Network Fundamental And Telecommunication

Network Layer*
*J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Industrial Engineering Faculty System Information Program 2012

Outline
Introduction Virtual Circuit and Datagram Network Router IP : Internet Protocol Routing Algorithm Routing In The Internet Broadcast and Multicast Routing

Introduction
Apa Fungsi Network Layer?
application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical

network data link physical

network data link physical network data link physical

network data link physical

application transport network data link physical

Introduction
Mobile network Global ISP

Home network Regional ISP

Institutional network

Introduction
Membawa paket dari host pengirim ke penerima Protokol network layer ada di setiap host dan router
application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical

Tiga fungsi utama: path determination: menentukan rute yang ditempuh paket dari sumber ke tujuan (Routing algorithms) switching: memindahkan paket dari input router ke output router call setup: beberapa arsitektur jaringan mensyaratkan router call setup sepanjang jalur sebelum data dialirkan

network data link physical

network data link physical network data link physical

network data link physical

application transport network data link physical

Two Key Network-Layer Functions

forwarding: memindahkan paket dari input router ke output router yang tepat routing: menentukan rute yang harus diambil paket dari sumber ke tujuan
Routing algorithms

analogi:
routing: proses

perencanaan perjalanan dari sumber ke tujuan

forwarding: proses untuk

mendapatkan pembelokan tunggal yang tepat

Interplay between routing and forwarding

routing algorithm

local forwarding table header value output link

0100 0101 0111 1001 3 2 2 1

value in arriving packets header

0111

1
3 2

Connection setup

network vs transport layer connection service?

Connection setup
network: between two hosts (may also involve intervening routers in case of VCs)
transport: between two processes

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Apa Perbedaan antara VC dan DN ?

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Virtual Circuit: Jaringan komputer yang hanya menyediakan connection service pada layer network
Datagram Network: Jaringan komputer yang hanya menyediakan connectionless service pada layer network Analogikan dengan Transport layer service, tapi.

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Ada beberapa persamaan antara service yang ada di transport layer dan di network layer apa? Tetapi ada perbedaan penting juga antara service yang ada di transport layer dan di network layer apa?

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Pada network layer: di implementasikan pada service host-to-host service yang disediakan oleh network layer ke transport layer atau dengan kata lain jaringan di end-system
Pada transport layer: di implementasikan pada service service-to-service yang disediakan oleh transport layer ke application layer atau dengan kata lain pada network core.

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Apakah connection-oriented service pada transport layer dengan connection service pada network layer sama?

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Pada transport layer: di implementasikan pada jaringan di end-system
Pada network layer: di implementasikan pada router pada network core.

Virtual Circuits
Jalur dari source-ke-destination seperti sirkit telepon

call setup dan pemutusan koneksi untuk setiap panggilan sebelum data dapat mengalir Setiap paket membawa VC identifier Setiap router pada jalur dari source ke destination mempertahankan state untuk setiap koneksi yang dilewatkan
Koneksi transport-layer hanya melibatkan dua end systems

Link dan router resources (bandwidth, buffers) dialokasikan untuk VC

to get circuit-like performance.

VC implementation
a VC consists of:
1. path from source to destination 2. VC numbers, one number for each link along path 3. entries in forwarding tables in routers along path

packet belonging to VC carries VC number (rather than dest address) VC number can be changed on each link.
New VC number comes from forwarding table

Forwarding table
VC number
12 22 32

Forwarding table in northwest router:

Incoming interface
1 2 3 1

interface number

Incoming VC #
12 63 7 97

Outgoing interface
2 1 2 3

Outgoing VC #
22 18 17 87

Routers maintain connection state information!

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Kenapa VC number hanya dimiliki oleh setiap paket terkirim di satu link saja?

Virtual Circuits Vs Datagram Network Mengurangi field paket header dari VC VC setup sangat disederhanakan dengan mengijinkan sejumlah VC yang berbeda pada setiap link di sepanjang jalur VC

Virtual circuits: signaling protocols

Digunakan untuk membentuk (setup), mempertahankan 1. Initiate call (maintain), dan memutuskan VC 2. incoming call Digunakan pada ATM, frame-relay, X.25 3. Accept call
4. Call connected 5. Data flow begins 6. Receive data

application ? transport ? network data link ? physical

application ? transport ? network data link physical

Virtual circuits: signaling protocols

application 5. Data flow begins transport network 4. Call connected 1. Initiate call data link physical

6. Receive data

application transport 3. Accept call network 2. incoming call data link physical

Datagram networks: the Internet model

Tidak ada call setup pada network layer Pada routers: tidak ada state tentang koneksi end-to-end
Tidak ada konsep koneksi pada level jaringan

Paket biasanya dirutekan menggunakan destination host ID

Paket-paket antara pasangan source-destination yang sama dapat menempuh jalur yang sama

application transport network data link physical

1. Send data

application transport network 2. Receive data data link physical

Router
Apa itu Router? Apa Fungsi Router?

Router Architecture Overview

Two key router functions:
run routing algorithms/protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) forwarding datagrams from incoming to outgoing link

Input Port Functions

Physical layer: bit-level reception Data link layer: e.g., Ethernet see chapter 5

Decentralized switching:
given datagram dest., lookup output port using forwarding table in input port memory goal: complete input port processing at line speed queuing: if datagrams arrive faster than forwarding rate into switch fabric

Three types of switching fabrics

Output Ports

Buffering required when datagrams arrive from fabric faster than the transmission rate Scheduling discipline chooses among queued datagrams for transmission

The Internet Network layer

Host, router network layer functions:
Transport layer: TCP, UDP
Routing protocols path selection RIP, OSPF, BGP IP protocol addressing conventions datagram format packet handling conventions

Network layer

forwarding table

ICMP protocol error reporting router signaling

Link layer physical layer

IP datagram format
IP protocol version number header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to 32 bits

type of ver head. len service

16-bit identifier upper time to layer live

total datagram length (bytes) for fragmentation/ reassembly

length fragment flgs offset header checksum

32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) E.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit.

how much overhead with TCP? 20 bytes of TCP 20 bytes of IP = 40 bytes + app layer overhead

data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment)

Apa Perbedaan Antara IP Fragmentasi dan Reassembly? Kenapa Harus dilakukan hal tersebut? Gambarkan!

IP Fragmentation & Reassembly

network links have MTU (max.transfer size) - largest possible link-level frame. different link types, different MTUs large IP datagram divided (fragmented) within net one datagram becomes several datagrams reassembled only at final destination IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments
fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams

reassembly

IP Fragmentation and Reassembly

Contoh 4000 byte datagram MTU = 1500 bytes
length ID =4000 =x fragflag =0 offset =0 One large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams

1480 bytes in data field offset = 1480/8