31 You help me. Tpl?m*Trnsar**Bl I am helped by you.

(A)

d jf
(i)

B1 3 6 T Passive VoiceIf & d; fhT waslwere + 3rd Form of Verb Ti ndm fSm M3 1
T W Past lndefinite Tense jf

-?r~3-1
Sarala boiled water.

md;mWitmT7T1 Water was boiled by Sarala.

(ii)

fMl ?r m rnI
The Mason built a house.

fMlmmrnw~
A house was built by the mason.

d; ? i l l $ W ? If Future Indefinite Tense Tl ndm (A) 3rd form of verb Tl ndm &IT b I
(i)

b I T d shalVwill + be +

~ f i m [ i f m ~
He will prepare sweets.

&mMeml
Sweets will be prepared by him. (ii)

@% @ ?FT d? fiI
The poet shall describe nature.

(iii)

~ ~ ~ ~ F @ T T & ~ T F ? J T ~ I
Nature will be described by the poet.

2.

(B)

d If dIf Present Continuous, Past Continuous a2TT Future

& R T Continuous tenses TT 3 8 I TRT $??id? 5Q?FFK $KIT 8 I am, is, are, + being + 3rd form of verb. was, were + being + 3rd form of verb.
FEK

- Future Continuous tense TT passive

8I

~
(Active) (Passive) (active) (Passive) (Active) (Passive)

I am teaching students.

*rnM~xeftl
Students are being taught by me. ~ * m 2 W * l He is deceiving me.

~ r n * m h x W b l
I am being deceived by him.

mf%Fr*el6?1
Sita was seeing a film.

rn*rnf%FrMxel6?1
A film was being seen by Sita. 3. (C)

d If Present Perfect, Past Perfect a2TT Future Perfect Tense If W

3I

If F F R 8 I Present perfect (hadhave) + ' $ ? & TThT W l 8 I T F qfmTf;l been + 3rd ~ o r m of verb TT f;T ndm fgm 8 I
Past Perfect Tense If had + been + 3rd form of verb W f;T %T $KIT Future Perfect Tense If will havetshall have + been + 3rd form of verb

n d m m m * ~ (i) ~ ~ f

1 (Active)
(Passive) (Active) (Passive) (Active) (Passive)

University has declared examination results.

T&-rmMTrWx*81
Exarnination results have been declared. (ii)

~ ~ + % ~ + ~I t i m v f
He has built the college building.

+?~T*-~T@%I The college building has been built.

(iii) J;T%Wf%7%@T@?TVTh~I Those students had informed me. g f t J ; T m m ~ * T @ e f t l I had been Informed by those students. (iv)

T F ~ T $ ~ F ~ ~ : * ~ ~ ~ ~ E F F F R T K ~ ~ (Active) @ T I He will have vacated the house by the 17th of the next month:

mT$w*17 & ~ ~ ; ~ z K T F ~ ; T ; T v F ! ~ ~ (Passive) % T T ~ I The house will have been vacated by him by the 17th of next month.
: Present, Past dk ~ u t u r e Perfect Continuous ~enses Passive Voice

*&*I

M 1.

M*3l=pl?*:

It has been decided that the foundation stone of the Gandhi Smarak High School will be laid in the next month.

2.

A large sum of money had been collected during the Red Cross week and sent to help the wounded soldiers.

3.

We shall be glorifying the name of our motherland if we remain united.

m w w -

4.

Your leave is being granted so that you may be able to help your ailing mother.

5.

Everybody knows it well that the teacher will punish him for his rude behaviour.

6.

Your father was displeased at your bad conduct.

7.

The news of every place is printed by the newspapers as soon as possible.

Tff k T $

f;

Tf - Direct Object @ Indirect Object ? 8 % 3 *-FITI

~ * W ~ M I (Active) (Passive) (Passive) (Active)

Object,

(i)

~ ~ (10) (DO) Ram sent sita a book.

(a) (b) (c) (ii)

.Fifar*~mrnTF~W*l Sita was sent a book by Ram

~~+mrn.Fifar*M*l
A book was sent to Sita by Ram. A book was sent Sita by Ram.

8I (10) (DO) The teacher teaches me Arithrnatic.

@ WI

@
(a) (b) (c) (lli)

% (Passive) I
(Passive)

I am taught Arithmatic by the teacher.

W - ~ @ W ~ % I
Arithmatic is taught to me by the teacher. Ariihmatic is talight me by the teacher.

3e

I (10) (DO) They were giving the child an lnjectbn

-%

**

(Active) (Passive)

d*~km-M~jrrql
(a) @) The child was belng glven.an Injection by them.

-~gmMWm-jrrm~~~~ (Passive)
An lnjectlon wae being glven to the chlld by them.

(iv)

$tm3*wm*mmM1
(10) (Do) The pollce gave him a reward of Rs. 1,OOW-. (Active)

~$m~mwmm4mmftmm1 (Passive)
(a) He was given a reward of Rs. 1,OOW- by the police. (b) A reward of Rs. 1000/- was given to him by the police. (c)- A reward of Rs. 1,OOW- was given him by the police.

=kr:*?rrzrdi@Mm?l~m%R;rffWdi**Tf (object)*%

M xh

passive vert,sf;~subject

-jrr

M8 b

Object & Indirect Object

m&*&83m%: FF&T (natural) f & & 36H (a) $ Passive d 8 W f I m: ?z@$ 3=~fg 3 3h TFFT 3TkFF d P T % (Commonly used) $ 8 I F ! b T fI objects 3 $ T WRT: to rFT of (2) lndirect Object smr;T T T;r 3h ?

*&

Subject FiFFT

Direct Object

~~JJT

faimm-&wm& w4 rn qyl-6-I1

FlVk W FiT T lndirect Object $ I T1 FTTR% I He gave me a book. He gave a book to me 7 % He gave me to a book.

W: me lndirect object f I
(3)
? & T

He gave a book to me % book 3h me Direct object f give T 3 h me preposition to T I

book&

(4)

& f h l $ Object TWT Objective Complement

~Msm;rcTr;r31* Object Objective Complement a Kntuht The queen made him (Wl WTT) - a knight He was made a knight by the queen. The parents named him Hari He was named Hari by the Parents.

8 % Passive T W
(Active) (Passive) (Active) (passive)

4.3.5

&gd W (Passive Voice in the Imperative Mood)

(Active Voice) Drop it Give it to her. Write this exercise. (Passive Voice) Let -it be dropped. Let -it be aiven to her. Let -this exercise be wriiten.

~ r n * r n ~ ? ; m r * l

Put up this picture on the wall.

3;r+?i7firTh-@rnirMl Send these letters by registered post.
~*******T-al Inform the police of this accident.

Let -this picture be put up on the wall.

Let these letters be sent by

registered post. !&the police be informed of this accident.

T I Tl f ; l '$TtlT $ : Let + be + Past Participle 7FTT Passive Voice 3 % be + Past Participle .qerl& ? !I

$ Let ? h

4.3.6 TI'FFW$W h W (Passive Voice in Indicative Mood) Active Voice to drop to give to write Note : 'be' = am, is, are, was, were, etc. He drops this idea He gave a book. He writes a letter. She helps me. Passive Voice to be dropped. to be given. * to be written.

This idea is dropped.

. A book was given.

A letter is written. I am helped.

'Bir ~ ~ I W F F

4.3.7

Lfm: T f

(Modals)W W h R (Passive Voice) Passive Voice may be seen. might be seen. can be seen. could be seen. shall be seen. should be seen. will be seen. would be seen. ought to be seen. must be seen. need be seen.

f+dvJr:qmT3iFZg;~:
F I

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi)

Active Voice may see might see can see could see shall see should see will see would see ought to see must see need see Active Voice ~ F T T ~ F F F ~ ~ I She can drive a car.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

MWWWT~;TI
The patient could eat the bread today.

&***mTRifml
The rich ought to help the poor.

&~~~%@mTRifml
We must beat him. Passive Voice

(i) (ii) (iii)

& W J ; ~ T T J ~ T ~ ~ I A car can be driven by her.

~FTM~+?KPJW~TTFRI
Today the bread could be eaten by the patient.

& ? ? i ~ ~ * ~ % m ~ l
The poor ought to be helped by the rich.

(iv) ~ ~ ~ w J T J F R ~ & ~ % ~ * I He must be beaten by us.

'$w TT I 3I
4.3.8

hGh a

v e v o i c d ? ipast participle ( w *

+ b e ? w~ m ~

F)

3 331~3 3I

f%hWF

amcif ~r

W h F T (Passive of Negative Sentences) Active Voice

(i) (ii) (iii) .

FFKJ~?FWT%YPT~~I
Some members did not attend the meeting.

+$~RwPT@J~;~~T@T\
They should not raise this question now. Senior teachers do not teach English in lower classes in this school.

(iv) (v)

~%IFFIV~RITT*M~+MI
The Legislative Assembly will not pass this proposal.

They have not yet finished their work.

(i)

Passive Voice ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ Y I T The meeting was not attended by some members.

(ii) (iii)

? m $ m m w m @ m m ~ ~ This question should not be raised by them now.

R ~ % T T T ~ ~ ~ ? ~ T R K $ J ~ ~ ~ ? R w T F F I ~ ~ ~ T z T J ~ ~ ~ I
In this school English is not taught in lower classes by senior teachers.

(iv) ~ ; P ~ u w ~ ; ~ R ~ * v I I % T @ ~ ~ T w I This proposal will not be passed by the Assembly. (v) ? m $ m m m m m m @ i 3 m m b 1 Their work has not vet been finished by them.

= h :. *

'fr FR 3 % T W I passive voice affirmative m $ i

TFC 7''(not)

i mb

f8m 3 h p f8m $ past participle f$ W TCIT W

* b
I

4.3.9 J~~CFFFTF
(3T)

?Tmcit: T Pdm?s (Passive of Interrogative Sentences) :

F? PT ;TT FFiT $ EWTW T R (Yes or No type questions)

Active Voice

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

w B ffif 3rd 3?
Do they speak Hindi?

wB~d~~~rf;;t?!?
Can they do this work? w~k;r;rz;rrmb? Is it necessary to cut this tree?
T T I

&3 $t? Will there be election in Kashmir?

(v)

3 F i f k T Has he invited you?

*m

M 3 ?

Passive Voice

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

TIT~;F~;zTuWW~~?
Is Hindi spoken by them?
W T T ~ J + Z F J ~ ~ ~ T - F ~ ; ~ ~ ~ % ?

Can this work be done by them?

T I T T ~ W ~ T F ~ ~ ?

Must this tree be cut?

WT& 3

d *?

Will the election be held in Kashmir? w m ~ Z T U & i 3 m W 2 ? Have you been invited by her?

(3) (i)

$ passive 3 be (is, am, are, was, were) + past participle ?FIT !PR Active voice 3 Do, Does PT Did 3 JlT& 3 I

3 Modal auxiliary + be + past participle ?FIT T F l Active Voice 3 Modal auxiliary 3 1 !PR Active Voice & (3) (iv) $ passive 3 HasIHavelHad + be + past participle present Past Perfect tense 3 3I
(3) (ii), (iii) $ passive

4
v -

n
1
*

~ ~

: ~~

h ? a v l : w & 9 1 : fhT

~~ t % ~ 1 m ~ 1 ~ % Past Participle 3 # % $ VT

~ %I

( )

XWTTF ? F ? (Where, i why, when, what, who) voice. Active Voice

FlTlW Passive

(i)

dam@T&r$I?
Where did you buy this car?
S T a WFT

(ii)
(iii) (iv) (v)

& I ;imm?

Why did you construct this house? 3 WNTT-V&%? When do they read newspaper?

bTRZ~ & ? M?
Where will they send these books?

rngTTiF'fs~F&T?
What did they buy in the shop?

(vi) TITFIT fh3? Who wrote the Ramayana? (vii) w @& f4;91? Who did this?
Passive Voice

(i)

&mamdM*?
Where was this car bought by you?

(ii) T VFR d irm TTFT TIT? Why was this house constructed by you?
(iii) (iv) (v)

& i r m a ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ & b ?
When are newspapers read by them?

& m a l3~1~3 ~ $ 7W

Where will these books be sent by them?

m?

3=&m~iFirwrm?
What was bought by them in the shop?

(vi) TWFT m fh3 T$? By whom was the Ramayana Written? (vii) ~ ! ? T F % ~ ~ T T ? By whom was this done?
TT&T ~ a s s i v e ~ o i c e YFIWPF&*-M: 3

m 3diW*
%

dla m q FRVIT fBm, r ndl & rn fhT FTPast Participle w & be + past participle sf;T &I

q & fa;VTp

FhW

(Passive Voice) 3 by

Fm;r m with, in,

*:m
at&*?![ (i) (ii)

The manager was satisfied y&b peon's work.

3&*iFpt1 I am disgusted with his behaviour.

(iii) (iv) (v)

m
(3)

m 8 $f

p~ I
the discovery.

We were surprised at the news.

y j ~ 6%~ d 8 mvd+$m ~ T TI
The researcher was surprised

*k3**m%?l
My father is interested in gardening.
9

~
1

3 ~ ~

~ m * m 8 ~ *

~ a l

31omK 10

(q)

RTFaf&&drnM3~rn:
1.

Type these letters before 4, o'clock.

-

2.

Deposit these rupees in the bank.

3.

Send invitations to all guardians.

4.

Punish them severely.

5.

Do not hate the sinner; hate the sin.

Jrvmtr il

(n) * M d r n M * - r n :
1.

Did he hire the bus?

2.

1 shall be obliged to go.

3.

Circumstances will oblige me to go.

4.

Enter by this door.

5.

You are requested to enter by this door.

6.

Give the order.

7.

Let the order be given.

8.

Promises should be kept.

9.

My pocket has been picked.

10.

Who broke the news?

11.

What did they discuss in the meeting?

mh@$f$ ( ii )-3+If*-fh6RIf3-%1
m3*Ifwa3$m*%~ mddIf&ik*$#*%~

(ii) (iii)SaHmmmmm$i ( i v ) M M M $ f i I d & &

~ ~ 6 T ~ w f $ d ~ w I f m ~ m % v # r ~ T$ P T d (Indirect Object) 3Nh d-h d $ F9If T J b d $ T $ b l I (v) * z ,t @ If d (agent) 3 % If

0 b j e c t ~ ' ~ d ~ ~ I f ~ ~ m e ~ ~ ; I9 f Z m T i T %

v#r Passive Voice - 4 ; ~ h f % hdIf *%: (1) d d v R m w R @ * 3 ThIf T T $!TI T$f $ @ (i)

&

I (Active) The panchayat dug a well to provide water in the village.

rn

ThIf w $!TI T$f $

(ii)

rn @

TmT I (Passive)

A well was dug to provide Lirater in the village.

78$ T T gz;r FFil TmT I

(Passive) A bridge was built across the river.

(iii) (iv)

&~Ef;rdm%$2li~$1 A mistake was made in the totalling of marks.

ik~R&lifthm 15ir@W&W?lTi&l
Second instalment of rupees five hundred should be deposited before 15th of August.

~3%@mp~~*~gi;r&3rn,Ef;r&3wMli,k
M m ~ ? + a g e n t M m ~ + ? ~ % d & m * ~ m. 3 Passive W W 8I

* ~ & + r n ~ n d m * * ? l
Passive Voice F : Impersonal
(i)

wm ? 3 ~ a .

*v

?d%mi? 3

m=i-mM@m33m~?1
Common salt i sfrom the lakes and seas.

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Mikm+m*wli*3~MmW1
The lake and sea salt is collected in salt pans.

m*$$m$&ftmmf

Water is allowed to evaporate in the sun. ~ : ~ 3 + m 3 ~ % g f + & ~ T 3 ? 1 As a result, salt crystals are formed at the bottom.

3 @ * r n 3 r n * ~ T 3 ~ 1
They are removed and collected in the sun.
- * * W * % ~ T ~ T I

Hydrocloric acid was poured into a test tube.

(3)

d+
(i)

+ that + clause*
3 ~ %

m Impersonal PassivePT Jrdrsr :

* 3 ~ ~ 3 ~ 3 1
(Passive)

The speaker said that soon thousands would be out of work. (Active) T m s m r % * 3 m m & * l It was said that soon thousands would be out of work. (ii) T~F%+?*T~W&I It was decided that we should remain united.
TfCSff (As a stytistic device) 'ti Passive Voice PT

(4)

Relative clauses 3

*:

(i)
(ii)

The convener introduced the speaker, who was given a warm welcome.

*3mwEf;Tm1m

( m m )~

The Rajasthan University won the final match, which was played at Jaipur. 7 m m T ~ 3 m * * , m ~ 3 ~ m l

? I dW M - ~ Passive 4 Voice 3 4%4kM? l i $ kir i r ~ &?i? m+&3fm**h1*(5)

r m ? ~ T ~ m m m r i ~ T m T ? l Kamayani is a modern Hindi; epic. It was written by Jayashankar Prasad.

'ml' ~ M

mwrrw-:gm&y=t
w-1

flmw$T ~ a s s i v e m f 1 * m m * W * 8 :

' ~ 1 1 * M m 8 ~ ~ m 3 * m l
(6)

Kamayani is a modern Hind epic. Jayashankar Prasad wrote it. W W %3f ; I & (When the 'performer' is unknown) :

Immm&mfl
My pen has been stolen.

r n ~ w c - m ~ ~ f l
His book is misplaced.
(7)
T d W %tlf impersonal &

(i)

& One, Somebody, You, They, people 3lf? I ~ ~ ~ m f f % W t ~ ~ & m d & r f ~ It is said that Chinese is a very difficult language to learn. or The people say that Chinese is a very difficult language to learn.
T F T $ % * w T R ~ ~ ~ ? . ~ ~ ;
In this village a market is held twice in a week.

(ii)

(8)

w d W F ; I m - f w & f $ ; m r n m m d : (i) This programme will be broadcast tomorrow evening at 7. e :iz r i;~ ~ m l7 * g fm m 1

(ii) (iii)

Both boys and girls have been invited to our party.

d ~ * ~ s h T m M a * m q $ l
The animals in the zoo are fed at regular intervals.

3 Imperso~al, Objective

expository 8CFT

3 Passive Voice

d%TdktTdPT

mm31
@F8 (9) h T k v l lS F h ??R$ $T T F I T f (to preserve anonymity) WTT

3 (official subjects) d ;Tm h dPT f I W l?43@Fit * ~ ; r f f W * . ; ? t ~ 8 1 ~ a ; ~ m * ~ ~ m * * & f :

rn12
M*w?ARp:
Unfortunately, the conditions laid down in the circular have been abused, so that serious difficulties in sorting have been experienced by the post office. Documents which are folded and then fastened with a gummed sticker vary in size and shape; handling is therefore slowed up in mail rooms. Moreover, different styles of folding are adopted and addresses are sometimes written so high that they tend to be obscured by the date stamp. Because of all this, sorting of such mail is greatly retarted. (English Grammar by F.S. Scott ? VNR) I

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

All of his friends and relatives were there but they could not do anything. You people could have come yesterday. It might have rained. How could she tolerate this insult. If he had the money, he might have bought this palace.

I.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

Only healthy people can do their work properly. Lazy persons cannot be good citizens. According to the doctor he can be given the food only at the fixed time. Without good education a person cannot understand himselflherself properly. There are many other things one we can do. We (one) can write good poems in the mother tongue only.

1..

2.

3.
4.

5.
m -

The Indians should not have trusted Pakistan. Being democratic countries Britain,andFrance should have helped India. Nathuram Godse should not have shot Mahatma Gandhi. The M.L.As. should not have exchanged abusive terms in the Uttar Pradesh assembly. You should have sung the national anthem with full enthusiasm.
4

1.

2.
3.
4.

The nurse requires washed uniform. The patient needs medicine. The children need toys. Who does not need money? Do you not need money? The Candidates want Votes.

5.

m - 5
1

3
4

5.
6.
7
8

9
1

He should not spend so much money. You must not neglect your work. We need not reach early in the morning. Must I reach there. No, you needn't. Must he pay the amount immediately. No, he neednY he can pay it in the instalments. You should not make noise here. You needn't take so much of luggage. He used to come back home by 5 o'clock.

1.

I see the sun in the morning. The book is written by me. The labourers made the thatch. The farm is being ploughed by him. The students are being taught by the teacher. The picture will be made by the painter. The cricket match will be played by the Indian team in Sharjah. He was cleaning the house. The standing crops were being burnt. The garden was being decorated. The hoodlums robbed the gentleman. The problem was solved by himlher. The lecture will be delivered. They read the Bible. Physical education is given importance. Many languages are spoken in India. The house has been built. Twelve aeroplanes had been purchased. He will have finished his work. The pilgramage was given great importance in ancient India. The question of nationalization has been considered. The arrangement of money to pay the debt will have been made by ten o'clock tommorow. The letter to the friends will have been written by him before I reach there. When the schools will have been closed for summer vacation we shall be busy in village reforms work.

2. 3.

20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

m - 9
I.

Let the names of applicants be written in the register in alphabetical order Let the windows be opened so that air may come in. Let that student be permitted to appear in the examination. Let this man be fined because he has violated the law.

2.
3.
4.

NOTES