RP F201 - 2002 10

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE DNV-RP-F201
DESIGN OF TITANIUM RISERS

OCTOBER 2002
DET NORSKE VERITAS
FOREWORD
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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 3
CONTENTS
Sec. 1
A A A A A 100 200 300 400 500
General................................................................... 5
Introduction....................................................................... 5 Objectives ......................................................................... 5 Scope and application ....................................................... 5 Other codes ....................................................................... 5 Structure of this RP........................................................... 6 Offshore Service Specifications........................................ 6 Offshore Standards ........................................................... 6 Other standards ................................................................. 6 Verbal forms ..................................................................... 6 Definitions ........................................................................ 6 Abbreviations.................................................................... 7 Symbols ............................................................................ 7 Greek letters...................................................................... 7
A. General.................................................................................... 5
E E E E E
300 400 500 600 700
System hoop buckling (Collapse)................................... 14 Propagating buckling ...................................................... 14 Combined loading criteria .............................................. 14 Alternative WSD format................................................. 15 Displacement controlled conditions ............................... 15 General............................................................................ 15 Reference ........................................................................ 15 Reference ........................................................................ 15 Reference ........................................................................ 15
F. Fatigue Limit State ...............................................................15

F 100 G 100 H 100 I 100
B. Normative References ............................................................ 6

B 100 B 200 B 300 C 100 C 200 D 100 D 200 D 300
G. Accidental Limit State ..........................................................15 H. Serviceability Limit State .....................................................15 I. Special Considerations..........................................................15
C. Definitions .............................................................................. 6
D. Abbreviations and Symbols.................................................... 7
Sec. 6
A A A A B B B B B B B B B B 100 200 300 400 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Materials.............................................................. 16
Scope............................................................................... 16 Application ..................................................................... 16 Material selection............................................................ 16 Process of manufacture................................................... 16 General............................................................................ 16 Chemical composition .................................................... 16 Metallography................................................................. 16 Mechanical properties..................................................... 16 Fracture toughness properties ......................................... 17 Fatigue properties ........................................................... 17 Corrosion properties ....................................................... 18 Environmental conditions............................................... 19 Wear properties............................................................... 20 Weldability ..................................................................... 20 General............................................................................ 20 Linepipe NDT level ........................................................ 20 Manufacturing procedure specification and qualification .................................................................... 20 Production and qualification testing ............................... 21 Non-destructive testing................................................... 21
A. General..................................................................................16
Sec. 2
A 100 A 200
Design Philosophy ................................................. 8

Objective........................................................................... 8 References......................................................................... 8
A. General.................................................................................... 8
B. Material Properties................................................................16
Sec. 3
A 100 A 200
Loads...................................................................... 9
Objective........................................................................... 9 References......................................................................... 9
A. General.................................................................................... 9
Sec. 4
A 100 A 200
Analysis Methodology ........................................ 10

Objective......................................................................... 10 Reference ........................................................................ 10
A. General.................................................................................. 10
C. Manufacture..........................................................................20
C 100 C 200 C 300 C 400 C 500
Sec. 5
A 100 B 100 C 100 D D D D 100 200 300 400
Design Criteria .................................................... 11

Objective......................................................................... 11 General............................................................................ 11 Reference ........................................................................ 11 Resistance factors ........................................................... 11 Geometrical parameters .................................................. 11 Material strength ............................................................. 12 Titanium correction factors............................................. 13 General............................................................................ 13 Bursting........................................................................... 13
A. General.................................................................................. 11 B. Material Selection................................................................. 11 C. Load Effects.......................................................................... 11 D. Resistance ............................................................................. 11
Sec. 7
A 100 A 200
Documentation and Verification....................... 24

Objective......................................................................... 24 References....................................................................... 24
A. General..................................................................................24
Sec. 8
A 100 A 200
Operation, Maintenance and Reassessment .... 25

Objective......................................................................... 25 References....................................................................... 25
A. General..................................................................................25
E. Ultimate Limit State ............................................................. 13

E 100 E 200
Sec. 9
References ........................................................... 26
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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 4
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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.1 Page 5
SECTION 1 GENERAL
A. General
A 100 Introduction 101 This document provides recommended practice regarding criteria, requirements and guidance on structural design and analyses for riser systems made of titanium alloys and exposed to static and dynamic loading for use in the offshore petroleum and natural gas industries. 102 The basic design principles and functional requirements are based on the limit state methodology in compliance with state-of-the-art industry practice. A 200 Objectives 201 The main objectives of this recommended practice are to: provide an international standard of safety for titanium risers utilised for drilling, completion or workover, production or injection, or transportation of hydrocarbons (import or export) in the petroleum and gas industries serve as a guideline for riser design and analysis; and serve as a technical reference document in contractual matters. A 300 Scope and application 301 This RP provides specific aspects related to design criteria, local analyses and material description valid for risers made of titanium or a mix of titanium and steel. For the latter, the RP covers only the titanium part of the riser. 302 It shall be pinpointed that the majority of available information discusses results obtained for material group I, described in Sec.5 B, and the calibration of the design requirements given in Sec.5 will be based on the titanium grades given in this group. 303 General design philosophy, loads and global analysis aspects valid for all riser materials are covered by DNV-OSF201. 304 The RP is applicable to all new built riser systems and may also be applied to modification, operation and upgrading of existing risers. 305 The scope covers design, materials, fabrication, testing and operation of riser systems. Aspects related to documentation, verification and quality control are also addressed 306 The main purpose is to cover design and analysis of top tensioned and compliant titanium riser systems operated from floaters and fixed platforms. The standard applies for permanent operation (e.g. production and export/import of hydrocarbons and injection of fluids), as well as for temporary operation (e.g. drilling and completion/workover activities). 307 This RP is applicable to structural design of all pressure containing components that comprise the riser system, with special emphasis on: single pipes with a ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness less than 30 (D/t < 30) riser connectors and other riser components such as tension joints and stress joints. 308 There are, in principle, no limitations regarding floater type, water depth, riser application and configuration. However, for novel applications where experience is limited, special attention shall be given to identify possible new failure mechanisms, validity/adequacy of analysis methodology and new loads and load combinations.
Guidance note: For application of this project RP to new riser types/concepts (e.g. novel hybrid systems, complex riser bundles etc.) it shall be documented that the global load effects can be predicted with same precision as for conventional riser systems. This may typically involve validation of computational methodology by physical testing. As an alternative an appropriate conservatism in design should be documented.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
A 400 Other codes 401 The todays framework within DNV riser standards and RPs is illustrated in Figure 1-1, and reflects the standards and RPs that DNV is currently developing. 402 This RP (DNV-RP-F201) interface with the existing standards for dynamic risers and submarine pipeline systems denoted DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-F101, respectively, and shall not be used as a stand-alone document. 403 The close relationship between this RP and DNV-OSF201 and DNV-OS-F101 is illustrated in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-1 Todays framework for DNV riser standards and RPs
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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 6 Sec.1
Sec.6 specifies the requirements for titanium alloys, manufacture, fabrication and documentation of linepipe and components in the riser system in addition to DNV OS-F101. Sec.7 gives requirements for documentation and verification of riser systems. The requirements described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.8 apply also to this RP. Sec.8 provides requirements for operation and in-service inspection in addition to general guidance on structural integrity assessment of risers to demonstrate fitness for purpose in case deviations from design appear during operation. The requirements described in DNV OS-F201 apply also to this RP.
B. Normative References
B 100 Offshore Service Specifications 101 The latest version of the following documents applies: DNV-OSS-301Certification and Verification of Pipelines. B 200 Offshore Standards 201 The latest version of the following documents applies: DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers B 300 Other standards 301 The latest version of the following documents applies: ASTM B861 Figure 1-2 Content of DNV-RP-F201 and links to other DNV standards 404 The limit state design checks for this RP and DNV-OSF201 and DNV-OS-F101 are similar, but due to difference in the governing failure modes and prevailing uncertainties, some difference in safety factors exist. 405 In case of conflict between recommendations of this RP and a reference document, the recommendations of this RP shall prevail. 406 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV documents, the valid revision shall be taken as the revision that was current at the date of issue of this RP, unless otherwise noted. A 500 501 Structure of this RP The RP is organised as follows: Standard Specification for Titanium and titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe. ASTM B862 Standard Specification for Titanium and titanium Welded Pipe. NACE MR0175 Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oil Field Equipment. 302 Others applicable normative references is as given in the standards DNV-OS-F101 and DNV-OS-F201.
Guidance note: The latest revision of the DNV documents may be found in the publication list at the DNV website www.dnv.com.
C. Definitions
C 100 Verbal forms 101 Shall: Indicates requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to this RP and from which no deviation is permitted. 102 Should: Indicates that among several possibilities, one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required. Other possibilities may be applied subject to agreement. 103 May: Verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the RP. 104 "Agreement", "by agreement": Unless otherwise indicated, this means agreed in writing between Manufacturer/ Contractor and Purchaser. C 200 Definitions 201 The general definitions are identical to those in DNVOS-F201. 202 Alpha case (-case): Oxygen (or nitrogen) pickup during heat treatment results in a surface structure composed pre-
Sec.1 contains the objective and scope of the project RP. It further introduces essential concepts, definitions and abbreviations. Sec.2 contains requirements to the fundamental design philosophy and design principles. The design philosophy and design principles described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.2 apply also to this RP. Sec.3 defines the loads to be considered in the design of riser systems. The loads are classified into different load categories. The load definitions and classifications described in DNV OSF201 Sec.3 apply also to this RP. Sec.4 provides requirements for global analysis. The analysis methodology described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.4 apply also to this RP. Sec.5 provides the general framework for design of titanium riser systems including provision for checking of limit states for pipes in riser systems as described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.5 and with additional titanium specific requirements given in this RP. This includes a definition of material groups, resistance and load factors and safety factors for explicit limit states.
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dominantly of alpha case since both oxygen and nitrogen are alpha stabilisers. Alpha-case is detrimental because of the brittle nature of the oxygen-rich alpha-structure. 203 Erosion: Loss of material from a solid surface due to relative motion in contact with a fluid that contains solid particles. 204 Limit state: The state beyond which the riser or part of the riser no longer satisfies the requirements laid down to its performance or operation. Examples are structural failure (rupture, local buckling) or operational limitations (stroke or clearance). The following categories of limit states are of relevance for titanium riser systems: SLS ULS FLS ALS = = = = Serviceability Limit State Ultimate Limit State Fatigue Limit State Accidental Limit State.
SLS SML SMTS SMYS TRB ULS UO UO WSD
Serviceability Limit State Seamless Pipes Specified Minimum Tensile Strength Specified Minimum Yield Stress Three Roll Bending Ultimate Limit State Pipe Fabrication Process for Welded Pipes Pipe Fabrication Process for Welded Pipes, expanded Working Stress Design
D 200 Symbols 201 The following symbols are used: D Dfat Di Dmax Dmin E F0 fy fu Md Mk pb pc pe pe l pld pmin pp Rk t Ted Tk Nominal outside diameter Accumulated fatigue damage or Miner sum D - 2tnom = Nominal internal diameter Greatest measured inside or outside diameter Smallest measured inside or outside diameter Young modulus D max D min Ovality, ------------------------------D Yield strength to be used in design Tensile strength to be used in design Design bending moment Plastic bending moment resistance Burst resistance pressure Collapse pressure External pressure Elastic collapse pressure Local design pressure Local minimum internal pressure taken as the most unfavourable internal pressure plus static head of the internal fluid Plastic collapse pressure Vector of resistance Nominal wall thickness Design effective tension (force) Plastic axial force resistance
205 Linepipe: A single pipe section. 206 Lot: A Lot is defined as pipes or forging from the same heat, the same manufacturing batch, the same heat treatment batch and with the same diameter and wall thickness. 207 Load: The term load refers to physical influences which cause stress, strain, deformation, displacement, motion, etc. in the riser. 208 Manufacturer: The party who is contracted to be responsible for planning, execution and documentation of manufacturing. 209 Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS): A manual prepared by the Manufacturer to demonstrate how the specified properties may be achieved and verified through the proposed manufacturing route. 210 Pipe, Seamless (SML): Pipe manufactured in a hot forming process resulting in a tubular product without a welded seam. 211 Specified Minimum Yield Stress (SMYS): The minimum yield strength (stress) at room temperature prescribed by the specification or standard under which the material is purchased. The tensile stress at 0.2% strain offset of the specimen gauge length.
D 300 Greek letters 301 The following Greek letters are used:
D. Abbreviations and Symbols

D 100 Abbreviations 101 The following abbreviations are used: ALS CTOD ECA FCG FLS HAZ LRFD NDT Accidental Limit States Crack Tip Opening Displacement Engineering Critical Assessment Fatigue Crack Growth Fatigue Limit State Heat Affected Zone Load and Resistance Factor Design Non-destructive Testing
fab U A c E F m SC e i
Manufacturing process reduction factor Material quality factor Load factor for accidental loads Condition factor Load effect factor for environmental loads Load effect factor for functional loads Resistance factor to take into account uncertainties in material properties Resistance factor dependent on safety class (consequence of failure) Poissons ratio for pipe wall material Usage factor Density of external fluid (e.g. sea water) Density of internal fluid (contents)
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SECTION 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

A. General
A 100 Objective 101 The purpose of this section is to present the safety philosophy and corresponding limit state design format applied in this standard. A 200 References 201 The design philosophy and design principles described in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.2 applies also to this RP.
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SECTION 3 LOADS
A. General
A 100 Objective 101 This section defines the loads to be considered in the design of riser systems. The loads are classified into different load categories. A 200 References 201 The load definitions and classification described in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3 applies also to this RP.
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SECTION 4 ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

A. General
A 100 Objective 101 The purpose of this section is to provide requirements for global analysis. Focus is on assessment of global structural load effects in connection with design criteria specified in Sec.5. A 200 Reference
201 The analysis methodology described in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.4 applies also to this RP.
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SECTION 5 DESIGN CRITERIA

A. General
A 100 Objective 101 The section provides the general framework for design of titanium riser systems including provisions for checking of limit states for pipes in riser systems as described in DNV-OSF201 Sec.5 and with the additional requirements given in the sections below. 102 Unless otherwise stated, the resistance factors applicable to all limit states are specified in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2.
Table 5-1 Safety class resistance factor SC Low 1.04 Normal 1.14 High 1.26
Table 5-2 Material resistance factor m ULS & ALS 1.15 SLS & FLS 1.0
B. Material Selection
B 100 General 101 Titanium alloys for riser components shall be selected with due to consideration of the fluid to be transported, loads, temperature and possible failure modes during installation and operation. The titanium alloys are divided into the three following groups: Group I 102 For titanium alloys, as titanium ASTM Grade 23, Grade 23 + 0.05 Pd, or Grade 29, with tested and well documented properties, the calibration of the design requirements given in Sec.5 are based on the properties of these alloys. The Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format shall be applied Group II 103 For related titanium grades holding approximately the same mechanical properties as for Group I, such as titanium Grade 9,18,28 or Grade 32 (i.e.Timetal 5111) and for which the calibrated design equations may be used, the design formulas shall be verified. The LRFD format shall be applied. Group III 104 For novel titanium alloys holding significant different mechanical properties, such as for titanium grade 19,20 the applicability of the design criteria shall be proven through a design by testing approach. Individual specific test regimes shall, by agreement, be performed on a case to case basis.
Guidance note: - For SLS, the set of resistance factors can be defined by the owner, see DNV-OS-F201. - For ALS, the set of safety factors depends on the frequency of occurrence and is to be defined from case to case, see DNVOS-F201. In cases, where the inherent uncertainty related to the accidental load is negligible and, where a conservative estimate is applied, the material resistance factor in Table 5-2 can be reduced to 1.05. - The safety class resistance factors for pressure containment are not in compliance with ISO. For compliance, see DNVOS-F101.
D 200 Geometrical parameters 201 The nominal outside diameter D applies in resistance calculations for all failure modes. 202 For burst and collapse pressure design checks (i.e. E200 and E300) the resistance shall be calculated based on wall thickness as follows: Mill pressure test and system pressure test condition t 1 = t nom t fab Operational condition t 1 = t nom t fab t corr (5.2) (5.1)
C. Load Effects
C 100 Reference 101 The content of DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 B applies also to this RP.
tnom = Nominal (specified) pipe wall thickness tfab = Fabrication (manufacture) negative tolerance tcorr = Corrosion/wear/erosion allowance 203 Resistances for all other limit states related to extreme loading shall be calculated based on wall thickness as follows: Installation/retrieval and system pressure test t 2 = t nom Otherwise (5.3)
D. Resistance
D 100 Resistance factors 101 The following resistance factors apply, (see DNV-OSF201 Sec.2 C): Safety class factor SC linked to the actual safety class and accounts for the failure consequence. Material resistance factor m to account for material and resistance uncertainties. A condition factor c to account for special conditions specified explicitly at the different limit states where relevant, see e.g. Table 5-11 in DNV-OS-F201.
t 2 = t nom t corr
(5.4)
Guidance note: t1 is the minimum wall thickness and is relevant for design checks where failure is likely to occur in connection with a low capacity. t2 is used for design checks governed by the external loading and failure is likely to occur in connection with an extreme load effect at a location with average thickness.
204 Variation in pipe wall thickness over the design life of the riser system shall be considered in long-term fatigue damage calculations (i.e. in-place, operational condition). An average representative pipe wall thickness may be applied in
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nominal fatigue stress calculations. The following approximation may be applied for an environment with uniform wall thinning due to wear and/or erosion: t 3 = t nom 0.5 t corr (5.5)
For fatigue damage calculations prior to permanent operation (e.g. tow-out, installation etc) the pipe wall thickness shall be taken as: t 3 = t nom D 300 Material strength (5.6)
301 The material strength parameters and correction factors are referred to explicitly in the design equations and are given in this sub-section. 302 The characteristic yield stress fy and tensile strength fu are given in Table 5-3. 303 The material strength (SMYS, SMTS) is specified at room temperature. Possible influence on the material properties from the temperature shall be considered at temperatures above room temperature. This includes: yield stress, i.e. fy, temp tensile strength, i.e. fu, temp Young's modulus; thermal expansion coefficient.
Figure 5-1 De-rating values for yield strength Likewise, low temperature effects, e.g. during blown down in gas risers, should be considered when establishing mechanical and physical material properties. For material Group I, the change in elasticity modulus with temperature is given as E = 0.047 GPa / C
Table 5-3 Characteristic yield and tensile strength Yield stress Tensile strength f y = (SMYS f y, temp) U SMYS fy, temp SMTS fu, temp f u = (SMTS f u, temp) U
306 The material selection may include selection of supplementary requirement U according to DNV OS-F101. The supplementary requirement ensures increased confidence in material strength, which is reflected in a higher material strength factor U, given in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4 Material strength factor U Normal 0.96 Supplementary requirement U 1.00
is the Specified Minimum Yield Stress at room temperature based on the engineering stress-strain curve. is the temperature derating factor for the yield stress; see 303. is the Specified Minimum Tensile Strength at room temperature based on the engineering stress-strain curve. is the temperature derating factor for the tensile strength; see 303. is the material strength factor, see 306.
Supplementary requirement U has a testing regime which shall ensure that SMYS is at least two-standard-deviations below the mean yield strength and that SMTS is at least three-standard-deviations below the mean tensile strength.
Guidance note: The increased utilisation may be applied for connectors made of forging and bolts provided an equivalent testing scheme is adopted.
Guidance note: For reeling the effect of plastic straining after the pipe mill shall be evaluated and included in the material property.
304 De-rated material properties, i.e. SMYS, SMTS and Emodulus, at design temperatures shall be established as input to the design and verified under manufacture. 305 If the material shall be used at design temperature T>50C, the yield strength at Tmax shall be determined according to Sec.6 B405.
Guidance note: If no other information on de-rating temperature effects of the strength exists, the recommendations below may be used for a preliminary design for material Group I, see also Figure 5-1: For material Group I, the changes in SMYS and SMTS with temperature are given as: f f f f
y, temp y, temp u, temp u, temp
307 A fabrication factor fab applies to the design compressive circumferential yield stress for hoop buckling, local buckling and propagating buckling limit states. This fabrication factor shall be documented for pipes manufactured by the UOE, UO or three roll bending (TRB) or similar deforming processes. Beneficial effect on this reduction factor due to heat treatment is allowed if documented. 308 c is a parameter accounting for strain hardening and wall thinning given by: fu c = ( 1 ) + --(5.7) fy ( 0.4 + q h ) = ( 0.4 + q h ) ( 60 D t 2 ) 45 0 for D t 2 < 15 for 15 < D t 2 < 60 for ( D t 2 ) > 60
= = = =
1.44 MPa/C 0.97 MPa/C 1.24 MPa/C 0.83 MPa/C
20C < T < 140C 140C < T < 200C 20C < T < 140C 140C < T < 200C
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( pl d pe ) 2 - ----- ---------------------qh = p b ( t2 ) 3 0 pld pe pb
for p l d > p e else
= local design pressure defined in Sec.3 of DNV-OS-F201 = external pressure = burst resistance given in E200
c is not to be taken larger than 1.20. c is for illustration purpose given in Figure 5-2 in case of (fu/fy) = 1.18.
Guidance note: A high degree of compatibility with the DNV-OS-F101 has been attempted where relevant. In general the same limit states apply for pipeline systems and dynamic riser systems but the governing failure modes differ due to different functional requirements between pipelines and risers. Pressure and functional loads normally govern wall thickness sizing for pipelines while extreme environmental loads and fatigue govern typical dynamic riser design. The most important comments that apply to this standard in relation to DNV-OS-F101 are: - load combination a) in DNV-OS-F101, Sec.5 D300 is not required for dynamic risers. Further, p = 1.0 herein; - the additional safety class resistance factors for pressure containment for compliance with ISO is not required for dynamic risers. For compliance, see DNV-OS-F101. - the hoop buckling (collapse) criterion is formulated in terms of the wall thickness, t. The minimum (t1) thickness is applied for pure hoop buckling, whereas the nominal (t2) thickness is applied for combined loading; - the propagating buckling criteria is similar but may be relaxed if the buckle is allowed to travel a short distance; - anisotropy is not considered explicitly but the effect is implicit in the combined loading criteria for internal overpressure.
E 200 Bursting 201 The local incidental pressure, pli is the maximum expected internal pressure with a low annual exceedance probability, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3. Normally the incidental pressure, pinc is taken 10% higher than the design pressure, pd, i,e.: Figure 5-2 c versus D/t ratio and pressure ratio qh for (fu/fy) = 1.18 D 400 Titanium correction factors 401 Specific material correction factors for titanium are given in Table 5-5.
Table 5-5 Titanium material correction factors Burst: tb = 1.0 1) Hoop buckling (Collapse): tp = 1.1 Moment (bending): Notes:
1) The burst factor for titanium is assumed to be similar as for steel.
pli = pld + 0.1 pd
(5.8)
pld = Local internal design pressure, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3 B200. 202 Pipe members subjected to net internal overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following condition at all cross sections:
pb ( t 1 ) ( p l i p e ) --------------- m SC pli pe
(5.9)
D tm = 1.1 -----------150t 2
= Local incidental pressure, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3 = External pressure
The burst resistance pb is given by: fu 2 2t - - ----------- min f y ; ---------p b ( t ) = ----- 1.15 tb 3 Dt t
(5.10)
E. Ultimate Limit State

E 100 General 101 The riser pipe shall be designed against relevant modes of failure listed in Table 5-1 in DNV-OS-F201. 102 This section provides design checks with emphasis on load controlled conditions. Design principles for displacement controlled conditions are discussed in 700. 103 If the design is based on:
tb
= dummy variable to be substituted by t1 or t2 as appropriate = Given in Table 5-5
203 The burst criterion is valid if the mill pressure test requirement in DNV-OS-F101 has been met. If not, a corresponding decreased utilisation shall be applied.
Guidance note: The burst criterion is expressed in terms of the resistance for capped pipe ends. Note that the burst criterion is formulated in terms of the local incidental pressure rather than a local design pressure. Hence, the bursting limit state designs explicitly against the extreme pressure loading condition over the lifetime in compliance with standard ULS design checks. The allowable utilisation is however in compliance with recent industry practice for well-known riser types.
load controlled (LC) conditions design loads based on global riser analysis linear elastic and ductile materials, accumulated plastic deformation is considered unlikely and shake-down can automatically be assumed.
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The nominal thickness is given by: t nom = t1 + t corr + t fab when the negative fabrication thickness tolerance is absolute, tfab, and t nom = (t1 + t corr) / (1 %t fab) when the negative fabrication thickness tolerance is given as a percentile of the nominal thickness, % tfab. The minimum required wall thickness for a straight pipe without allowances and tolerances is given by:
304 The initial departure from circularity of pipe and pipe ends, i.e., the initial ovality is given by:
D max D min f0 = ------------------------------D
(5.15)
D t 1 = -----------------------------------------------------------fu min f y ; --------- 1.15 4 ------ ---------------------------------------+1 3 m SC ( p l i p e )

305 The initial ovality shall not be taken less than 0.005 (0.5%). Maximum ovality from fabrication is given in DNVOS-F201 Sec.5 G200. Ovalisation caused during the construction and installation phase is to be included in the ovality. The ovalisation due to external pressure or moment in the as-installed position shall not be included. E 400 Propagating buckling 401 No design requirement has been developed for titanium risers, see to DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 D400 for steel risers. E 500 Combined loading criteria 501 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective tension and net internal overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following equation /1/:
E 300
System hoop buckling (Collapse)
301 Pipe members subjected to external overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following condition:
pc ( t1 ) ( p e p min ) ----------------- SC m pmin = minimum internal pressure
(5.11) p l d p e 2 T ed Md - + ------- + c { SC m } ---------- 1 ---------------- pb ( t2 ) Tk Mk pl d pe 2 ----------------- 1 pb ( t2 ) Md = design bending moment, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 B100 Ted = design effective tension, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 B100 pld = local internal design pressure, see Sec.3 B200 pe = local external pressure c = condition factor to be taken according to Table 5-6 Mk is the (plastic) bending moment resistance given by: (5.12) M k = f y tm c ( D t 2 ) t 2
2
(5.16)
Guidance note: pmin is the local minimum internal pressure taken as the most unfavourable internal pressure plus static head of the internal fluid. For installation pmin equals zero. For installation with waterfilled pipe, pmin equals pe.
302 The resistance for external pressure (hoop buckling), pc(t), is given by:
( p c ( t ) p e l ( t ) ) ( p c ( t ) pp ( t ) ) = D p c ( t ) p e l ( t ) p p ( t ) f 0 --t
(5.17)
Guidance note: Solution of the equation above can be found DNV-OS-F101 Sec.12.
tm is given in Table 5-5. Tk is the plastic axial force resistance given by:
(5.18)
303 The elastic collapse pressure (instability) of a pipe is given by:
Tk = fy c ( D t2 ) t 2 pb(t2) is the burst resistance given by Eq. (5.10).
t 3 2 E -- D - tp p e l ( t ) = --------------------2 1 The plastic collapse pressure is given by:
(5.13)
Table 5-6 Condition factor c for bending, torsion and internal overpressure Low Normal High 0.90 0.95 1.00 Guidance note: The failure modes controlled by this limit state comprise yielding, gross plastic deformation and wrinkling due to combined loading. The design criterion may be viewed as a (plastic) Von Mises criterion in terms of cross sectional forces and plastic cross sectional resistance. It is equivalent to the plastic limit bending moment
t - f p p ( t ) = 2 -- D y fab tp
(5.14)
tp is given in Table 5-5.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
capacity (including the effect of strain hardening and wall thinning) for (Ted/Tk) <<1. It reduces to the traditional wall thickness Von Mises criterion, see e.g. API RP 2RD, for pressure and effective tension load effects only.
604 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective tension and net external overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following equation:
502 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective tension and net external overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following equation /2/:
2 p e p min 2 M T e 2 4 - + --------------------- ------- + ---- M T ( t ) p k k c 2
(5.21)
{ SC { SC
T ed 2 2 2 Md - 13 + m } ---------- + ------ Mk Tk 2 2 p e p min - 1 m } -------------------- pc ( t2 )
E 700 Displacement controlled conditions 701 See DNV-OS-F201. (5.19)
F. Fatigue Limit State

F 100 General 101 The riser system shall have adequate safety against fatigue within the service life of the system. 102 The design criteria for fatigue of steel riser pipes given in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 E, are assumed to be valid for design of titanium risers, with the exception of the actual fatigue curves given in Appendix B E. 103 The fatigue properties valid for titanium pipes are given in Sec.6 B600.
pc(t) = Hoop buckling capacity given by Eq. (5.12)

Guidance note: The failure modes controlled by this semi-empirical limit state is yielding and combined local buckling and hoop buckling due to combined bending, tension and external over-pressure. System effects should be considered for installation methods involving many pipe sections being exposed to a similar loading condition. If detailed information is not available a condition factor C = 1.05 multiplied with SC m apply.
E 600 Alternative WSD format 601 As a more easy-to-use alternative the following working stress design (WSD) format may be used for the combined loading check for pipes with D/t ratio less than 30. The present WSD is based on explicit limit states for combined loading and provides results on the conservative side compared to the corresponding LRFD limit states. 602 For the WSD format the design load effects equals the corresponding characteristic load effect, i.e. the load effect factors and resistance factors equals unity: F = = A = SC = m = 1.0. Instead, the basic usage factor shown in Table 5-7 apply.
Table 5-7 Usage factor h for combined loading Low Normal 0.83 0.79 High 0.75
G. Accidental Limit State

G 100 Reference 101 The content in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 F applies also to this RP.
H. Serviceability Limit State

H 100 Reference 101 The content in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 G applies also to this RP.
I. Special Considerations
I 100 Reference 101 The content in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 H applies also to this RP.
603 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective tension and net internal overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following equation, where all parameters are defined in 500.
Te 2 pl d pe 2 p l d p e 2 M 2 - 1 ----------------- + ----------------- + ----- ------ M ( t ) T ( t ) p p k b 2 k b 2
(5.20)
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SECTION 6 MATERIALS
A. General
A 100 Scope 101 This section specifies the requirements for materials, manufacture, fabrication and documentation of linepipe and components in the riser system, with regard to the characteristic properties the materials shall obtain after heat treatment, expansion, final shaping and assembly. The requirements are relevant both for pressure containing and for load carrying parts. A 200 Application
B. Material Properties
B 100 General 101 Requirements for titanium making in general shall be according to approved and documented practice. 102 Requirements to pipe manufacturing, type and extent of mechanical testing and NDT are given in C, and suggested test programs for both qualification testing and production testing are given in Table 6-5. All mechanical and corrosion testing shall be conducted in accordance with relevant parts of DNVOS-F101 Appendix B. B 200 Chemical composition 201 The chemical composition of the titanium alloy metal covered by this recommended practice shall conform to the requirements of the chemical composition utilised as ASTM grades or equivalent recognised, but more supplier specific, codes.
Guidance note: Extra Low Interstitial (ELI) grades shall be strongly recommended compared to non-ELI grades.
201 This standard applies to risers and riser components fabricated from linepipes and forging made of titanium meeting internationally recognised codes for titanium alloys, manufacturing, coatings, fabrication and NDT methods and procedures in general with the exceptions given in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.7 and in B and C of this section. 202 The requirements in this section are applicable for risers made of titanium only or a mix of titanium and steel. In case of mixed riser systems, the section only covers the titanium part of the system. A 300 Material selection
301 The selected titanium grade shall be proven suitable for the intended use during the entire service life. The materials for use in the riser system shall have the dimensions and mechanical properties, such as strength, ductility, toughness, corrosion- and wear-resistance, necessary to comply with the assumptions made in the design. 302 The titanium alloys are divided into three groups, Group I to Group III, as described in Sec.5 B100. A 400 Process of manufacture
202 Homogeneous composition of pipe shall be confirmed during MPQT through analyses of specimens from both pipe ends. Homogeneous composition of girth welds, particularly with regard to interstitial elements, shall be confirmed during WPQT through analyses from both the 12 oclock and 6 oclock positions. 203 Alloy composition determines the susceptibility for crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. See also 700. 204 In case of contact between two dissimilar titanium alloys, the crevice tend to obtain the crevice corrosion resistance of the more noble (resistant) alloy because of galvanically induced anodic protection. B 300 Metallography 301 The microstructure is closely linked to the material properties and shall be regarded as an essential parameter. 302 For each combination of material and method of manufacture, a set of typical and limiting acceptable microstructures shall be agreed between purchaser and manufacturer and documented as part of the MPS (see C300). 303 A homogenous microstructure in linepipe shall be confirmed during MPQT through examination of the entire pipe wall thickness on specimens from both pipe ends and in two different directions. 304 Homogeneous microstructure in girth welds shall be confirmed during WPQT through examination of the entire weld area on specimens from the 12 oclock and 6 oclock positions in addition to microhardness profile testing. 305 A metallographic examination shall be performed after final heat treatment. The examination shall be conducted at both 100 X and 400 X magnification. 306 The linepipe surfaces and weld surfaces shall be free from alpha ()-case. B 400 Mechanical properties 401 Mechanical properties for a number of titanium alloys applicable for riser components are given in Table 6-4. Project specific requirements to mechanical properties may be agreed upon.
401 The linepipe shall be manufactured according to one of the following processes: Seamless (SML) linepipe 402 Linepipe generally manufactured by a hot forming process, normally hot-extruded or hot rotary-pierced, without welding and followed by annealing. In order to obtain the required dimensions, warm sizing or swaging may follow the hot forming. Other manufacturing methods may be used based on agreement between purchaser and manufacture. Welded (SAWL) linepipe 403 Linepipe manufactured by forming from plate and with one longitudinal seam formed by the GTAW, GMAW or PAW welding process. Other welding methods may be utilised if sound weld connections can be documented. An intermittent or continuous single pass tack weld may be made by the gas metal arc welding method. Final annealing is required for stress relief. To obtain the required dimensions, the forming may be followed by warm sizing or swaging. Components 404 The components shall be forged. The requirements to design, manufacture, fabrication, testing and documentation of riser components are given in DNV OS-F101 Sec.7.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
402 All alloys in material group I and II shall confirm to the following requirements: Maximum actual yield stress in longitudinal direction shall be decided on a project basis. Actual yield stress to actual ultimate tensile strength, YS / UTSratio, shall not exceed 0.92. 403 For pipe OD 300 mm, all mechanical testing shall be conducted in the longitudinal direction. For pipe OD > 300 mm, tensile properties shall be tested in both transverse and longitudinal direction to the pipe axis. 404 For weldments, tensile testing of all-weld and crossweld specimens shall be conducted in addition to face- and root-bend testing. 405 If materials shall be used at a design temperature above 50C, the yield strength at the Tmax shall be determined by testing during the qualification of the manufacturing procedure specification (MPS) given in C300.
Guidance note: 1) The tensile properties at room temperature will be reduced at elevated temperatures. For titanium alloys, a decrease in strength of typically 20 to 40% of the room temperature value is expected at 200C. At 60C, a reduction of room temperature strength with up to 12% shall be expected. For material Group I, the change in elasticity modulus with temperature is given as E = - 0.047 GPa/C.
thereby also identify possible variations in texture and directionality. 507 Defect assessment of crack like defects should normally be performed in accordance with BS 7910 3B; Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD), i.e. a tearing analysis based on the material specific FAD. This requires the full stress strain curve for both base metal and weld metal in order to construct the appropriate FAD. 508 Time effects on the fracture toughness of the material, in terms of sustained load cracking, shall be considered. B 600 Fatigue properties 601 Adequate fatigue life of both base metal and weldments should be verified by fatigue analysis. The fatigue analysis may be based on either the Fatigue Life S-N curve approach or the Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) approach. 602 The FCG approach is mainly relevant for situations where fatigue crack growth is the dominating part of the fatigue life or when in-service crack inspection is considered (Damage Tolerance Design Approach). S-N curve approach 603 By the fatigue life S-N curve approach, the fatigue life is expressed in terms of the number of cycles to failure N. The SN curve gives the number of cycles to failure N at stress range S. The S-N curve is given as log10N = log10a mlog10S (6.1)
2)
406 For components to be subjected to static loads, long term mechanical properties, and possible degradation of these in terms of cold or warm creep, shall be considered. B 500 Fracture toughness properties 501 Pipe members, including components and girth welds, shall have adequate safety against unstable fracture both during the installation and during the service life of the riser. 502 For titanium alloys considered appropriate for riser applications and listed in Table 6-4, no marked drop in impact or fracture toughness should be expected at subzero temperatures. 503 The Fracture Toughness shall be characterised by J-R testing according to BS 7448 and ASTM E1820.
Guidance note: - The test conditions for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) are usually not fulfilled for wall thickness relevant for riser applications. The use of the LEFM measure for Fracture Toughness, KQ/KIc, is therefore usually not appropriate and JR-testing is the recommended test method. - The above standards recommend to use Single Edge Notched Bend (SENB) or Compact Tension (CT) specimens for the testing. These specimens give large Crack Tip Constraint and hence usually conservative measures of the fracture toughness. If it can be shown that the constraint in the riser component under consideration is lower than in the standard test specimen, it is permissible to test specimens with a constraint closer to the real structure, e.g. the Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimen.
S-N curves are sensitive to the presence and size of defects. It is therefore necessary to assure that the quality of the welds in the riser conforms with the weld quality of the tested samples. 604 The characteristic S-N curve for use in design is traditionally defined equal to the so-called mean-minus-twostandard-deviations curve as obtained from a log10S-log10N plot of experimental data. With a Gaussian assumption for the residuals in log10N with respect to the mean curve through the data, this corresponds to a curve with 97.7% survival probability. It is common to require this curve estimated with at least 95% confidence when its derivation is based on limited data. 605 Characteristic S-N curves for use in design need to be validated for the material and weld in question, e.g. by laboratory fatigue tests and NDT testing.
Guidance note: In case specific characteristic S-N curves are not available for the material in question, a set of default characteristic S-N curves is given in Table 6-1 /3/. These default characteristic S-N curves may be used for preliminary design. The default characteristic SN curves may be used for final design provided it is verified that the characteristic fatigue life of the material in question is equal to or better than that given by the relevant default S-N curve. Table 6-1 Default characteristic S-N curve for titanium of Material Group I /3/ Material log10 a 1) m Base metal 13.4 3.4 Weld 13.1 3.4
1) Values are conditioned on stress ranges S given in units of MPa.
504 Due to the, normally, relatively large scatter in stable crack growth obtained, it is recommended to use the multiple specimen procedure according to BS 7448 and a minimum of 8 specimens. 505 All relevant locations of possible defects i.e. base metal, weld metal and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) shall be tested. 506 The fracture toughness testing shall be carried out in all relevant directions of loading and crack orientation and will
The default S-N curves represent a synthesis of data for a range of titanium grades and a range of manufacturers and form a set of robust curves for their purpose. One common curve for base metal and one for weld, regardless of environment and titanium grade, reflect that the available data are statistically too limited to allow for separate curves for separate environments and separate grades. Because the default S-N curves are based on limited data, the requirement of 95% confidence implies that the default S-N curves come out a little more conservative than the central-estimate mean-minus-two-standard-deviations curves would indicate.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
The default S-N curves are based on data for stress ranges in excess of 250 MPa for base metal and for stress ranges in excess of 175 MPa for welds. The available data indicate a standard deviation in the residuals of log10N of about 0.2. The default characteristic S-N curves are valid for Material Group I. For Material Groups II and III, reference is made to Table 6-5. The numbers quoted in Table 6-1 are valid in air or seawater, and for temperatures up to 150C. The numbers quoted for base metal are valid for machined surfaces. The numbers quoted for welds arise from test data for fusion welds with ground surfaces, no surface-breaking pores greater than 0.2 mm, and no internal pores greater than 0.5 mm. No stress concentration factor is incorporated in the default characteristic S-N curves. When verifying that the fatigue life of a material in question is equal to or better than that given by a default characteristic S-N curve, at least three fatigue tests at each of two different stress ranges should be carried out. The fatigue test data by these tests should be interpreted with respect to a characteristic S-N curve defined as the curve with 97.7% survival probability with 95% confidence. The verification should demonstrate that this characteristic S-N curve gives a fatigue life equal to or higher than that given by the default characteristic S-N curve.
- Selection of S-N curves shall match the weld detail and quality - The specified default characteristic S-N curve is given as a one-slope S-N curve, valid for all S values, and thus ignoring a possible endurance limit. Titanium is traditionally known to exhibit an endurance limit under constant amplitude loading, i.e., a value of the stress range S below which the number of cycles N to failure will approach infinity. It will be conservative to apply the one-slope S-N curve for S values below the endurance limit. When the endurance limit can be determined with confidence, contributions to fatigue damage from S values below the endurance limit may be ignored for constant amplitude loading. For variable amplitude loading the endurance limit may be suppressed and it is recommended to use the one- slope curve for all S values, unless a two-slope S-N curve can be established, supported by data or test results.
Fatigue Crack Growth 608 DNV OS-F201 Sec.5 E300 gives general guidance for fatigue assessments by crack growth calculations. 609 Crack growth parameters (characteristic resistance) shall be determined as mean-plus-two-standard-deviations. The environment and testing frequency must be relevant for the application. For high cycle situations it is most important to determine the fatigue crack growth parameters in the nearthreshold region.
Guidance note: - The fatigue crack growth rate, for similar stress ranges, is normally higher in titanium than in steel. This must be appreciated when assessing situations where fatigue crack growth is the dominating part of the fatigue life or when in-service crack inspection is considered (Damage Tolerance Design Approach). - When determining crack growth parameters in the near threshold region it is important that the testing is carried out with care. E.g. erroneously optimistic crack growth parameters may be obtained due to retardation effects if the load range is decreased too rapidly during the testing. - Relevant and realistic initial flow sizes must be determined taking the capability of the NDT system and other aspects of the fabrication methods into consideration. - When calculating the fatigue life based on fatigue crack growth, the final crack size must be determined based on a given failure criteria, e.g. leakage or fracture.
606 The fatigue criterion, which is to be satisfied in design, may be written as D fat DFF 1.0 in which Dfat = the accumulated fatigue damage calculated from the stress range distribution and the characteristic S-N curve according to the Miners sum, see DNV-OSF201 Appendix B. DFF = the design fatigue factor, see DNV-OS-F201 Table 59.
Guidance note: The stress range distribution used for calculation of the accumulated damage Dfat needs to include a relevant stress concentration factor, when the characteristic S-N curve it is combined with in the calculation does not incorporate any stress concentration factor. Stress concentration factors are usually geometry-dependent. In cases where stress concentration factors are also stiffness-dependent, extra caution should be exercised as then known stress concentration factors applicable to for example steel details cannot necessarily be transported to apply to titanium details with the same geometry.
(6.2)
Full scale testing 610 Full scale testing is suggested as final verification of fatigue properties. This is particularly relevant for girth welds of materials in material group III and for qualification of new welding methods. B 700 Corrosion properties
607 Testing has shown that size and distribution of flaws in the weld and the surface condition of both base metal and weld may have an influence on the fatigue properties. It should be verified by testing that the actual base material and welds behave in a similar manner as existing fatigue data used for design before the final design is carried out.
Guidance note: - When test results in terms of existing fatigue data are used as basis for fatigue analyses, the tests shall have been conducted on materials with fatigue properties equal to those of the chosen material and in a representative internal/external environment (including corrosion protection if relevant).
Stress corrosion and crevice corrosion 701 For line pipes to be used for fluids containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and defined as sour service according to NACE Standard MR0175 (Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oil Field Equipment), all requirements to materials selection, properties, and manufacturing and fabrication procedures given in the standard shall apply. An overview of titanium alloys approved for sour service according to MR0175-2001 is given in Table 6-2. In case of approval of new grades for sour service, the last updated version of MR0175 will be the decisive document.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Table 6-2 Titanium alloys approved for sour service according to NACE MR0175-2001 and corresponding DNV material group ASTM DNV material UNS Hardness Grade Group Grade (maximum) R56260 45 HRC R56403 36 HRC Grade 2 R50400 100 HRB Grade 12 R53400 92HRB Grade 19 III R58640 42 HRC Grade 29 I R56404 35 HRC Grade 28 II R56323 32 HRC
802 Titanium is inert to most oilfield chemicals, the exceptions are hydrofluoric acid and methanol. Hydrofluoric Acid 803 Hydrofluoric acid, which may be used for acidising wells, attacks titanium very quickly. This shall be prevented, either by preventing hydrofluoric acids from flowing into titanium lines or by use of suitable inhibitors. Methanol 804 Procedures for use of methanol in conjunction with titanium risers must be established, specifying the minimum water content in the methanol.
Guidance note: Methanol, used for dissolving and suppressing hydrates in well flows, causes stress corrosion cracking of titanium in presence of chlorides. However, water content above approximately 2-4% nullifies the deleterious effect of methanol. A guideline for minimum water content required to prevent methanolic SCC of different titanium alloys, is given in Table 63. Table 6-3 Guideline, giving minimum water content required to prevent methanolic SCC Minimum water content DNV required (wt%) Titanium alloy material Intermittent Sustained group exposure exposure ASTM Grade 9 II 2.0 2.0 ASTM Grade 19 III 5.0 10.0 ASTM Grade 23 I 3.0 3.0 ASTM Grade 28 II 2.5 3.0 ASTM Grade 29 I 5.0 10.0
702 Use of line pipe materials not listed for sour service in NACE MR0175 shall be qualified according to the guidelines given in the said document. 703 Alloy resistance to chloride crevice corrosion shall be demonstrated when riser service temperature exceed ~75C and the alloy is exposed to hot produced brine fluid or/and seawater. 704 To prevent crevice corrosion and mitigate the susceptibility to chloride stress corrosion cracking, Pd/Ru enhanced alloys shall be selected when maximum temperature exceed ~75C and alloys are exposed to seawater or hot produced brine fluid. 705 Crevice or pitting corrosion testing shall be performed in external environment. SCC testing shall be performed in internal environment. 706 For specimen containing welds, possible corrosion on base material will be tested simultaneously.
Guidance note: - Dependent on the environment and the temperature, no testing might be considered necessary if Pd/Ru-enhanced alloys are requested. - Pd/Ru-enhanced titanium alloys as ASTM Grade 28 and Grade 29 are already fully qualified for high temperature brine/seawater service up to at least 260C.
Galvanic Corrosion 707 The titanium alloys listed in Table 6-4 are generally immune to galvanic corrosion in contact with other structural materials and are compatible with nickel alloys and stainless steels. 708 When in contact with less noble metals such as aluminium, carbon steel and magnesium alloys, accelerated galvanic attacks can occur. B 800 Environmental conditions Liquid Metal Embrittlement 801 Risk for Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) due to liquid mercury from the well stream shall be considered. For temperatures <150C, liquid mercury does not appear to affect titanium unless wetting of freshly exposed surface occur, e.g. under wear conditions. For temperatures >150C, low resistance to liquid metal embrittlement from liquid mercury might be expected.
Guidance note: - Since mercury is not able to wet titanium surfaces covered with oxide films, due to low surface tension/high contact angle, larger patches of oxide damage need to be present for this to be a problem. - Titanium and its alloys are resistant to solutions of mercury salts over the pH range 3-11.
Hydrogen embrittlement: 805 Hydrogen absorption and long-term damages of titanium alloy components should be prevented by design strategies that lead to prevention of atomic hydrogen on the titanium surface as; applying polymeric coatings to seawater-exposed metal surfaces shift the impressed cathodic potential to levels positive to 0.850 mV electrically isolate the titanium alloy component from cathodic protected steel structures via insulating flanges and couplings. 806 Hydrogen absorption may occur when titanium is cathodically charged for extended periods at potentials more negative than 850 mV (Ag/AgCl) in seawater imposed by C.P. systems that protect mating steel structures.
Guidance note: - Hydrogen damage of titanium alloys is manifested as loss of ductility (embrittlement) and /or a reduction in the stress-intensity threshold for crack propagation. - The damage is caused by hydrides, which forms as hydrogen diffuses into the material during exposure with either gaseous or cathodic hydrogen. - The temperature limit where now significant hydrogen absorption is expected for the titanium when exposed to seawater is dependent on the chosen titanium alloy and the amount of hydrogen present.
807 In cases where hydrogen absorption can not be prevented, testing shall be carried out in order to characterise the frac-
DET NORSKE VERITAS
ture and fatigue crack growth properties under representative conditions of hydrogen charging. B 900 Wear properties 901 Titanium in contact with itself or other metals exhibits a tendency to gall resulting in excessive wear on titanium and/or result in accelerated corrosion through fretting action. Simple lubrication is often sufficient to overcome this problem, however, the effect of lubrication need to be documented. 902 Wear/erosion/galling resistance shall be considered, particularly for drilling risers or other wear exposed components. Adequate wear resistance shall be verified and documented by analyses and/or testing.
Guidance note: 1) Titanium alloys resist solids-free seawater erosion to velocities as high as 30m/sec, and silt-laden seawater flow to at least 5-6m/sec. Testing simulating wear between a titanium riser and a steel drill string has shown a relatively high degree of wear of the titanium surface if not protected by a suitable liner.
and supplementary requirement D in DNV OS-F101. C 300 Manufacturing procedure specification and qualification 301 In order to distinguish between several suppliers, a prequalification program may be established. The content of the program shall be established on a project specific basis, and should contain testing of critical properties. Results from the prequalification may be used as part MPQT. 302 Before production commences, the manufacturer shall prepare a Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS). The MPS shall demonstrate how the specified properties may be achieved and verified through the proposed manufacturing route. The MPS shall address all factors that influence the quality and reliability of production. All main manufacturing steps from control of received raw material to shipment of finished pipe, including all examination and check points, shall be covered in detail. References to the procedures established for the execution of all steps shall be included. 303 The MPS shall as a minimum contain the following information: plan(s) and process flow description or diagram project specific quality plan manufacturing process (see A400) manufacturer and manufacturing location of raw material raw material scrap content including allowable variation titanium making process, casting process, alloying practice rolling or working condition and heat treatment, including target values and proposed allowable variation in process parameters target values for chemical composition, including a critical combination of intended elements and proposed allowable variation from target values pipe forming process alignment and joint design for welding and production WPS (see DNV OS-F101 Appendix C); final heat treatment condition method for cold expansion or sizing or finishing, target and maximum sizing ratio NDT procedures pressure test procedures list of specified mechanical and corrosion testing dimensional control procedures pipe number allocation pipe tracking procedure marking, coating and protection procedures handling, loading and shipping procedures reference to applicable supplementary requirements (see DNV-OS-F101 Sec.6 B200).
2)
B 1000 Weldability 1001 Welding and repair welding procedures, welding personal, handling of welding consumables, and the execution of welding shall be based on the requirements given in DNV-OSF101 Appendix C. For welding consumables, titanium specific recommendations as those given for steel in Appendix C, C100 to C300, shall be agreed upon. 1002 The weld metal shall, as a minimum, have strength, ductility and toughness meeting the minimum requirements of the base material. 1003 Weldability of linepipe shall be verified during MPQT. Requirements for weldability testing and WPQT of longitudinal welded titanium pipes and girth welds are given in Table 65 and Table 6-6. 1004 Weldments with high fatigue loads shall be identified, and extended NDT of these shall be considered. Extended NDT can take place in the form of spot checks performed by other qualified operator. Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) 1005 A PWHT procedure shall be determined and verified as part of the procedure qualification program. 1006 The effect of residual stress reduction after PWHT, as input to Engineering Criticality Analyses, shall be evaluated. 1007 If the PWHT is performed in air and T > 480C, a metallographic examination, carried out subsequent to the PWHT, may replace a mechanical or chemical removal of the surface layer if no alpha-case is observed at the surface. 1008 If the PWHT is performed properly in a vacuum furnace or in an inert atmosphere for T > 480C, formation of alpha-case at the pipe surface is not expected.
C. Manufacture
C 100 General 101 The following requirements are applicable to the manufacture of risers and stress joints made of titanium alloys. 102 Linepipe manufacture shall fulfil the requirements of DNV-OS-F101 Sec. 6 E when appropriate. C 200 Linepipe NDT level 201 All linepipe shall fulfil the requirements to NDT Level I
304 The MPS shall be subjected to agreement and shall be confidential between the manufacturer and purchaser. 305 The MPS shall be qualified for each linepipe size. Each Manufacturing Procedure Qualification Test (MPQT) shall include full qualification of two linepipes from two different lots. 306 The minimum type and extent of chemical, mechanical, and non-destructive testing are given Table 6-5 and the acceptance criteria for qualification of the MPS are given in this section. 307 Testing shall be performed as described in DNV-OSF101 Appendix B and Appendix D. 308 Qualification of welding procedures shall be performed in accordance with DNV-OS-F101 Appendix C. 309 Additional testing may be required (e.g. weldability testing, analysis for trace elements for titanium made from scrap, etc.) as part of the qualification of the MPS.
DET NORSKE VERITAS
310 The validity of the qualification of the MPS shall be limited to the titanium-making, rolling, and manufacturing /fabrication facilities where the qualification was performed. 311 If one or more tests in the qualification of the MPS fail to meet the requirements, the MPS shall be reviewed and modified as necessary, and a complete re-qualification performed. C 400 Production and qualification testing 401 The tests required for qualification of the MPS are denoted Q and the tests required for production testing are denoted P. Qualification testing 402 The qualification testing of the titanium grades in material group I and II shall include the testing shown in Table 6-5. 403 Testing of new upcoming titanium grades in group III shall be subjected to agreement, however, the testing should, as a minimum, incorporate the testing stated in Table 6-5. 404 Subject to agreement, relevant experience in connection with materials in Group I, can be utilised to demonstrate fulfilment of the specification with reasonable margins. The experience shall be fully documented and relevant with regard to manufacturing process, pipe dimensions and alloy. Additional testing shall be performed in order to verify the experience data. The amount of testing is dependent on the documented experience and shall be subject to agreement. Production testing 405 Production testing shall be performed on one randomly selected pipe or forgings from each lot.
406 The production testing shall include chemical analysis, tensile testing, bend testing and macro or micro examination as described in Table 6-5. 407 Intervals for production testing of girth welds shall be agreed upon. Test regime for production testing shall be in accordance with Table 6-6. C 500 Non-destructive testing
501 Linepipe shall be subjected to non-destructive testing (NDT). Requirements for personnel, methods, equipment, procedures and acceptance criteria for NDT are given in DNV OSF101 Appendix D. 502 The procedures shall allow for inspectability characteristics of the titanium alloys concerned. 503 NDT for qualification of MPS and during production shall be carried out according to Table 6-13 in DNV-OS- F101 Sec.6 E900 to E1000 for NDT level 1. 504 All fatigue critical weldments shall be subjected to 100% high definition radiography in addition to ultrasonic inspection. 505 The weldments with higher dynamic loadings shall be identified, and extended NDT of these welds shall be considered. Extended NDT can take place in the form of spot checks performed by other qualified operator. 506 Workmanship shall meet the requirements in DNV OSF101 Sec.6 E1000 in addition to the actual product standard or code.
Table 6-4 Titanium alloys for riser applications, general mechanical properties according to ASTM 1) ASTM and UNS Common alloy Nominal composition Alloy type Mechanical properties grade name (wt %) Minimum MiniElastic Elongation 0.2% YS mum UTS modulus minimum (MPa) (MPa) (GPa) (%) ASTM Grade 9 2) Ti-3-2.5 Ti-3Al-2.5V Near-alpha UNS R56320 ASTM Grade 18 2) Ti-3-2.5-Pd Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.05Pd Near-alpha 483 620 107 15 UNS R56322 Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru Near-alpha ASTM Grade 28 2) Ti-3-2.5-Ru UNS R56323 ASTM Grade 32 2) Timetal 5111 Ti-5Al-1ZrNear-alpha 586 689 107 10 1Sn-1V-0.8Mo 2) ASTM Grade 23 Ti-6-4 Ti-6Al-4V Alpha-beta 759 828 114 10 UNS R56407 (ELI) (0.13 max O2) 2) ASTM Ti-6-4 Pd Ti-6Al-4V-0.05Pd Alpha-beta 759 828 114 10 Grade 23+0.05Pd (ELI) (0.13 max O2) ASTM Grade 29 2) Ti-6-4 Ru Ti-6Al-4VAlpha-beta 759 828 114 10 UNS R56404 (ELI) 0.1Ru(0.13 max O2) ASTM Grade 19 2) Ti Beta-C Ti-3Al-8V Beta 759 3) 793 3) 93-96 3) 15 3) UNS R58640 -6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (1103) 4) (1138) 4) 102 4) 5 4) 2) 3) 3) 3) ASTM Grade 20 Ti Beta-C/Pd Ti-3Al-8V-6CrBeta 759 793 93-96 15 3) UNS R58645 4Zr-4Mo-0.05Pd (1103) 4) (1138) 4) 102 4) 5 4) Notes
1) 2) Material Group I : ASTM Grade 23, ASTM Grade 23+0.05Pd, ASTM Grade 29 Material Group II: ASTM Grade 9, ASTM Grade 18, ASTM Grade 28, ASTM Grade 32 Material Group III: ASTM Grade 19, ASTM Grade 20 3) 4) Properties for material in solution treated (ST) condition Properties for material in solution treated and aged (STA) condition
Density typical (g/cm3)
4.48
4.43 4.43 4.43 4.43 4.82 4.82
Requirements for the most commonly used titanium grades for riser applications, according to ASTM B861;Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe and ASTM B862;Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Welded Pipe. In connection with forgings, the mechanical properties given in ASTM B381 Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Forgings shall be used. Project specific requirement to mechanical properties may be agreed upon, ref. Sec.6 B401.
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Table 6-5 Seamless and longitudinal welded linepipe - Qualification and production testing of linepipes Qualification (Q) Samples Testing Test conditions production (P) Chemical analysis 1 sample representing the BM Q&P 1 sample representing the WM Tensile test OD > 300 mm: 1 sample in longitudinal direction, BM and WM Q&P 1 sample in transverse direction, BM and WM Test temperature: RT 2) OD <= 300 mm: 1 sample in longitudinal direction, BM and WM Metallographic Q: 2 samples, in two directions, from both pipe examination ends 1) in both WM and BM Q&P P: 1 sample in both WM and BM Magnification: 100X and 400X For WM, a macro examination shall be performed. Hardness measurement Hardness profile through the entire weld on one Q sample Fracture toughness test For BM: One set equals 8 specimens. 1 set in longitudinal direction For pipe materials: (J-R testing, multiple 1 set in transversal direction Testing shall be performed at min. and max. specimen method) Q For WM: design temperature. 1 set transversal to weld direction For welds: For HAZ: Testing shall be performed at either min. or 1 set transversal to weld direction max. design temperature. S-N fatigue testing 4) Each set of 3 specimens to be tested at two 2 sets representing BM 3) 3) 2 sets representing WM different stress levels. Q Surface: real surface finish Environment: air FCG-test 5) 3 specimens representing BM Near threshold regime testing Q 3 specimens representing WM Environment to be agreed upon. Bend test Q: Wt < 20 mm: 2 root bend and 2 face bend Q: Wt > 20 mm: 4 side bend Q&P Only for WM P: Wt < 20 mm: 1 root bend P: Wt > 20 mm: 1 side bend Corrosion testing Pitting corrosion Depends on environment and temperature Q Crevice corrosion Test temperature = Design temperature SSC +10C Wear testing Depends on environment. Q To be agreed on a case to case basis Notes: 1) 2) 3) 4) Representing the entire wall thickness Qualification (Q) test: If the material shall be used at a design temperature T > 50C, the yield strength at Tmax shall be determined. Is to be performed at different stress ranges in order to verify the validity of the design curve. The quoted number of tests is valid when verifying an established design curve. For establishing a new design curve for a novel situation, e.g. use of an alloy of Material Group III or a welding method where test data do not exist, relevant and statistically significant testing shall be agreed upon and performed. Only testing when relevant according to Sec.6 B602
5)
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Table 6-6 Girth welds Qualification of welding procedure Testing Qualification (Q) Samples production (P) Chemical 2 sample representing the WM Q&P composition Tensile test OD > 300 mm: 2 sample in longitudinal direction Q&P 2 sample in transverse direction OD <= 300 mm: 2 sample in longitudinal direction Macro examination 1 sample from weld start/stop area Q&P 1 sample from weld 6 oclock condition Metallographic 1 sample from weld start/stop area Q examination 1 sample from weld 6 oclock position Fracture toughness 1 set transversal to weld direction test Q (J-R testing, multiple specimen method) S-N fatigue testing 3) 2 sets representing WM 2) Q FCG-test Bend test Q&P Corrosion testing Q Notes: 1) 2) 3) Q 3 specimens WM 2)
Test conditions
Test temperature: RT 1)
The sample shall cover the entire wall thickness WM and HAZ Magnification: 100X and 400X One set equals 8 specimens. Testing shall be performed at either min. or maximum design temperature. Each set of 3 specimens to be tested at two different stress levels. Surface: as manufactured Environment: air Near threshold regime testing Environment: to be agreed upon.
Q: Wt < 20 mm: 2 root bend and 2 face bend Q: Wt > 20 mm: 4 side bend P: Wt < 20 mm: 1 root bend P: Wt > 20 mm: 1 side bend Pitting corrosion Depends on environment and temperature Crevice corrosion SSC
Qualification (Q) test: If the material shall be used at a design temperature T > 50C, the yield strength at Tmax shall be determined. Is to be performed at different stress ranges in order to verify the validity of the design curve The quoted number of tests is valid when verifying an established design curve. For establishing a new design curve for a novel situation, e.g. use of an alloy of Material Group III or welding method where test data do not exist, relevant and statistically significant testing shall be agreed upon and performed.
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SECTION 7 DOCUMENTATION AND VERIFICATION

A. General
A 100 Objective 101 This section gives requirements for documentation and verification of riser systems during design, fabrication, installation and operational phases. A 200 References 201 The requirements to documentation and verification described in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.8 apply also to this RP.
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SECTION 8 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REASSESSMENT

A. General
A 100 Objective 101 The objective of this section is to provide requirements for operation and in-service inspections. This section also provides general guidance on structural integrity assessment of risers to demonstrate fitness for purpose in case deviations from design appear during operation. A 200 References
201 The requirements for operation, maintenance and reassessment described in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.9 apply also to this RP.
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SECTION 9 REFERENCES
/1/ O.Aamlid, K.J.Mrk, K.Aaronsen Combined Loading Criteria for titanium Risers OMAE2002, Oslo, Norway /2/ K.Mrk, M.Z.Chen, S.Spolton, C.Baxter Collapse and buckling Design Aspects of titanium Alloy Pipes, OMAE2001, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. /3/ K.O.Ronold, S.Wstberg Characteristic S-N curves for Fatigue Design of Titanium Risers OMAE2002, Oslo, Norway
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RP F201 - 2002 10

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RP F201 - 2002 10

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RECOMMENDED PRACTICE DNV-RP-F201

DESIGN OF TITANIUM RISERS

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 3

300 400 500 600 700

F. Fatigue Limit State ...............................................................15

B. Normative References ............................................................ 6

D. Abbreviations and Symbols.................................................... 7

Design Philosophy ................................................. 8

Analysis Methodology ........................................ 10

Design Criteria .................................................... 11

Documentation and Verification....................... 24

Operation, Maintenance and Reassessment .... 25

E. Ultimate Limit State ............................................................. 13

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 4

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.1 Page 5

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 6 Sec.1

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.1 Page 7

SLS SML SMTS SMYS TRB ULS UO UO WSD

D. Abbreviations and Symbols

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 8 Sec.2

SECTION 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.3 Page 9

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 10 Sec.4

SECTION 4 ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.5 Page 11

SECTION 5 DESIGN CRITERIA

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 12 Sec.5

1.44 MPa/C 0.97 MPa/C 1.24 MPa/C 0.83 MPa/C

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.5 Page 13

( pl d pe ) 2 - ----- ---------------------qh = p b ( t2 ) 3 0 pld pe pb

for p l d > p e else

pli = pld + 0.1 pd

= Local incidental pressure, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3 = External pressure

E. Ultimate Limit State

= dummy variable to be substituted by t1 or t2 as appropriate = Given in Table 5-5

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Page 14 Sec.5

D max D min f0 = ------------------------------D

D t 1 = -----------------------------------------------------------fu min f y ; --------- 1.15 4 ------ ---------------------------------------+1 3 m SC ( p l i p e )

System hoop buckling (Collapse)

pc ( t1 ) ( p e p min ) ----------------- SC m pmin = minimum internal pressure

303 The elastic collapse pressure (instability) of a pipe is given by:

Tk = fy c ( D t2 ) t 2 pb(t2) is the burst resistance given by Eq. (5.10).

t 3 2 E -- D - tp p e l ( t ) = --------------------2 1 The plastic collapse pressure is given by:

tp is given in Table 5-5.

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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002 Sec.5 Page 15

2 p e p min 2 M T e 2 4 - + --------------------- ------- + ---- M T ( t ) p k k c 2

T ed 2 2 2 Md - 13 + m } ---------- + ------ Mk Tk 2 2 p e p min - 1 m } -------------------- pc ( t2 )

E 700 Displacement controlled conditions 701 See DNV-OS-F201. (5.19)

F. Fatigue Limit State