15

f M k ndh (usage) - 111

15.2 F d f a;

(sequence of tenses) W WFf

w:

TlTW (Principal clause) h nate clause) hW f ; l % sequor 3 riaifim 3 I Sequor = follow W I Scquence W ?lfh

(Sequence of Tenses) W

k& 8

FJV7 J r r f k 7 JgmW (Subordi-

* +-m +1$m,
B i

WTil

g b l if;m I Sequence of tenses

p. Adverb clauses of purpose TTeFl Noun clauses 4

ngifi~FhTb1

I.

$k

.~samcr (Principal clause)

f h T

T4WW (subordinate clause)

* *
,f.!;':r; J+>
I! ti

9 1 -,
:

3 Th d%3

1.

~m-8
2.
3.
4L

She succeeded

because she worked hard.

qi&

He was informed

Ja-@mf+mm
'The old man walked so far

i~

:I foreigner had been helping him. 6 - ~ 6 t m m n

Li~atl i tired ~ himself',

p*mv/m
Ra~nesh was honest

~-;37+T~m+rw~1
although he was poor.
* T ~ ~ % T ~ T T I

J r 5.

t4m-$m~
She would do this

**F

He asked me

whether 1 had seen his father.

k W r * ~ f k r * ~ ~ l

if she were allowed.

-*+$it
If. 7.

*&'***rnft~l

'4R &k$t di g@r tense) Tb Tit.

3 fsim W h (Present) W4T WhW( WRT (future f M fhft WRT (tense) 3 b : %I

He knows or He will know

that his father read a novel. that his father is reading a novel. that his father has rend a novel. that his father lias been reading a novel. that his fatliel*will read a novel. that his father will be reading a novel. that his father will have read a novel, that his father will have been reading a novel. that his father was reading a novel. that his father had read a novel. that his Ihther had been reading a novel.

'

~ i w m : ~ 3 T l f m m ~ ~ ~ ~ m m ~ f ; l $ T t l ~ ~ 1 9 e ~ m ~ m ~
5;rn

*rfr,

Vi?

**

VeTm f i ? & W / 4 qiq ?h m f % ~V f fl*ti 7 F ?-

faim simple present tense .;$. 8

I learnt at schaal
9.

that honesty is the best policy. fg~ezRaft~r83mqprft31 that earth moves raund the sun. f g 3 m M B l that you are.industrious.

f+m*R~m;3~
The science teacher taught

10,

g 3 c w m m @
I was glad to hear

11.

q?rrn-***M?
The saint said that he wha speaks the truth need fear nothing.

12.
13.

The scientist said that metals are found in old hard rocks.

F T # W K I T ~ T T % ~ & ~ * ~ ? ! I Every body knew that Hindus burn their dead.

TRT?F~~~fj;W78ulf&rbl The speaker told the audience that knowledge is power.

14.

111. qfi V M l W fhi?

7 (conjunction of comparison) % 3 @thall~aswellas%) *~m~*fh*~r,~' @i t ? * ~

~ * i t : w ~ d * ~ ~ ~ 9 f t m % 1
15.
16.

Ramesh helped you more than he helps me.

~ f $ + ' r ~ 3 - 8 m b , ~ 3 T f e m ; m m 3 ~ ~ 1
The mother liked you more (better) than she likes me.

*Fii*&3f
17.

Jf&T*rnrnhll

He valued Ramesh's fr~endship more than he values mine.

IV.

* d WETT ftfcmr~~$nhfk~~sm?m~fimrdw=rrn6mqm
3jI WF~T i7 ~8M
T F I W

(purpose) WRT

%it
IS.
19.

He eats that he may live. T5rnb&rn*l 1 will look after my old parents that they may not feel neglected.

-;f.&~rn-b**rn&3Nwafi";riFtl
20.

We work that we

earn our living.

m*md8%MMMm&1
V.

* fam w Tr%~~y4199*faimww~*m*~l
'Lest' TiW
5VI? W3TW

(auxiliary verb) h t T 'should'

W h

dm Q

21.

&WaJ3T=r8%firC*l
~obk ahead lest you should fall.

22.
23.

V ~ ? S T S ~ ~ J ~ T ; T & % ~ ~ ~ I Work hard lest you should fail.

T F m W X l ? T 6 m m
&%F-Rr+l

*T!?*=r&~l

He works hard He will work hard He worked hard

m 1

lest he should fail.

i
11

~ ~ w 3 f i q r * 3 q m ~ :

TtTW7T5:

3 ?+3fl Wf4 (Direct Narration) & d C 7q m (Indirect Narration) 3

~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ % ' ~ ~ ~ ~

*m%$*@m%$~*?ltw?%m**rlfmm
~ ~ ~ m w 3 ~ , ~ g W m e j t ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ m f ~ v t r ~ m & ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 1 w f ~ ~ $ ~ r r n $ ~ m 3 o T E m ; i @ T? FbVFlT ?? I I C 7 & a F i TW a; ' d mW T (Sequence of Tenses) W ldfh 8I W W e T3 Jgrhrl Direct Narration 8 Indirect Narration & T aF $ f q RTT
~ ~ $ ~ ~ * & f . i i m
*

~
~

~
~ T

~
C

~
r

~
n

&

m:
1.

* m & 3 T I m < 1 -q?rWTf$;~TT6T<l

2.
3.

&mf$;hT7Fr<1

m*3qm&mL~*rmf%~~M%*Hd$ ~ ' 3 1 1 ~ ~ m & m ? ? r ? T f - ~ ~ " ~ " ~ R d m 8 3 $ m ~ ~ & 3 ~ ~ m: ~ ~ + ~ % ~ ~ + ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ Inverted Cotnlnas 3 TQ 3 I @3 & if 3 d $T mfl q f ; 2 T ; T ZF&

+?pmq5h~**:

1.

*m,'3
3 T G t

2.
3.

%I" f F 3 m, '? TI 3 3 5.1"

TI W

m, '9TI m <I"

& w w z ~ f % m i1 .
*35"~i;hHe said, "1 am singing."

$if?11

I said, "I am singing." You said, "I am singing."

& & m ; . ~ ~ ~ 2 3 ~ g ~ ~ ~ $ ~ mm + fft q 1m wP 3 ~% ~ 3 ~

JT$T &?T

Direct Narration

$I W FET

T ? T HW F T (Indirect

Narration)
1. 2.
3.

% % F'fT7 & l :l

He said that he was singing.

1 said that I was singing.

You said that you were singing

4 ~~$FFff'3T & I 3 (dkf W/lnverted Commas % Subject PfW ?6' 8, TW : m3*m,

:
1'8mlJ1

Reporting Verb V 4 I Reported speech

~ t )

'if 3 w-w
J '

Sarala said to me, "1 shall go."

33 d m ,llm*I"
1 told you, "You will go."

*@m, l ~ ~ m ~ l l l
You told me, "1 shall do this work."

*@m,

"jrm**lJ' He said to me, "You will not go."

33 3m-6mrm, l '% mqrlJ'

I told you, "He will go." ? T r & @ m , You told me, "She will go."

t'?5m111

1. 2. 3.
4.
5.

6. I.

Sarala told me that she would go. 1 told you that you would go. You told me that you would do this work. He told me that 1 would not go. 1 told you that he would go. You told me that she would go.

* F r

(Person) : 3lX Narration

* n ~

fl3 T W k f WIT (Indirect Narration) 3 3

TF&Gi

3 1

'wJ

(Person)

l ' '

V f h ? h TWF&

f.mq 3. I Reported speech 'FT P R gF4 (First person) Reporting Verb 3; Subject

( d )

+ W ~ % I * :
TT4 I ??IT3 $ " I " + W m S h e

ikYou&TmT?I (Second person) Reporting Verb

f.mq 3. I1 Reported speech W

(d) 3qmwmaT31a :

kb

Object

~ ~ ~ Y O U ~ Y ~ ~ ~ W ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ Y O U ' F T I ~ T ~ T T [ ~ I

i . 111 SVR Reported Speech

3 h

T I Subject

-*

(Third person)

38 i Person

?FR5 jifT6$he38Tsheife9fmFf;T*5~1

7.

+3&fkT*rnfB;~;ttrn~*l
(a) (b) John said to his friend. "You will acco~npanyme to the hospital." John told his friend that he (friend) would accompany hiin (John) to the hospital. 1 said to her, "you are a beautiful girl."

8.

- q ? F * W % ~ ~ r n & l

(a) (b)
9.

I told her that she was a beautiful girl.

* ~ % T % @ ~ % * ~ * W ~ T F E ~ ~ ~ I My father said to me, "I shall give you and her a nice present." (a) My father told me that he would give me and her a nice present. (b)

11.

rn (Tensel : % i f
& Reporting Verb

*% d f %d a&

[Tenses)

Reported Speech

h 3 l l T hI T T TbFl rn W X f i

%%F7ftmmh:
Present Indefinite Tense

& Past Indefinite Tense 3, Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense 3, Present Perfect 3 Past Perfect if Present Perfect Continuous & Past Perfect Continuous if I

Past Indefinite & Past Perfect Tense 3, Past Continu6us Past Perfect Continuous Tense

3I

1.

m % m % * * % % 3 m ~ * * * m ~ m ; a ~ l The hunter said, "I am sorry, 1 can not kill this tender lamb." (a) The hunter said that he was sorry, he could not kill that tender lamb. (b)

&mf4r;mfkT~~7GT27~1
(a) (b) He said, "My friend is writing a letter." He said that his friend was writing a letter. He said, "I have done the work." He said that he had done the work.

s
4.

m%m%43w~sf;~.Mbr
(a) (b)

~
(a) (b)

The announcer said, "Madhuri has been singing a song for half an hour." The announce; said that Madhuri had been singing a song for half an hour.

*%;mf$;*W~rnl Mary said, "I killed a rat." (a) Mary said that she had killed a rat. (b)

#$Wf$;F?T*dT**frT$?$l George said, "It was raining heavily yesterday." (a) George said that it had been raining heavily the previous day. (b)

fa%rndhaprr~

111. Direct Narration

% Person FRT Tenses a; Y@Xh ~ f h r ~ 3 o i f * f g ; m ~ ~ 1 ~ 'FPm iW?PT =WTT T$f 3 (denoting nearness of time or place) d (remoteness) WtT W& % W f % h T (Adverbs) 3 V h % f W figT
Indirect Narration

-*I-1

Ta~mf+*+7mml
(a) (b) The Minister said, "I will c o m e . ' ' The Minister said that he would go there the next day, My friend said, "I saw this man long a m " My friend told that he had seen that man l o n ~ before,

r r t ~ 3 w f $ ; ~ ~ m & ~ ~ f h ~ h ~ 1
(a) (b)

**+l~l+VFm~
Now f ;W Then; These WT;T W Those; Hither 4 'f2m W Thither; This f ;W That; Here 'f2m T There; Hence & WFi Vi Thence;

Pm W Go; W f W So or in this way; Thus $ F

Come Can ~m w could; Shall WI;T W Should; RFT W Might; May Will & Pm 91 Would. Pm % next day; Tomorrow WT;T W The previous day; Yesterday Last night Pm W The previous night; ;W Before; Ago 4 f ;T The following day; Next day 2 f

** * * * 4 * *

* *

IV.

?f;) &

Reportiny Verbs

Reported Speech

3 % a say o r said

f h T TITIT % I

3W

3fk$?

arW ~sserti;e Sentence

told. add o r added. observe o r observed, remark or remarked. threaten or threatened promise o r ~ r o m i s e d3

MW

mfs;mma~Hm+-\3h3?raim~

w*~l*:
1.

~3~;tm*misnmf$;~l
(a)
(b)

The father said to Ramesh, "Madhuri will go." The father Ramesb. & Madhuri would go. The mother said, "The younger son is clever." The mother remarked that the younger son was clever.

2.

+ii~misnm-&~~~~~l
(a) (b)

3.

&ZFf~*TR*&*fF&lfrl He said, "I will kill the rascal." (a) (b) He threatened that he would kill the rascal.

4.

~
(a)

He said, "I will help her." He promised that he would help her.

(b)

%* * *Mfsisr G i m r b I m d t i t m ~ ~ a s r m m m f a

d k Reported Speech PT 3WFW

Reporting Verb

lnterrogative
9 .

WPiTTF

W T Full stop W 3V?bT% % I

1.

&*p%wm*?
(a) (b) He said to me, "Will you go?" He asked me whether I would go. Sarala said to Vimala, "Do you know your friend has gone to Delhi?" ~arala inquired of Vimala whether she knew that her friend had gone to Delhi.
PWFlT when, where, what, who, whom 3 T W how $TF ijr;r r;rrpTn I -

2.

T F F I T ? ~ ~ ~ - J W $ ~ % W I ~ ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ W I
(a) (b)

=k :
3
(a)

Mconnective m

Rd3p@p-+mmff
(b) (a) (b)
(a)

8 * ~74353it~3Tir3
W&

1 said to the stranger, "What is your business with me and where do you come from?"
1 asked the stranger what his business was with me and where he came from.

4.

1 -' 13.rm$?" rn?rgftrnfs-sr*%3p.tTh@rl

?Tfk;iT?r@im,

Govind said to me, "Good morning! How are you?" Govind wished me good morning and asked me how I was.

(b)

& WfTf d T8

I T '8 request, beg, entreat, implore, solicit, beseech mmsf W d ?l?f FIX 8 advise = to give advice, persuade, suggest, urge, forbid srrjrr V ? f ?l?f W 8 order, command, bid, tell, ask l

proposal 3 T W suggestion Ti V f let mZT WW h T f 7Fl % 3I ? I RMd $ I & a;f 'to let' 4 d?d?h

~
1.

~ ~ m g?r?k3wgft~ma;kwdml
(a) (b)

* * r l

& ??T ? r m infinite h connective ijr;r ~ -

The son said to his father, "Give me ten rupees to buy a book." 'The son requested his father to give him ten rupees to buy a book. 'The teacher said to the student, "Do your work regularly otherwise you will fail." The teacher advised the student to do his work regularly otherwise he would fail. The captain said to the soldiers, "Stick to your place and do not move an inch." The captain commanded the soldiers to stick to their place and not to move an inch.

2.

JTm3MirWrfg3m;rrmm~s*~mk$rml
(a)
(b)

3.

rn3W~13~wr%~rnrn+?+'rfy~+~oif;r&1
(a)
(b)

4.

*?*3sfimf%m@m*l

(a)

(b)
5,
(a)

The servant said to his master, "Pardon me, sir." 'The servant begged his master to pardon him. The master saia to his servant, "Go away from here and do not show me your face." The master ordered his servant to go away from there and forbade him to show him his face. He said to his friend, "Please lend me your book." He asked his friend to kindly lend him his book.

*-?;hzi;T3mfsiT$~*~*$mp~rnl

(b)

6.

T & W l % ~ ~ h ~ c f t f s ? E ~ V F h ~ ~ l

(a) (b) sion), (c) 7. (a) (b) (a) (b)

8.

d 4 fLefl T T rrdm (a) RlR (Proposal), (b)

VlFf
(condition or supposition)
R?lT

WTF (Persuation or Permis-

fI

M?M~WRT?=+I
T h ? k i C T z T % * ~ r n * l

Rashmi said to Rekha, "Let us go to Library." Rashmi proposed to Rekha that they should go to Library.

%Fhftrjr?T~%@?VT+l~ffTiTFi#~l [ said to my friend, "I,et me finish my work." (a) (b) I requested my friend to let me finish my work.
OR

I requested my friend to be allowed to finish my work.

9,

~
(a) (b)

The soldier said, "Let it rain ever so hard, I will go." The soldier said that he should go however hard it might rain. OR The soldier said that he should go though it should rain as hard as it could,

: (1) TF4 7(a) 3 'Let' V E F3TT (Proposal) WR Bi;l TFT % 3RT: 7(b) T?fW WF7 'should' T T l$lT T I T I (2) BIW 8(a) 'Let' TG Persuation W dmiF %, @ '8 ! 7 T K 3 T?tW TW 4 l . 8 b $ infinitive 'to let' ElT, @ 'to be allowed' gRgff I WiT T C 9(b) Wf4 'condition' (3) VW 9(a) 4 FW 8 W 3 'Let' W d fkcr 'might' 5V 'though' 'f;l srdm h Tmr 8 I

'g.)

* * * **

,*

* * *

YWST W4T f$PmbitCFPi @&m&xy) I & dt Reporting Verb exclaim, cry out, pray 3TTfk t WQTwith request, wlth joy, with sorrow, with surprise V;T & l lR Y?hT W4T 3 W $1 He said, "Hurrah! we have won the match."

I,

mSlff-';m3rn-&h*rn%1
(a)

2,

(b) He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match, m F w ? ~ * ~ 8 * s f i m - m , m p ! g m ~ * ~ l (a) The team manager said, "Bravo1 all of you played an excellent game." (b) The team manager applauded his players by saying that they had played an excellent game.

3.

JB?IsTViFhFTrn~~~Rispm@m81
(a) (b) He said, "Alas, how foolish 1 have been!" He confessed with regret that he had been very foolish.

X )

~ ? R W T . r i ; m ~ h ~ W T % f i T h ~ ~ e ~ o r t i n ~ Verb pray, bless, wish, curse, reproach, bid Wk % b : aon;s;rrcrrrn%l The mother said to Ramesh, "May God bless you with a son!"

1.

$+7hT$~t~-$VR@w~*l

(a)
2.

(b) The mother prayed that God would bless Ramesh with a son. fin3g?r**fmrB*3*-@1 The father said to son, "May you prosper in life!" (a) (b) The father blessed his son, saying that he might prosper in life. ~ + ~ B m - B ~ ! ~ ~ ~ m r i e l ; l (a) "Oh brother! what a sight you have made of yourself', said Kirshna to Sudama. (b) Addressing Sudama as brother Krishna exclaimed with surprise that he (Sudama) had made a very funny sight of himself. ~ ~ 8 1

3.

&rnrn&rnh*M**Ml
(a) (b) She said, "Would that my sister were here." She wished that her sister were there.

5.

~
(a) (b)

Govind said to me. "Friend, I love you more than anything." Govind addressed me as his friend and remarked that he loved me more than anything.
* ~ R v ~ T (W )

*JFWEWIiT (Directspeech) reporting Verb W rrdrsr VWT

I

$~?TT&F~~~~PVU

% fb; WITI!V$ W6Z : gima3mR97:rnrn*-*f;'*M**4jrRsrprrRb $?wm~:*T**R~Pk~*rmfirKFrFm*lain

~m?r*Memvr~l
(a)

Socrates; "I sent the women away mainly in order that they might Irot offend me in this way; for, 1 have heard that a man should die in peace. Be quiet then and have patience."

airert - "What a strange outcry?" said

(b)

1 -

Socrates inquired of them (or wanted to know) what that strange outcry was. He reminded them that he had sent the women away mainly in order that they might not offend him in that way; he had heard that a man should' die in peace. He begged them therefore to be quiet and have patience.

2,

Mrn~~-gq~rm~mR@+iTf?n~sFerrf7wm~ ~ * ? * ~ ~ * ~ ~ B ~ * * ~ ~ ' s F F ~ * I ? ~ ; w * ~ ~
T3?T*mmg~l~smrl

(a)

- The teacher became angry with the student and said, "Why have you again
disturbed the class this way? I have told you ,before, that when 1 am speaking, you should be silent. Leave the room, and do not return again today,"

(b)

indirect The teacher became angry with the student and inquired of him why he
had again disturbed the class in that way. He reminded him that he had told him before that he (the student) should be silent when he (the teacher) was speaking. He ordered him therefore to leave the room, and forbade him to return again that day.

3,

mft~t~-'Wwr$m*iftm~rnTTFrn~8?"~ 3 m f Z m - 'M" *pT- ' W w t @ m i f t m a : b W w n f t , m*?tlmfr*- 'W,~ + m h r n r n ~ l 1 '

fammha~r-

(a)

Ilkst - The traveller said to the peasant, "Can you tell me the way to the nearest
inn?" "Yes", said the peasant, "Do you want one in which you can spend the night?" "No", replied the traveller, "I only want a meal." indirect - The traveller asked the peasant whether he could tell him the way to the nearest inn. The peasant replied in the affirmative and asked if he (the trave!ier) wanted one where he could spend the night. The traveller replied that he did not want to stay there but only wanted a meal.

(b)

(Idiomatic Expressions)

w37Tm*mm1
He can not

w*-&&$*%t
He excels in

The horse did not ; -

it started -out

. . - t~

rn-fisfk+rrn&2r??l It is drizzlinn. rndT&+*%l

You are a follower of the old beat-

3rnT;mTrnEl
1 acknowledge your uperioritv,

That poor fellow was dumbfoundea

3~m;rFrnu;Tfirmjrrrnb1

His health is running d o w a

*mjlh*wb1
He is a and

- p F h r C ~ ~ * m ~ ~ ~
Some people

b u r nat both ends.

3 f d m ? l T * f t f 6 ~ 8 ~ 3 1 He is a mere bag of bones.

3FiqFmFq;l~l

Do not blow vour own trumllet.

~ m ~ ~ 8 ? r - m ~ 8 1
He has seen manv ups and downs of life.

w~*gffi%m1
F~rst deserve t hen desire,

4F*ilm31
He is a queer fish,

%$&****31
w-~m;nm31
This house is haunted,

He is under the thumb of h ~ w~fe. s

. .

&w+*m~31
Somebody has m t an evil eve on her child.

v&-&m&m81
He is a man who w d ea
a cooked up case.
v ~ m f f ~ d m * ~

It IS totally a trumped up case./ concocted

I am Dot on s p e h g terms with him.

m & r n & ~ 3 ~ r t ; r n ~ 3 1
These days it is quite difficult to make both ends meet in such a small i n c o w

~JFTzftrn-T#Mf?tfrnl
I was taken in by his
Jfl?Trn~fmr7TiRmbl

He

mmwm',
d i r M W & ~ % l
My fingers are m
bw w m T b x d * & 2 1

These fruits are about to drop with ripen-

m f s ; m ~ * ~ 7
What wind blew vou hither?

& r n m ~ ~ ~ & m ~
He keathed ! i d a &

~3FT*;rrn&l
He w a r t e d from the world.

~ K ~ ; ~ * J s T I
His soul left for heavenly abode,

~+iax*rn~l
He p m j debt to

h@~mm47f&$mmGk3irTTT.~m1
YnlnvJted_he in the meeting all of a sudden and

. . lanauarre.

m*~zf~-mml
In that accident he had u r o w esJ F ~ ~ + ~ + R V ~ T F ~ T ~ I

That old woman is

. . trom. obsession, sufferlne

~rm@d*TF;tT$~

Why do vou keep curs~ugm&

-gFFit*-*W3fs;~mm+&l
Your s a make vou respected everywhere.
y J T R * m * + m = 3 3 1

On seeing the police, the thieves lost their wlts.

*&drnhl
I have m t him after ag&
Srm~*mTiigoitw**~oft;r~~ You should try to achieve vow object without incurrm? an?, loss,

mmfm*1
Jt is easler said than done,

THmrrmrpm

WI

The room was &ed

&m*~9*mmmTi?-rrWl

to ~ t s capa-

He has established his r e p u t a t h a s an orator.

3-rr$

w ti**mq@rirvg-r;~m~
~

On being selected for L.A.S., he was beside himself with joy,

~
This book is so popular that it

selline hke a

hot cake.

w ZTTT~ (ia1141t TFV? WTR~~TTT bI .. 'This aettvslloDkeeorr . paltiis off inferior W t o customers.
~4mm,*;rfr%m*mti**l Heware, lest you should f a l l his t w

**

qTl7T~m8?r~a3Trml

'1,db 1e t r a.m On receipt of your letter I G alne bv the first atar.

m m d $ * & * m m i 4 k < 3 r ; r r n * 8 1 - . Nowadays the people belonging to backward cldsses are W ~ n tooth g arid nail for their constitutional rights.

T I F ~ I T * ~ ~ ~ ~ * ~ Thcr institution is pn the look out for good teachers.

mfmm*?
L\ $en

will you get married?

;.,<ISr c!pi

?I rn m I

klc b a s knocked down by a truck.

~i.+-kxT?r$iM3~~~1
I-lc a a s run over by a motor car.
F-iY11.1

m w 3 i t d + r + r n 1

ivould hardlv-e

across the like of him,

TP11 "iu*ZFfT?r*l

Can you prove a m & U x h i m . 3 ~ ~ r n T F 8 * % & ~ % 1 . Tliesc rascals are -of block. OR These rascals are w in the saxkmmk

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He has a

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d h ~ m f t ; T r n f h m M ~ T & f ~ The patient is going from bad to worse &v bv &y.

The train y a s derailed.

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Do you know his w h e r e - a b o a TTFrnd*&;rel~l The path was beset with

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Put and soul
fp

this work.

* m & p T j r & m m l The thief was caught red-handed. rn~rn%3T9;it**3mtr$l Why do you poke y n i this matter?

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My things are

at and sevens.

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He is a man of &ga&d&h

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65.
66.

$% W T %l ! TfT T ~ T T % I Dr. Bhandarkar received me y&b the m t h of a f a t k

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sftrn-s;r;rmkG'rw~ . . He was a simple poor fellow who was &rbed rn hls own toil and did not try to merfere in the w r s of other f ~ l k .He has no tricks up his sleeve a all; he knew no cunning or deceipt. He was not worried about belng cheated and he himself cheated none. He had a meal, if he could; if he could not, then he would eat a little gram and be content with it. If he did not even get gram to eat, he just drank some water and went off to sleep by uttering the name of God.

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67

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Without any ado this erudite and selfless band of workers in Poona held a meeting in an unostentatious little place, and sent me away rejoicing and more confident of my mission.

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The compact six weeks Computer Course-Home Management through computer application started in the premises of Ladies Club, Moubhandarkar for its members, concluded on 6.7.96.

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You are much older than me; nevertheless you look quite young. Your face has no wrinkles and your hair is not grey. Your teeth shine like pearls.

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(blockhead)

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? k WT $ lKal. W t T - All's well that ends well.

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In the beginning many difficulties came but he did not lose heart. In the end all work was completed. People have said rightly 'all's well that ends well.'
2.
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T& - W k e without fire,

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Every event has a cause. How can I presume that the quarrel does not have a reason. There is no smoke without fire.
3.

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They say when a jackal is about to die he heads for the city. There is no significant difference between the proverbial jackal and these poor villagers.

4.

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An empty vessel makes much noise with silent majesty.

- shallow

brooks are noisy

- Deep rivers move

5.

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6.

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Every potter praises his own pot.

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Evil beginnings have bad endings.

9 n ; T T - To bum one's own fingersfto kick against the prick.

W T - Blood is thicker than water.

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W

XWJ 3 F T - Cry in wilderness.

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Between the devil and the deep sea.

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God helps those who help

% - To carry coal to newcastle. d f - One rotten fish infects the whole pond./A V %d? TI? XFTiT $T
rotten sheep infects the whole flock./A single sinner sinks the boat.

v T R 8 Zf & T& TRh - Two of a trade never agree.

f - Deceiptfulness pays no dividend. V 7im 8 7f;l d W @T @ - After death the doctor.
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3 Zf. W?i - Touch pitch and you will be defiled.

@ - Much ado about nothing. VFIl - To build castles in the air.

- Misfortune never comes alone.

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X &'fi STI;T 6 T W fkii - Distance lands enchantment to viewmeard melodies are sweet those unheard are sweeter.
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T??@ - ~ r o m the frying pan to fire.

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k T T Tf? 3l%T

- Traitors are the worst enemies. f&FT - (To) add insult to injury.

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- Nearer the church farther from heaven./Every light has its own shadow.
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Everyday is not Sunday.

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- Out of frying pan into fire.

VllT

%WT7 - A nod to the wise and a rod to the foolish.

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Ill gotten ill spent.

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Birds of a feather flock together. It is hard to live in Rome and strife with the Pope.

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3 F R T 3 6 i - To go out for wodl and to come home shorn.

% d - A world of difference.

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T6 'fij3 d a - No rose without a thorn. f& T TIT Tk& f& T - Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. @ m;li); -Fmrr - A drowning man catcheth a straw. 3 k % T;Tm & F i 3k - Man proposes, God disposes. F T

* *

i ? $ l

d 3 FQ - TO have the bread buttered on both sides.

f h @ TIT =bJ$ - By leaps.and bounds. T&J T P l ?l k K % - Prevention is better than cure.

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- Life i? better than bags of gold.

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fl - Half a loaf is better than none.

A bad man is better than a bad name.

hh , .rff - NO pain, no gain. d -ch d V f h F T - Look before you leap. h

v-vM-H - Errors and omissions expected.

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W I T

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- Too much courtesy, too much craft.

W f& W .sT. - Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.

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% - Avarice is the root of all evils./No vice like avarice. ; IT T f T @ 3 c?cprlnp- Much ado about nothing.

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- Beauty needs no ornament.

ZTW &T - Jack of all trades.

F%%TT ITdT d !T& -,Rome was not built in a day. #k - All that glitters is not gold. fb T% fi-d; #k

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- It is as clear as the day.

rn'1
1.

2.

3.
4.

He said that he never told a lie. My neighbour asked me if I had seen his dog My friend replied that he could not help me. Everybody knows that Muslims and Christians bury their dead. They were sorry to hear that she has a bad temper. He composed a better poem than I shall write. He knows that I have been reading the Ramayan since morning. Nowadays he has been working hard day & night lest he should fail in the examinations. My garden was looked after better than before.
2

5.

6. 7.
8.
9.

m
1.

2.

3.

Direct - Savitri said, "0 powerful Yama! thout has promised my husband and myself a hundred sons. How can this be if Satyavan is not restored to life? I do not wish for Heaven itself without my husband. Give me, o yama! my husband back. Let Satyawan live again." indirect - Savitri reminded the powerful Yama that he had promised her husband and herself a hundred sons. She inquired of him how that could be if Satyavan was not restored to life. She declared that she did not wish for Heaven itself without her husband. She then implored Yama to give her husband back to her and prayed to him to allow Satyavan to live again. - "I am a dead man," Nelson said to Hardy, "I am going fast; it will be all over with me soon. Come near me. Let my dear lady, Hamilton have my hair and all other things belonging to me." hdirect - Nelson said to Hardy that he was a dead man, he was going fast and it would be all over with him soon. He asked him to go nearer to him and requested him to let his dear lady Hamilton have his hair and all other things belonging to him. - The General, addressing his mutinous troops, said, "You have brought disgrace upon a famous regiment. If you had grievances why did you not lay them before your own officers? Now you must first suffer punishment for your offence before your complaints can be heard." Indirect The General told his mutinous troops that they had brought disgrace upon a famous regiment. If they had grievances why they had not laid them before their own officers. Now they must suffer punishment for their offence befare their complaints could be heard. OR

The General told his mutinous troops that they had brought disgrace upon a famous regiment. He pointed out that if they had grievances they should have laid them before their own officers. Finally he ordered that they must suffer punishment for their offence before their complaints could be heard.

1.

2.

3.

4.
5. 6.

A real owl is better than a blockhead because the real owl does not see in the night but the blockhead does not see at any time neither during day or at night. People mistakenly think that a blockhead is self-willed but the fact is that he does r?ot have discriminating power to adjudge what is right or wrong. In fact all blockheads are cast in the same mould. All of them suffer from obsession. Intelligent persons are advised that they should maintain proper distance from them. Had you applied a little bit of intelligence, you would have achieved your objective. But you betrayed want of reason and intellect. Now tell me what should I expect from you? You are.not a mere child now. You are a fully grown up man. Persons of your age can move heaven and earth to achieve their aims and objectives. On the other hand, it is you who are wasting time in merry making. It is high time to wake up a d do something concrete so that posterity may remember you. He knows how to grind his own axe. Beware of him. He is a sycophant; he is a past master in sing honeyed-words. On your face he will flatter you but at your back he will indulge in back biting, To achieve first rank one is to strain every nerve. By building castles in the air nothing can be achieved.

7.
8.
9.
10.

Offer him something to eat because he is extremely hungry, He is attempting at something impossible. By your mean actions you have spoiled the reputation of your family. While narrating his sad story, he started weeping bitterly.

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Nowadays the bread of this shopkeeper is buttered on both sides because material of his shop is selling like a hot cake. He himself is a bad character, so are his companions. Therefore, about him people rightly say that a pimple has grown upon an ulser. The present Indian social system illustrates the proverb might is right. He is always busy criticising and speaking ill about others. Today some people took him to task and beat him black and blue. Evil doing have bad endings. Ramesh does not know how to read and write. When the peoplz of locality approached me to obtain his signature on the notice then he heaved a sigh and uttered that he is an illiterate. He was born in such a properous family that fails to feel sorrows and sufferings of others. Therefore, about him it is said that he is like a person who laughs at scars because he never felt a wound. Some wives keep their husbands under their thumbs. It is not desirable to meet relatives too frequently because familiarity breeds contempt.
-

6.

7.
8. 9.

10.

If you are to go to village to live there, you should live like a villager. Only then you will establish adjustment because if one is in Rome, he should live and do like Romans do and live. This is true that whom Gods love no frost can kill.