CHARACTERISATION OF NANO CRYSTALLINE SrCeO3 SYNTHESISED BY AN AUTO IGNITING COMBUSTION TECHNIQUE.

A Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Physics

Year: 2012

Department of Physics, N.S.S College, Pandalam.

M.Sc. Physics (IV Semester) Project Report

Name Class Candidate Code Exam Code Subject Code : : :

: :

Chinchu.S M.Sc Physics 101230 63009402 PH201

Certified that this is a record of the project work of Chinchu.S during the final year M.Sc course in the Department of Physics.

Head of the Department. Date: Signature of Examiners:1. 2. 3.

Dr.H.Padmakumar Asst. Proffessor.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled Characterization of Nano Crystalline SrCeO3 synthesised by an auto igniting combustion technique. is an authentic record of the work carried out by Miss. Chinchu.S under my supervision and guidance in the partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Physics.

Pandalam, Date:

Dr. H.Padmakumar

DECLARATION

I, Miss Chinchu.S, hereby declare that this project entitled Characterization of Nano Crystalline SrCeO3 synthesised by an auto igniting combustion technique. is entirely original work and has been carried out by me independently under the supervision and guidance of Dr. H.Padmakumar, Asst. Professor, Department of Physics, N.S.S. College, Pandalam, and it has not been included in any other project submitted previously for the award of any degree.

Pandalam, Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the time of the project work let me express my deep sense of gratitude and respect to Dr. H.Padmakumar, Asst. Professor, Department of Physics, N.S.S. College, Pandalam, for the inspiring guidance and help, which enabled me to complete my project work successfully. I express my sincere gratitude to Prof.S.Radhakrishna Kurup, Head of the Department, Pandalam, for his affectionate and sincere support for this work. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all the faculty members of Department of Physics, N.S.S College Pandalam, for their excellent academic help and genuine encouragement. I thank all my friends and relatives who have rendered direct or indirect help during the course of this project work. Above all, I thank God for the timeless blessing showered on me through out my life and in particular during my project work.

CONTENTS
Page No.

Chapter 1. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical Review 1.3 Classification 1.4 Properties Improvement 1.5 Applications 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 Nanobots Chemistry and Environment Energy Conservation Construction Agriculture 1 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Chapter 2. Materials and Experimental Techniques

2.1 Ceramics 18 2.2 Classification 20 2.2.1 2.2.2 Traditional 20 Advanced 22 2.2.2.1 Electronic 23 Ceramics Ceramics Ceramics of Ceramics

2.2.2.2 Advanced 28 2.3 Pervoskites 31 2.4 Review 33 2.5 Synthesis 34 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 Co-Precipitation 34 Sol 34 Hydrothermal Synthesis 35 Emulsion Synthesis 35 Combustion 35 Solid 37 2.6 Characterization 37 2.6.1 2.6.2 X-Ray 38 UV- Visible Spectroscopy 39 State of

Structural

Ceramics

Present

Work Method

from Gel

Solution Method

Synthesis Ceramic Route Techniques Diffraction Studies

Chapter 3. Results and Discussion

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

X Ray Diffraction Studies 42 Particle Size Analysis 44 U. V- Visible Absorption 45 Conclusion 46 Reference 47