CHAPTER 2 Question No.

1 (a)(i) The object falling under the force of gravity only (a)(ii) The acceleration Diagram 9.1 larger than Diagram 9.2 The rate change Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2 The time impact Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2 When the time impact is smaller, the rate change of momentum When the acceleration is large, the rate change of momentum is large is large (d)

Design or way
Acceleration Smaller mass

Explanation/reason
The smaller the mass the smaller its inertia. Therefore the rocket will accelerate faster. To improve the aerodynamics of the rocket.

Shape

Structure

Buoyant force (upthrust)

Nose cone // Bullet shape on top of the body The bottle filled with mixture of water and air Equipped with parachute

Serves as the propulsion of the water rocket//The air pressure propels the rocket skyward (upward) The parachute increases the surface area of an object so it has more contact with the wind, which decreases the speed of the object (due to air resistant) Helps to stabilize the water rocket by lowering the centre of pressure (gravity)

(b) (i) (ii) The force forward = friction The resultant force is zero The object move with constant velocity

Stability of the motion

Fitted with fins spaced equally around the rocket body.

(c) modification The surface is smooth Aerodynamic Low density Big peddle strong Question No. 2 (a) Mass is the amount of matter in an object. (b) Mass Ability to speed ahead Stopping (from rest) Lorry Mass of the lorry is bigger. Takes longer time to speed ahead. Harder//slower to stop moving. Takes longer time to stop moving. Car Mass of the car is smaller. Easier//faster to speed ahead. Easier//faster to stop moving. Takes shorter time to stop moving. reason Reduce water resistance Reduce friction Lighter Increases the force Not easy to broke down

Question No. 3 (a) The Principle of Conservation of Momentum / Energy (b) When the ball on one end is pulled up and let to fall, it strikes the second ball which is at rest and comes to a dead stop. The momentum of the ball becomes zero as its velocity is zero. The Principle of Conservation of Momentum states that in a collision between two objects the total momentum of the objects in the system remains unchanged. The energy and momentum from the first ball is transferred to the second ball and then transmitted through the balls at rest to the ball on the other end. Because the momentum and energy is maintained in this system, the ball on the opposite side will move at the same velocity as the ball that were in initial motion (c) The balls touch each This will reduce losses of energy which other will reduce the speed of the balls Steel balls are hard and produce highly The type of material elastic collision. Energy can easily used to make the balls is propagates through the intermediate steel balls. Two strings used to This string arrangement restricts the hang each ball balls movements to the same plane. High position of the ball, high potential the position of the ball energy and will change to high kinetic to start the oscillation energy. The last end ball will swing at bigger speed. The most suitable design is Q because the ball s touch each other, made from steel, use two strings attached to each ball and the initial position of the ball is high. (d) (i) m1u1+ m2u2= m1v1 + m2v2 (5)(0.8) + (3)(0) = 0 + (3) v2 v2 = 1.33 ms-1 (ii) m1v1 - m2u2 = 0 (0.05)(0.8) = -0.04 kgms-1 (iii) Impulsive force = -0.04 / 0.05 = 0.8 N

(c)

(i) (ii)

The inertia of the driver maintains the forward motion when the car stops suddenly. Wearing a seat belt: Restrains the body of the driver from being thrown forward//inside or outside the car. It slows down the forward movement of the driver when the car stops suddenly

Question No. 4 (a) (i) Energy due to height (ii) Initial position of the student in Diagram 9.1 is higher The speed of the student on reaching the final position in Diagram 9.1 is higher The higher the speed of the student, the higher the energy The higher the position , the higher the energy gained (iii) Principle of Conservation of Energy (b) (i) elastic potential energy to kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy elastic potential energy and kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy (ii) due to damping work done against air resistance // loss of energy due to the extension and compression of the molecules in the system (c) strong // high strength it wont break easily high force constant store higher elastic potential energy strong // high strength // any suitable material it wont break easily thin // aerodynamic // streamline less air resistance slightly above the target the path is parabolic / curved/downward // due to free fall motion Question No. 5 (a) (i) (ii) Priciple of conservation of momentum Air expels at high velocity Produces momentum backwards / to the left Causes thrust of momentum forward/ to the right With same magnitude of force but in opposite direction

CHAPTER 3 Question No. 6 (a) (i) Sum of two or more forces to produce one resultant force. (ii) 1. Bottle in liquid Q floats lower 2. Weight and the buoyant force are equal and the same in both cases. 3. Density of liquid P is higher. 4. As the density of liquid decreases, the lower the bottle floats. 5. When density of liquid decreases the volume of liquid displaced increases to produce the same buoyant force. 1. 2. 3. 4. (c) Suggestion Fix a long handle on piston A Equip the hydraulic jack with valves Use released valves Piston A is made smaller // piston B bigger. Oil as liquid Reasons Small force can produce bigger force /torque to press piston A Liquid can flow in one direction and does not back flow Liquid flows back to the storage reservoir To produce large output force. Does not evaporate easily // does not flow out easily// prevent from rust. When force is applied to piston A Pressure is produced and transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid towards piston B // Pascals Principle Pressure multiply by the surface area of piston B will produce the output force that lift load M. Cross-sectional area of piston A is smaller than piston B to produce large output force.

(b)

(b)

(i)

a=vu t =04 2 = 2 ms-2 (iii) s = 1 2

2

(ii)

(4) (2)

= 16 m (c) Characteristics Shape Inverted aerofoil Ridges on tyres -none Engine power -high Material light and stiff

Reasons High pressure at top // greater downward force//high stability Less friction during motion Greater forward thrust Does not break easily on impact

Question No. 7 (a) (i) Force per unit area (ii) Pressure on piston Q = pressure on piston R Cross sectional area of piston Q < Cross sectional area of piston R Force acted on piston Q < force acted on piston R The greater the area, the greater the force Pascals principle (b) aerofoil shape The air speed on the upper surface > the air speed on the lower surface. The pressure on the lower surface > pressure on the upper surface. Different in pressure produce lift force. (c) Design Thick wall High density material Strong material Aerodynamic shape Ballast tank Sonar transmitter and receiver Reasons Water pressure increase with depth Increase mass / can submerge easily Does not break easily Reduce water resistance To increase or reduce weight To estimate distance and depth

I choose S Because shape inverted aerofoil , ridges on tyres none, engine power high and material light and stiff

Question No. 8 (a) Upwards force cause by weight of fluid displaced by an object when the object is immerse in the fluid. (b) Valve release air from ballast tank. Sea water flooded ballast tank The weight of water displaced is smaller. Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine (c) Choices Reasons The volume of ballast To produce bigger buoyant force tank is higher / easy to rise up / can carry greater weight inside More number of air Can stay longer time under the tanks cylinder carried water / Can rise and submerge many times / more air supply for respiration of crews Can withstand higher Safe when the submarine maximum water submerge very deep in the sea / pressure The body will not break due to high water pressure The suitable shape of Less water resistance in the submarine is motion / can move faster aerodynamic Submarine X Because the volume of ballast tank is higher, more number of air tanks cylinder carried, can withstand higher maximum water pressure and the suitable shape of submarine is aerodynamic. (d) (i) V = 0.2 x 0.8 = 0.16 m3 (ii) B = Vg = 0.16 x 1000 x 10 = 1600N (iii) mass = 1600 10 = 160 kg Question No. 9 (a) Aerofoil (b) (i) The shape of cross section of the wing causes the speed of airflow above the wings to be higher than the speed of airflow below. When the speed of moving air is higher the pressure is lower. Hence air pressure below the wings is higher compare to above the wings. (ii) Bernoullis Principle (c)

= 11000 N Direction of force : upwards Question No. 10 (a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced (ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a balloon Density of air decreased as a altitude increase Weight of displaced air become smaller At certain height weight of displaced air equal to weight of the balloon (iii) Large balloon To produce bigger buoyant / up thrust // Increase the volume of the air displaced Low density of gas filled in the balloon Lighter Synthetic nylon Light-weight, strong and air-proof material Low mass of radiosonde instrument To produce a bigger upward resultan force R is choosen Large ballon/low density of gas /synthetic nylon / low mass of radiosonde instrument (b) (i) (ii) mass = density x volume m=0.216kg V= 1.2m3 m= 1.56kg = 15.6N

Question No. 11 (a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced (ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a balloon Density of air decreased as a altitude increase Weight of displaced air become smaller At certain height weight of displaced air equal to weight of the balloon (iii) Characteristics Large ballon Explaination To produce bigger buoyant / upthrust // Increase the volume of the air displaced To produce bigger flame // heat up the gas in the balloon faster Light-weight/ strong /airproof material Reduce the density /weight of the air in the balloon Large balloon, use 2 burners / many burners, use synthetic nylon and has high temperature of the air in the balloon.

Use 2 burners // Many burners Synthetic nylon High temperature of the air in the balloon Hot air balloon Q is chosen

(d)

The most suitable wing is Y. Because it has a shape of cross section which is upper side is longer than the bottom, large the area of the wing, the low density of the wing materials and the high the difference in speed of air. (i) P=F/A F = 400 x 50 F = 20000 N (ii) Resultant Force = 20 000 900(10)

(b)

(i) (ii)

mass = density x volume m=0.216kg V= 1.2m3 m= 1.56kg = 15.6N

CHAPTER 4 Question No. 12 (a) (i) The temperature in which a solid substance change to liquid at atmospheric pressure (ii) The mass of substance in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2 Time taken to reach the melting point in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2 Time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2 The greater the mass the longer the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely. The greater the mass the greater the latent heat of fusion absorbed (b) In daytime the sun warms the land to higher temperature than the sea. The land has a lower specific heat capacity than sea-water. The air above the land is heated and rises The cooler air above the sea moving to land. (c) Aspect High specific heat capacity of liquid High boiling point of liquid Low rate of rusting material Strong material The size of the fan is big Explanation Becomes hot faster Not easily change into vapour Long lasting // not easily rust Not easily breaks To blow large amount of heat

CHAPTER 5 Question No. 14 (a) (i) Cannot be shown on screen (ii) Incident ray from the fish refracted / change direction at B. Refraction Incident ray from the dragon-fly reflected by water surface at A. (b) (i) Reflection = 90o 30o = 60o 1.33 =

= 58.75o
(ii) (c) Characteristics Concave mirror Bulb at principal focus Batteries connected in series Copper connecting wire

sin sin 40o

Virtual / same size / same distance / laterally inverted

Explanation Reflected ray is converging Reflected ray form a parallel beam Produces larger current Low resistance / large current

Torchlight Q is chosen because it has concave mirror, bulb at principal focus, batteries connected in series and copper connecting wire

Question No. 13 (a) The total amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object by 1oC (b) (i) 1. the temperature of water droplet = the temperature of water poured on the hand 2. The mass of water droplets is smaller than water poured 3. Hand in diagram 9.1 less injured than that in 9.2 4. the bigger the mass , the more injury to the skin (ii) The bigger the mass of an object, the bigger the heat capacity of the object (c) Water has high specific heat capacity When water in tube pass through the engine it can absorb large amount of heat energy Once water reach the radiator, the heat of the water absorbed by the fin blade of the radiator . The same time the fan in the radiator push the heat out of the car. (d) Thermometer is made from- transparent glass that is strong so that it is not easily broken The thermometric liquid- chosen is mercury uniformly / opaque because it easily expands The capillary tube is made- narrow and thin so that it is more sensitive the shape of the thermometer- is round effect so that it has a magnifying high boiling point and low freezing point so that it can measure very high and low temperature

Question No. 15 (a) Distance between focal pint and the optical centre of a lens (b) 1. The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object (infinity) 2. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the screen 3. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured 4. Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens (c)

Aspect Longer focal length High magnification Distance = fo + fe Bigger diameter J is chosen

Explanation To produce real, inverted and smaller image Produce bigger image Produce image at normal adjustment // image at infinity More light can enter objective lens // more brighter Longer focal length, higher magnification, Distance between two lenses = fo + fe and bigger diameter

(d)

(i)

1 =1 + 1 f u v 1 = 1 1 v 5 400 v = 5.063 cm h2 = v2 h1 v1

(ii)

h2 = 5.063 100 400 h2 = 1.27 cm (iii) Real , inverted and diminished.

Question No. 16 (a) (i) Distance between optical centre and focal point (ii) Lens in Diagram 11.1 is thinner Focal length in Diagram 11.1 is longer The thinner the lens the longer the focal length The thinner the lens the higher the power of lens

(b)

(i) (ii)

1 5 20 30 30 20
= 60 cm

600 10

60 1

(iii)

60 30
(c)

- Convex lens - Image is real and inverted - Convex lens - Image is virtual and magnified - Longer - must have a lower power - have the larger diameter - produce the brighter image S and Convex lens of objective lens, Convex lens of Eyepiece lens, longer fo and larger diameter Question No. 17 (a) angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90o (b) (i)

n=
(ii)

1 sin c
41.8o // refractive index for glass is smaller 24.6o // critical angle for diamond is smaller The smaller the critical angle, the easier total internal reflection can occur

(c)

(i)

n=

sin 42 o sin 30 o
1 apparent depth

n = 1.34 (ii)

1.34 =
(d)

0.75 m high refractive index total internal reflection easier to occur // smaller critical angle thick keep cool / cut off more light low cut off more heat // reduce transmission of heat small critical angle can be easily exceeded // total internal reflection easier to occur Q High refractive index, thick, low thermal conductivity and small angle

Question No. 18 (a) The distance from the primary focus to the optical center type of lens is convex, percentage of light is high , focal length is short and size is bigger (b) It should be convex The magnified image can be obtained Percentage of light of the lenses should be high The image would be brighter and clearer Its focal length should be short The power of lens will be high and can be focused at a short distance diameter of lens should be large it is gives a bigger display the most suitable brand is J type of lens is convex, percentage of light is high , focal length is short and size is bigger (c) (i) 1/f = 1/v + 1/u 1/5 = + 1/v v = - 3.33cm (ii) magnification = v/u 3.33/2 1.67 times (d) The lens is directed to a distant object such as tree The screen was adjusted behind the lens until a sharp image Formed the distance between the lens and the screen measured The power of the lens are determined using 1/f The shorter the focal length the more the power of lens.

Question No. 20 (a) (i) Refraction (ii) Object distance in Diagram 9.1 < 9.2 Image distance in Diagram 9.1 > 9.2 Size of image in Diagram 9.1 > 9.2 Power of lens is same The shorter the object distance ,the greater the size of image. (b) (i)

(ii) (c) (i)

Range greater than two focal length ( u 2f)

Question No. 19 (a) (i) Real image is an image which can be formed / projected on a screen. (ii) object distance in 9.1 is shorter than 9.2 Size of image formed in 9.1 is bigger than in 9.2 Image distance in 9.1 is smaller /shorter The shorter the object distance, the bigger the size of the image formed When the object distance is shorter, the magnification scale is bigger. (b)

Reason Image magnified and real Eyes are not strained// to get normal adjustment microscope 25 cm fo = 10 cm and fe= 20 cm First image is magnified Position of the first Final image is magnified many image < fe times (ii) use less power// longer focal length of eye piece lens Move the object nearer to the focal point (still in between (1F and 2F) Question No. 21 (a) (i) Distance from the optical centre to a focal point. (ii) Lens K is thicker than lens J Light ray is refracted more in lens K than lens J. Focal length of lens K is shorter than lens J. Therefore the thicker the lens, the greater the refraction of light and with that the shorter the focal length of a lens will be As a magnifying glass. Enlarge/magnified Inverted/upside down Virtual Choose lens S as objective lens Choose lens Q as eyepiece Lens S is placed in front of lens Q The two lenses are adjusted so that they are in normal adjustment where distance between the two lenses is equal to (fo + fe)

Modification f u 2f Distance = f0 + fe

(b)

(i) (ii)

(c) (c) Use higher power bulb The filament of the bulb is at the focus point of the concave mirror More curvature lens between f and 2f Increase the distance / further away the screen Higher intensity of light / more light produced. The light ray focuses to one point.

(i)

Increase the intensity. To produce real and enlarge / bigger images. Larger image produced

(ii) Modification 1. Use low power convex lens as the objective lens. Explanation - Magnification of telescope =

fo fe

2. Use high power convex lens as the eye lens 3.Use bigger diameter of objective lens

Low power lens has a longer focal length, fo , magnification High power lens has a shorter focal length, fe , magnification More light permitted to enter the telescope and a clearer image is seen

Question No. 22 (a) (i) Refraction (ii) Ratio of sin i / sin r // The ratio of speed of light in vacuum relative to that speed through a medium (b) Refractive index of the glass is higher. The density of glass is higher The angle of refraction of light ray in glass is shorter The higher the density of medium, the smaller the angle of refraction of light. The higher the density of medium, the higher the refractive index. (c)

(b)

(iii) wavelength produce by the two spherical dipper in diagram 10.1 is the same as in diagram 10.2 the distance between the two consecutive antinodes is greater in diagram 10.1 than 10.2 the distance between the two consecutive nodes is greater in diagram 10.1 than 10.2 increase in the distance between the two coherent source will decrease the distance between the two consecutive nodes or antinodes (i) sonar is a reflection from an ultrasonic waves. (ultrasonic echoes) ultrasonic wave has a higher frequency waves , it has more energy so it can move further it do not produce noise (iii) attach ultrasonic transmitter to a ship use a microphone receiver to detect ultrasonic pulses direct the ultrasonic pulses from the transmitter to the seabed use microphone receiver to pick up the reflected pulses from the seabed measure the time taken by the pulses to travel to the seabed and return calculate the depth of the water using the formula

d=
(d) (i)

v x t 2

Question No. 24 (a) (i) Refraction (ii) wave move from deeper to shallow area the wavelength decrease the speed decrease the direction of wave bends towards normal (b)

Characteristics Bay Concrete retaining wall High wall Smaller opening/ aperture / slit of retaining wall P Reasons More light passes through the lens Act as a strong magnifying glass (ii)

(ii) Modifications Objective lens with larger diameter. Eyepiece lens with higher power // Thicker eyepiece lens

Reason Wave is calmer Stronger/ / lasting Prevent high wave Diffraction obvious // low wave energy At bay, concrete retaining wall , high wall and smaller slit

(c)

(i) = 6

f = v

0.8 = 7.5 Hz V= f = 0.5 x 7.5 = 3.75 cm

WAVES Question No. 23 (a) (i) Interference of waves (ii) wavelength depend on depth of water increasing/decreasing of depth will cause the wave to refract refraction will increase/decrease the length of wavelength the nodal/antinodal line will be affected

Question No. 25 (a) (i) To ensure constant velocity of water wave / ripple. (ii) Interference (iii) Zero or minimum (iv) zero // minimum // smaller than the original amplitude (b) (i) The distance in Diagram 10.1 is higher (ii) The distance in Diagram 10.1 is smaller (iii) Same (iv) The higher the a, the smaller the x // a inversely Proportional (c) (i) Increase the number of loudspeakers // use more Loudspeakers

To produce louder sound // Sound transmitted covers a bigger (ii) Placed at all corners // different locations Cover a bigger area // the spectators around the area can hear clearly (iii) High amplification to produce louder sound // sound can travel further Large/big Less diffraction // spreading // sound travels straight Large/big Vibrates more air // produces louder sound Question No. 26 (a) When two crests or two troughs meet each other to form maximum amplitude (b) (i) Distance between two coherent sources in Diagram 10.2 is bigger than diagram 10.1 (ii) The wavelength are the same (iii) The distance between two adjacent antinodal lines in diagram 10.2 is smaller than diagram 10.1 (c) As the distance between two coherent sources increases, the distance between two adjacent antinodal lines decreases. (d) Refraction of light ray Light travels from less dense to a denser medium towards the normal / bending closer. In the observer eyes, the sun is still not setting as they can still see the image from refraction.

Suggestions Loudspeakers are positioned at quite a distance away.

The two main loudspeakers are not positioned opposite to each other Fix soft boards/ wooden/ materials which are sound absorbers Use thick carpet/ Wooden floor/ Rubber floor Assemble a high power speaker system Assemble the speaker at a high place

Reason So that the distance between consecutive constructive / destructive interference is smaller. To prevent multiple reflections

Reflection effects can be reduced

To prevent echo

To produce a high amplitude of sound wave

Wide coverage // the wave is not blocked

CHAPTER 7 Question No. 28 (a) Distance between focal pint and the optical centre of a lens (b) 1. The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object (infinity) 2. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the screen 3. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured 4. Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens (c)

(e) Question No. 27 (a) A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave (b) (i) The amplitude in Diagram 10.2 is higher

Aspect Longer focal length High magnification Distance = fo + fe Bigger diameter J is chosen

Explanation To produce real, inverted and smaller image Produce bigger image Produce image at normal adjustment // image at infinity More light can enter objective lens // more brighter Longer focal length, higher magnification, Distance between two lenses = fo + fe and bigger diameter

(c)

(ii) The peak value, a2 in Diagram 10.2 is higher (iii) The higher the amplitude of vibration of tuning forks, the higher the peak value (iv) The higher the peak value, the louder the sound (v) The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound - Use ultrasound - Ultrasound is transmitted to the sea bed - a receiver will then detect the reflected the reflected pulses - the time taken by the pulse to travel to the seabed and return to the receiver being recorded, t - the depth of the sea can be calculated using the formula,
d= vt 2

(d) (i) 1 =1 + 1 f u v 1 = 1 1 v 5 400 v = 5.063 cm (ii) h2 = v2 v1 h1 h2 = 5.063 100 400

(d)

h2 = 1.27 cm (iii) Real , inverted and diminished.

Question No. 29 (a) High melting point Can withstand high temperature / heat // does not melt easily Not easily oxidized Can last longer (b) (i) Maximum current flowing through the fuse is 0.5 A (ii) 1 Low melting point 2 Can melt easily 3 Low specific heat capacity 4 Can heat up easily 5 Small 6 High resistance // more heat released // easy to break 7 High 8 High resistance // more heat released 9 Z 10 Low melting point, low specific heat capacity, small diameter and high resistivity (c) (i) (ii) (iii)

CHAPTER 8 Question No. 31 (a) An electromagnet is a coil wrapped around a soft iron core which will be magnetized when a current flows through the coil and demagnetized when the current is switched off (b) Amount of iron filings attracted in Diagram 10.1 is smaller / less// amount of iron filings attracted in Diagram 10.2 is higher / more Current flow in Diagram 10.1 is smaller / less // current flow in Diagram 10.2 is higher / more Magnetic field strength in Diagram 10.1 is weaker // Magnetic field strength in Diagram 10.2 is stronger When the current is higher, the magnetic field strength is stronger, or vice versa When the magnetic field strength is stronger, the amount of iron filings attracted is more, or vice versa (c) When current flow through the solenoid, a magnetic field is produced The (soft) iron core will be magnetized The scrap metal attracted to the iron core When the current is switched off, the soft iron core will be demagnetised and the scrap metal falls down (d) Transformer step down To reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V The ratio of number of turns in primary coil to the number of turns in secondary coil is 240 : 12 // 20 : 1 To reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V Type of core is soft iron core // laminated iron core Soft iron core is easy to magnetized and demagnetized // Laminated iron core to reduce eddy current Diode is connected to the output To convert alternating current output to direct current Use copper wire Good electrical conductor // has low resistance // produce low heat Question No. 32 (a) Electrical energy light energy (b) (i) 1. When an a.c. voltage is supplied to the primary coil, the soft - iron core is magnetized 2. The magnet produced varies in magnitude and direction 3. This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass through the secondary coil 4. Induced e.m.f across the secondary coil is produced. (c) Aspect Explanation Soft iron core Easy to magnetized and demagnetised Laminated Less eddy current/ reduce energy lost Thick wire Reduce the resistance/more current Copper wire Low resistance/ reduce the lost of heat Q Soft iron core, Laminated , thick wire, Copper wire (d) (ii) (i) 12 V Np = 240 x 200 = 4000 12 (iii) Efficiency = Po x 100 Pi = 240 x 0.2 x 100 = 100% 48

500 240
= 2.08 A Not suitable 500 x (10x60) 300 000 J

Question No. 30 (a) A fuse is a very thin wire, which either melts or vaporizes when too much current flows through it (b) - A parallel circuit can run several devices using the full voltage of the supply. - If one device fails, the others will continue running normally - If the device shorts, the other devices will receive no voltage, preventing overload damage. - A failure of one component does not lead to the failure of the other components. - More components may be added in parallel without the need for more voltage. - Each electrical appliance in the circuit has it own switch. (c) (i) The electrical appliance use 240 V of voltage to generates 500 W of power. (ii) Current = Power/Voltage Current = 500/240 = 2.08 A (iii) Efficiency = Output Power x 100 % Input Power Output Power = 85 x 500 100 Output power = 425 W (d) Characteristics Explanation Thin fuse wire Less space needed/ to carry a limited electrical current/ less mass hence low heat capacity/ shorter time to heat up to melting point and blow. Ceramic cartridge Can withstand higher temperature because sparks created by high voltage, 240V can be huge/ Maximum rating must be higher than normal current. For fast blow/ Melting faster when excessive current flow/ Easy to cut the current flow. Because it has thin fuse wire, ceramic cartridge, fuse rating is 13 A and low melting point.

Fuse rating is 13 A Low melting point

R is chosen because

Question No. 33 (a) Magnet produce by current (b) (i) Current, I directly proportional to the number of paper clips attached, n The strength of electromagnet increases (ii) The magnitude of the current / number of batteries (dry cells) The use of soft iron core (c) High strength magnets Larger force acting on the coil High number of turns of coil Larger force acting on the coil / higher electromagnetic field strength Low density material Coil has smaller mass / lighter Using 4 diodes and a capacitor 4 diodes to produce full-wave rectification and capacitor as a smoother Y and high number of turns of coil, low density, high strength of magnets and 4 diodes and a capacitor. (d) (i) Aluminium (ii)

Question No. 35 (a) (i) Current produced when the magnetic flux is cut by conductor. (b) (i) No. of turns of the solenoid in Diagram 10.2 is greater. (ii) the deflection of the galvanometer pointer in Diagram 10.2 is bigger / larger. (iii) the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux in Diagram 10.2 is greater. (iv) Magnitude of induced current in Diagram10.2 is greater. (c) (i) No of turns increases, rate of cutting of magnetic flux increases. (ii) Rate of cutting increases, magnitude of induced current increases. (d) Faradays Law (e) (i) The greater the transmission voltage, the smaller the current in the power lines. Power loss during transmission due to resistance will be smaller. / P=I2R (ii) 1. laminated soft iron core 3. thick copper wire 5. the ratio of turns in primary coil to the number of turns in secondary coil is < 1 7. Wind the secondary coil on top of the primary coil 9. 2/4 diodes 2. to reduce the effect of eddy current 4. reduce heat loss due to resistance 6. to reduce output voltage to 18.5 V

240 30
=8

(iii)
240 30

= 1920 W

8. to reduce the leakage of magnetic flux 10. to produce full-wave rectification

Question No. 34 (a) (i) Step-down (ii) An alternating current flows through primary coil The soft -iron core is magnetized. The magnet produced varies in magnitude and direction. This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass through the secondary coil. An induced e.m.f across the secondary coil is produced. (b) I = 24/12 = 2A (with unit) Efficiency = Output power x 100 % Input power = 24 x 100 40 = 60W (c) Characteristics Thick Soft iron Reasons Reduce the resistance of the coil Reduce the hysteresis loss// can be magnetized and demagnetized easily// Little energy used to be magnetized and demagnetized . Make the iron core as insulation. Eddy current are not able to flow through the layers of insulation// reduce eddy current

Laminated

Low// Reduce leakage of magnetic flux near//shorter Choose P because copper wire thick, soft iron core, laminated core and distance is low.

Question No. 36

field lines Induced current flow in the coil. The current maximum when the coil cut the magnetic field at right angle // current decreased (become zero) when the coil move in parallel with magnetic field lines The direction of current flow determine by using Flemings right hand rule After 90o the direction of current in the external circuit reversed/ diagram (ii) Modification Change slip rings with commutator Explanation To reverse contact with brushes so that the current flow in same direction in external circuit To increase the magnetic field strength Increase the rate of change of magnetic field/increase the induced current

Use stronger magnet Use more number of turn for the coil/ Increase the speed of rotation

TOPIC 9 Question No. 38 (a) Semiconductors are a group of materials that can be conduct electricity better than insulators but not as good as metal conductors (b) n- type semiconductor p-type semiconductor For n-type, majority charge-carries are electrons / minority charge-carries are positive holes but for p-type, majority charge-carries are positive holes / majority charge-carries are electrons For n-type, the doping substance is pentavalance but for p-type, the doping substance is trivalance (c) Characteristics The resistivity at 00C is low Explanation A current can flow through it more easily// Increasing the conductivity of the substance Not melting at high temperature Valency of 3 is used to make ptype semiconductor and valency of 5 is used to make n-type semiconductor Can maintain the crystal-line structure of the substance// Give good effect in the doping process

Question No. 37 (a) (i) Electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is produced by an electric current // temporary magnet made by winding a coil round a soft iron core and magnetic field produce when current flow. (ii) Current flow in diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice versa. The amount of iron filing attracted by iron core in Diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice versa. The magnetic strength in diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice versa. Amount of iron filing attracted increase when current increase The magnetic field strength increase when current increase (b) When too high current flow, magnetic field strength become very strong / wire expand electromagnet pull the soft iron armature / pulled to the right by spring P. release the catch, contact separate and current does not flow When reset button is pressed, spring Q pulls the soft iron armature back to its original position (c) (i) When the coil rotates the coil cut across the magnetic

High melting point The valency of the doping substance are 3 and 5 Size of the atom of the doping substance is almost the same as the size of the substance

(d)

Substance Q is chosen Because Q has low resistivity at 00C, high melting point, valency of the doping substance is 3 and the size of the doping substance is almost the same as the size of the substance (i) Thermionic emission (ii) Velocity of the electron,

eV

1 2 mv 2

v =

2 x 1.6 x 10 19 x 4000 9.1 x 10 31

= 3.75 x 107 m s-1

(b)

(i)

Question No. 39 (a) Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities to semiconductors to increase their conductivity (b) Diagram 10.1, the p end of diode is connected to negative terminal of dry cell // Diagram 10.2 the p end of diode is connected to positive terminal of dry cell Bulb in Diagram 10.1 does not lights up No current flow in Diagram 10.1 // Current flow in Diagram 10.2 The bulb will lights up when the p end of diode is connected to the positive terminal of dry cell // vice versa Current only flow in the circuit when p end of diode is connected to positive terminal of dry cell or in forward bias (c) (i) (ii) Draw correct symbol and correct direction Draw smooth waveform Capasitors store charge when current flow Capasitor discharge when current does not flow LDR is replace by termistor / diagram resistance decrease when temperature increase Termistor is place at R1 and R1 replace LDR / diagram So that V across R1 increase when the room is hot Relay switch replace LED To switch on secondary circuit /to switch on the fan Fans are arranged parallel All fans received 240 V power supply / other fans still functioning even though one fan did not function Resistor connected to the base of transistor limit the current to the transistor

(ii) connect a capacitor in parallel to the output (iii)

(iv)

(c)

(d)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Question No. 40 (a) (i) Circuit consists transistor, resistor and cell (ii) 10.1 : Microammeter no reading // 0 A, milliammeter no reading // 0 A (iii) 10.2 : Microammeter has a reading // 1 x 10-6 A , milliammeter has a reading // 1 x 10-3 A (iv) Change in microammeter reading small, change in milliammeter reading is bigger Ib Increase, Ic increase // Ic depends on Ib A small change in Ib caused a big change in Ic (b) At night resistance LDR increases VBE increases Ib increases and switch on transistor Ic increases and lights up bulb (c) Modification Replace LDR with termistor Replace bulb with siren / bell Connect relay switch to output transistor Interchange the position of resistor R and termistor Use 240 V power supply Explaination To detect heat when temperature is high To produce sound To switch on the siren To increase base voltage / / voltage across R // base current Siren is function at high voltage

(d)

(i) current a.c (ii) 4V (iii) T = 4 x 0.1 =0.4s Frequency, f = 1/T = 1/0.4 = 2.5 Hz (iv)

Question No. 41 (a) Semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity better than an insulator but weaker than a conductor.

Question No. 42 (a) Unstable isotopes which decay and emit radioactive particles / ray (b) Radioisotope is injected into the pipe G-M tube as detector is used to find the leakage Reading on detector increases when near a leakage (c) 1. type of ray is 2. high penetration power gamma can penetrate through the pipes 3. short half life 4. Decay faster and detection can be done faster 5. in liquid state 6. Easy to flow/ dissolve

(d)

(i) (ii) (iii)

136

Question No. 44 (a) Radioisotopes are isotopes which have unstable nuclei. (b) Characteristics Has a long half-life Explanation Can be used for a long time hence save cost Can penetrate box and liquid and is less dangerous than gamma Easy to handle and contain. Does not change the state and taste of juice. It has long half life, emits beta, in solid form and has low ionising power.

(e)

(i) (ii)

3 alpha 2 beta Source L

Emits beta

Solid form Low ionising power 20 min-1 Radioisotope T

Question No. 43

(c)

(i) (ii)

Geiger Muller Tube Bottle E Rate meter reading is the highest Most radiation can reach the detector without being block by juice Correctly stated that as Correctly stated that as Working is shown X=3 Y=2
4 2

(d)

He e

0 1