Exposure (invasion) of same antigen causes activation of memory cells Immediate recognition and distraction - faster, large response

usually prevents harm Antibodies are produced more rapidly and in larger amounts

Secondary Response

Produces a short and weak response Helper T cells required to trigger true potential of B cells

Anitgen binds to specic fragment antigenbinding site (Fab fragment) of B cell

Primary Response

Once activated, the B cell proliferates to produce many clone cells Clone cells have the same Fab fragment that recognizes the same antigen Secrete large amounts of antibodies Neutrailisation, which blocks viral binding sites and coats bacterial toxins Agglutination of particulate antigens Precipitation of soluble antigens Activation of complement Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivated antigens Some differentiate into memory cells B Lymphocytes Antigen is anything that elicits an immune response and generate antibody Most differentiate into plasma cells

Leads to phagocytosis Leads to phagocytosis Leads to phagocytosis

Leads to cell lysis

Pathogens have antigens on the surface of their cells; recognized by human immune system

Immunocompetency (maturation) occurs in bone marrow

Diseases

Caused by

Inorganic toxins

Undergoes humoral immunity (mediated by secreted antibodies)

Microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, proteins)

Genetic disorders

Passive Immunity

Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

Immunocompetency (maturation) occurs in the thymus (near the heart)

Woman passes some antibodies across the placenta to the fetus or through breastfeeding

T Lymophcytes Recognise small fragments of antigens presented on cell membrane after phagocytosis Undergoes cell-mediated immunity (involves activation of other cells and release of cytokines in response to an antigen) Non antibody-producing cells

Provide immediate immunity and usually last for a few weeks (antigens degrade over time)

Active Immunity

Recover from an infectous disease due to the response from a person's own immune system

Naturally acquired and usually lasts a lifetime

Kills infected and cancer cells When it recognizes antigen of infected cell, it will send perforin molecules to perforate its cell membrane Apoptosis occurs when granzymes are sent to attack the infected cell. Lysis occurs when water enters the perforated cell membrane, causing the infected cell to burst. Either apoptosis or lysis of the infected cell will occur

Cytotoxic T cells

Can be acquired articially by vaccination

Specicity - to recognize and eliminate particular pathogen and foreign molecules, via specic antigen and antibody binding

Features of Immune System When it recognizes the antigen of the infected cell, the helper T cell will self proliferate (reproduce).

Diversity - to respond to millions of kinds of invaders via their antigenic markers

Helper T cells

Specic and Adaptive

Third-Line (Adaptive) Defence

Memory - to "remember" antigens it has encountered and to react them more promptly and effectively on subsequent exposure

Other immune cells not activated Humoral response cannot be launched without Helper T cells No immune response in patents with AIDS

It will also secrete cytokines, to attract and activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to destroy the infected cell

Responds against a "known foreign invader" (previously recognized pathogen)

Immunology
HIV destroys Helper T cells Non-Specic and Innate Remain in the circulation and can respond quickly when same pathogen enters body again Memory T cells Second-Line (Innate) Defence First-Line (Innate) Defence

Self/Non-Self Recognition - distinguishes the body's own molecules from foreign molecules

Non-specic and Innate

Responds to anything other than "recognized self-cells"

Responds to anything other than "recognized self-cells"

Mast Cells/Basophils/Eosinophils

Inammatory Response

Skin and mucous membranes - Mechanical

Intact skin: Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes.

When there is a tissue injury, histamine is released.

Skin and mucous membranes - Chemical

Mucous membranes: Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin.

Creates a local response to the damaged tissue or pathogen entry

Normal ora - Microbiological

Mucus: Traps microbes in respiratory and digestive tracts.

Histamine causes vasodilation. There is an increase in blood flow, causing faster accumulation of phagocytes and delivery of antimicrobial proteins/ clotting elements to the infection site.

Hairs: Filter microbes and dust in nose.

Cilia: Together with mucus, trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract.

Histamine causes increase capillary permeability. It allows immune cells to gain entry from the blood to the infection site.

Tear ducts: Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes.

Redness is caused by increased local blood flow, causing the area to become red. Swelling is caused by increased antibodies in the blood. Fever inhibits microbial growth and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.

Inflammation involves redness (erythema), swelling (edema), and heat (fever). Ability to mount a destructive immune response against non-self

Saliva: Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth.

Epiglottis: Prevents microbes and dust from entering trachea. Phagocytosis is the ingestion and destruction of foreign particles by phagocytes. Phagocytes Ability to mount a destructive response against self

Urine: Washes microbes from urethra.

Neutrophilis (60-70%) Self destruct in the process

Success depends on its ability to discriminate between foreign and host cells

Gastric juice: Destroys bacteria andmosttoxins in stomach.

Macrophages Developed from monocytes, less mobile

Tolerance - Immune system does not mount a response against self

Acid pH of skin: Discourages growth of many microbes.

Eosinophils Specialised to engulf multicellular parasitic organisms Immune System

Dendritic cells Ingest pathogens to stimulate acquired immunity

Autoimmunity - Immune system mounts an immune response against self, and tolerance to self is lost (e.g. asthma, lupus, arthritis)

Unsaturated fatty acids: Antibacterial substance in sebum.

Lysozyme: Antimicrobial substance in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids. Antibodies A Group A A Antigen Normal Flora: Compete with pathogens for nutrients, and attachment to epithelium

Attacks tumor cells, virus-infected cells and transplant cells.

Natural Killer Cells Group B Blood antibodies and antigens Antibodies B B Antigen

Bind to specific receptors, causing the cell to undergo lysis or apoptosis.

Normal Flora: Produce antibacterial substances to kill pathogens

Group AB

No Antibodies A and B Antigens

Platelets form a plug to seal off the site of injury.

Tissue Repair

Group O

Antibodies A and B No anitgens

Clotting elements trigger the coagulation cascade, which strengthens the platelet plug. Antibodies could react with antigens. Antibodies will cause the red blood cells to clump together (agglutination).

Remodelling occurs. If repair is imperfect, a scar results.

Clumping of red blood cells leads to the blockage of small blood vessels, preventing smooth ow of blood and leading to death.

Antibody A with Antigen A - Clumping Occurs Antibody B with Antigen B - Clumping Occurs No Antibody with Antigen - No Clumping Occurs

Allgeries

Hypersensitivity of the body's defense system responding to certain environmental antigens called allergens (positive and negative)