Table of Contents

PETROPHYSICAL MODELING......................................................................................................... 2 Important icons used in the process steps:................................................................................2 Exercise Overview:.................................................................................................................... 2 A) DETERMINISTIC MODELING........................................................................................................ 3 Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 3 Comments................................................................................................................................. 3 B) DETERMINISTIC MODELING USING TREND MAPS........................................................................4 Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 4 Comments................................................................................................................................. 4 C) STOCHASTIC MODELING............................................................................................................ 5 Exercise steps........................................................................................................................... 5 D) STOCHASTIC MODELING - CONDITIONING TO FACIES...................................................................6 Exercise steps........................................................................................................................... 6 Comments................................................................................................................................. 6 E) PROPERTY CALCULATOR.......................................................................................................... 7 Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 7 F) HISTOGRAM AND FILTER FUNCTIONALITY.....................................................................................8 Exercise Steps........................................................................................................................... 8 Comments................................................................................................................................. 8 G) OPTIONAL EXERCISE................................................................................................................ 8 Calculation of Sw....................................................................................................................... 8

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Petrophysical modeling
Both stochastic and deterministic methods are available for modeling the distribution of petrophysical properties in a reservoir model. Scaled up well logs and/or trend data is used as input and various user settings are available. When performing petrophysical modeling all cells for that property will be given a value. The well and/or trend values are distributed in the volume defined by the 3D grid. Before modeling, the user should normally have gone through a detailed data analysis, identifying trends, correlation between other properties, defining the variogram and viewing the histogram. The data analysis will not however, be covered in the introduction course.

Important icons used in the process steps:

Show property filter Toggle Simbox View Reset settings for all zones to default Leave Zone unchanged

Exercise Overview:
A) B) C) D) E) F) G) Deterministic modeling Deterministic modeling Using trend maps Stochastic modeling Stochastic modeling - Conditioning to Facies Property Calculator Histogram and filter functionality Optional Exercise: Sw Calculation using the Calculator

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A) Deterministic modeling
When the well logs have been scaled up to the resolution of the cells in the 3D grid, the values for each cell along the well trajectory can be interpolated between the wells in the 3D grid. The result is a grid with property values for each cell. There are several deterministic methods available in Petrel, examples are kriging and moving average. The deterministic methods will produce smooth results. The kriging method can include information about the variogram, hence producing an anisotrop model that has captured the geostatistical dependencies between points in the 3D model. The deterministic approaches will not however, produce local variation, and if you run 100 realizations the outputs will be identical for each run.

Exercise Steps
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Activate the 3DGrid (DC) under the GeoModel project. Open the Petrophysical Modeling process. Select Use Existing Property and select the Porosity property as the property to be modeled from the drop down menu. Select Tarbert 1 from the pull down menu and de-select the Leave Zone Unchanged for that zone to create a realization. Select the Moving average as the Method, leave all other settings as default. Click OK to create the property model and display the model in the 3D Window. Use the Zone Filter to display the appropriate zone. Bring up a Histogram window from the Window menu. Display the Porosity property and use the Zone Filter to look at the modeled zone. Compare the histogram distribution for the well logs, the up-scaled cells and the whole property icon

8.

Double-click on the Porosity property in the Properties folder and check the statistics in the Statistics tab.

Comments

After modeling it is important to compare the output (3D property) with the input (up-scaled logs). The histogram is the most obvious. But it is also important to use geological knowledge and see if the model represent the expected result.

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B) Deterministic modeling Using trend maps

Trends can be used to constrain the modeling. The trends can represent vertical trends, horizontal trends or 3D trends represented by the property. In general, the trends should be smooth and the should not be in conflict with the up-scaled well logs to be able to capture them in the model. Trends are defined with values between 0 and 1, and if outside this range then they will be scaled. Horizontal trends, defined by a 2D Grid, will be used in this exercise.

Exercise Steps
1. 2. 3. Activate a 3D window and click on the Open Dialog for Active Process Function bar. icon on the

Select Use Existing Property, select Porosity to be used from the pull down menu and select Tarbert 1 as the active zone. Go to the Trends tab. Toggle on the Horizontal trend surface option and insert the Tarbert-1 porosity map located under the Properties/Porosity/ folder in the Petrel Explorer Input tab.

4. 5. 6.

Click OK to create the property model and observe the changes. Bring up a 2D Window from the Window menu and display the generated property model. Use the Zone Filter to display only the appropriate zone. Go to the Petrel Explorer Input tab and double click on the porosity trend map used in step 2. Go to the Style tab and at the bottom set the Transparency to 70%. Also , change the contour increment to 0.005.

7.

Display the trend map and click the Map View Position icon on top. Compare the contours with the coloring of the property model underneath to verify the trends.

Comments
A trend map is a 2D grid. Such a trend map can be generated by the following procedure:

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Digitize contours that represent the trend map in the Make/Edit Polygons process. This can be done in a 2D window on top of a horizon. Give each contour line a value by using the Z-value selector (available from the Function bar when the Make/Edit Polygons process is active) Use the Make Surface process to grid these contour lines into a 2D grid

C) Stochastic modeling
Petrel can generate stochastic petrophysical property models based on the Sequential Gaussian Simulation method. This is the most straightforward algorithm for generating realizations of a multivariable Gaussian field. The method can produce local variation and reproduce input histograms. This means that if you run 100 different realizations (using a different seed 1) based on the same inputs, then you will get 100 different outputs. All of them will match the input, but since the input is given by a distribution, then the value given to each cell can vary based on the range of this distribution. If a large number of realizations is run (~50-100) then the variation between them reflect the uncertainty in the model. Note however, that this uncertainty is only the true uncertainty if the model itself is correct! If you have used inputs that are wrong, then all output will of course be wrong as well.

Exercise steps
1. Creating first model:

a. b. c. d. e. f.
2.

Activate the 3D Grid (DC) under the GeoModel project. Open the Petrophysical Modeling process, select Use Existing Property and select Porosity from the drop-down list. Activate the lock icon for the Tarbert 1 zone and de-select the lock for Ness 2. Select Sequential Gaussian Simulation as the method to use. In the Variogram tab, select Exponential Variogram type, 3500 as Major Range, 1500 as Minor Range, 10 as Vertical Range and 25 degrees as Azimuth. Click OK to create the property model. Bring up a Histogram window from the Windows menu and select Tile Vertical. Use the Zone Filter to display the 3D property model and the Histogram distribution for the well logs, the up-scaled cells and the whole property for zone Ness 2.

Viewing the result:

a. b.
3.

Changing the model:

a. b.

Click on the 3D window to make it active and click on the Open Process Dialog icon on the Function bar. Go to the Settings tab in the Petrophysical Modeling process window. Under Output data range click on Estimate (this will estimate the porosity range from the up-scaled

Seed: used in stochastic modeling to create different realizations. If the seed value is the same for each run, then the output will be identical as well (given that the input is the same). When using different seeds, then each output realization will be different, but still based on the same input. The seed value just tells the algorithm which value should be the first values to be drawn from the distribution. It is a random number unless specified.
1

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cells within the zone). Specify an output data range (e.g. 0.1-0.25).

c.

Click OK and observe the changes in the model.

D) Stochastic modeling - Conditioning to Facies

Normally, a petrophysical model will be created by using a facies model as input as well. This will constrain the petrophysical values representing one facies to that facies only. It is obvious that in a geological environment such as a fluvial system in a shale background, it is critical to distribute the high-porosity values representing channel in the channel facies only and not average all the porosity values in the entire zone. That would produce a porosity model that did not represent any of the input facies.

Exercise steps
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Open the Petrophysical Modeling process. Select the Porosity property as the property to model. Select Ness 2 as the Zone to model and click the Reset settings of current zone to default icon to reset the setting for this zone. Select Sequential Gaussian Simulation as method. Click on the Facies button and select the Facies Object model from the drop-down list. Select Sand facies from the facies drop-down list and specify the variogram settings for this facies according to the table below Specify the variogram settings for the other facies as well according to the table below. Go to the Settings tab in the Petrophysical Modeling process window. Under Output data range click on Estimate to define the minimum and maximum porosity values of the resulting model. Do this for all the four facies. Click OK to create the model. Display the generated Porosity model and compare with the Facies Object model used as input. Use the Zone filter to view only Ness 2.

6. 7.

8. 9.

Orientation Clay Sand Silt Fine Silt

0 25 25 25

Major Range
500 3500 1000 850

Minor Range
500 1500 500 500

Vertical Range
10 10 10 10

Comments

Conditioning to a facies property is time consuming since you must define the settings for each facies. Since the facies have been defined based on their difference in petrophysical properties, it is important to preserve this distinction, hence the

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possibility of defining the settings for each facies is very important. It is however possible to copy settings between facies and between zones to make this easier.

The settings such as variogram ranges, are often difficult to define. Very often geology (geological knowledge, analogue field, outcrop studies) is used to come up with some numbers that are reasonable, especially for the horizontal ranges. The vertical ranges are often possible to calculate based on a variogram analysis.

E) Property Calculator
As for the well logs there is a similar calculator associated with the properties. This calculator can be used to create new 3D properties and to do operations between properties. There is a whole range of predefined functions associated with the calculator, such as logical and mathematical functions. It is possible to write nested statements and there is no limit for the length and the complexity of such statements. If a calculation is getting complex then it is possible (and useful) to create macros containing the calculation. The macro can be read from file to do several operations in one go.

Exercise Steps
1. Creating a new property model:

a. b.

Click right MB on the Properties folder in the 3D Grid (DC) and select Calculator from the pull down menu. Change the Properties Type to Porosity and type in the white formula field: test=Porosity [Press Enter] test=test*0.8 [Press Enter]

c.

See the statistical result by selecting Result in the upper right-hand corner.

d.
2.

Display the new test property model in a 3D Window. The Calculator may be used as a normal calculator or for returns of single values using properties and/or logs. Type in Sum(Volume()*Porosity) and press enter on the keyboard. The Calculator will return the pore volume of the entire field.

Calculating values:

a. b.

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F) Histogram and filter functionality

Histograms shows the distribution of values for the selected well logs or for a selected individual property. The histograms are used for checking and comparing input- and model-data. The histogram panels are found under Settings for individual properties as well as for well logs, for individual wells or for all wells. The histogram displays original log values, blocked well values and property values. The histograms are filter sensitive.

Exercise Steps
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Under the Models tab open the Settings window for an individual property (e.g. Porosity) by double-clicking on it. Within the Settings window, open the Histogram tab. Select the zone you want to study. Toggle on/off the boxes for displaying property and well logs (original and up-scaled). Play around with the option to change the number of columns and check the interval values in the Legend. Toggle on the Use filter option and open the Settings window for the Properties folder and choose the Filter tab. The Filter gives the option to show only parts of a property model. Choose a filter option, e.g. the Value filter. Observe the changes.

Comments
Remember that the X-axis of the histogram is NOT the values of the property but the number of columns Note that for Property histogram, the original well logs are only showing original log values from cells defined by the up-scaled wells. To view the entire well log, use Well histogram (found under each well log under the Global well logs folder or under each individual well).

G) Optional Exercise
Calculation of Sw
The water saturation in the hydrocarbon zone is a function of height above the fluid contact, the permeability and the porosity. The calculator can be used to make a water saturation property that takes these parameters into account. In this case we have water saturation in the oil zone that can be expressed by the formulae to the right: Where: h = height above the OWC K = permeability = porosity a = 0.5, b = 0.2 The contact is given by: OWC = -2010 meters for all zones and all segments.

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A permeability property is needed to generate the Sw property. A linear expression has been found between porosity and log permeability which can be expressed by: LogPerm=10.9*Porosity-0.48. A macro has been written to simplify this calculation and for easy reproduction in case of an update. The macro has been written in a text editor program and saved as a text file with the ending .mac. All the functions in the macro are listed below each other, just as they would be written as separate functions using the Property Calculator.

Exercise Steps
1. 2. Activate the 3DGrid (DC) under the GeoModel project. Toggle on From file and select the macro file to be used. The macro is called 'Sw_formula' and it is stored under the directory called Other Data, which is found together with the other course data.

3. 4.

Press the Run button. Notice that all the formulas will appear in the history window at the top. Four new properties will be created, called LogPerm, Perm, Temp and Sw. They will all be attached to the template that was selected next to Type in the property calculator (Seismic (default) in the picture above). Change the templates for the Sw and Perm properties by opening the settings window for each of them, go to the Info tab, and change to another template from the pull-down list.

5.

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