Chemistry 2.

Quantitative Chemistry Quantitative chemistry is the study of the quantitative relationships of the reactants and the products in a balanced chemical equation.

Mass (g)

Moles (mol)

Molar Mass (gmol-1)

Chemical species are composed of atoms, molecules, or ions. A mole of substance is the amount that has the same number of atoms as 12g of carbon-12, which is 6.021023, also known as Avogadros constant. It is also the number of molecules in one mole of a covalent compound. The mass of one mole of substance is equal to the relative atomic mass (Ar) 1.1.2- Determining the No. of particles and the amount of the substance. To convert between moles and molecules: From moles to molecules: Multiply by 6.021023 From molecules to moles: Divide by 6.021023 ( ) ( ) ( )

The number of particles in a chemical equation is the number of moles of the specific element. The number of moles of an element within a compound is found by: ( ) ( )

The molar mass of a compound is equal to the relative molecular mass.

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1.2.1- Relative atomic mass & relative molecular mass Relative atomic mass: weighted mean mass of all naturally occurring isotopes according to their relative abundance. Relative molecular mass: the sum of the relative atomic masses in a molecule. Since both are averages, they have no units. Molar mass: the mass of one mole (Relative Atomic Mass) of substance measured in (gmol-1) The molar masses of diatomic molecules are different from the molar mass of single atoms, even if from the same element. Diatomic molecules have the relative atomic mass multiplied by two, and so on. 1.2.2- Calculate the mass of one mole of species from its formula Using the triangle on the previous page, this can be done using: ( ) ( ) ( )

1.2.3- Problems with M, Mr, and n there are many possible formations for questions regarding this. Basic: Eg: find the No. of moles in 560g of C2H4 Mass: 560 Mr: (2 12)+(4 1) = 28

Mol= 20 mol Eg: Fin the mass of aluminum in the following:

85g

?g

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Wrong: 85 2= 170 g of Al Method: 1. Mass/Mr of 2. 3.

1.2.4- Empirical & Molecular Formula Empirical formula: shows the simplest ratio in which atoms combine. Molecular formula: shows how many moles and how many grams of different atoms combine. To find the empirical formula: 1. 2. 3. 4. Find the mass ratio of the chemicals. Find their Ar ratio. (Mass/Mr) will give you the molar ratio. If you do not have whole numbers, divide them both by the smallest number.

1.2.5- Empirical formula from percentage composition If given percentages instead of masses, take the collective mass to be 100g. If it does not add up, take that the remaining is oxygen. Then solve normally. 1.2.6- Molecular formula from empirical formula to find the molecular formula when given the empirical formula: 1. 2. 3. 4. Find the Mr of the substances. Find the empirical mass (Mr EF) Mr/ Empirical mass = y Empirical formula y = Molecular formula

To find the percentage of an element in a compound,

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1.4.1- Theoretical yield Theoretical yield: the amount of product you would get if all the limiting reagent is used up. Example: Burn 0.250 mol of CH4 in 1.250 mol of O2. How much CO2 do we produce in grams?

CH4 is limiting, so we form 0.250 mol of CO2 Mass = Mr n = 44.1 = 11g theoretical yield 0.250

To find the percentage yield:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Find the molar mass ratio. Find the molar ratio. Find the mass ratio. Calculate % yield.

1.4.2- Limiting and excess reagents Limiting reagent: the reactant we have less of. It is the reactant that determines the amount of product produced. Excess reagent: The reactant we have more of. It is the reactant not completely used up in the chemical reaction. Example:

Mass= Mr= n=

43g 17 2

32g 32 1

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Therefore, oxygen is the limiting reagent since we have less than ideally needed. How many moles of NH3 will react? Divide by 5

( ( (

) ) )

( ( (

) ) )

What mass of NO will be produced? Gr

( Reactants (

( )

( Products (

) ) ( ) (

( )

(( ( )

Steps: 1234Identify the limiting/excess reagents Divide the product by the reactant (number of moles) to find the ratio. Perform moles calculations on limiting reactant. Find the No. Of moles of product by multiplying the No. Of moles of the reactant by the ratio. 5- Perform moles calculations on desired products.

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More questions 1- Methanol, CH3OH, can be made by the reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen. If 356g of CO and 65g of H2 are allowed to react, a. What mass of ethanol will be produced b. What mass of the excess reactant remains after the reaction? a( ) ( )

Not all reactants used up

356g

65g

All reactant masses mentioned.

CO 1 H2 2

Theoretical Mol ratio Actual Mol ratio

12.7 1

32.5 2.56

H2 is excess, we have more than enough of it. CO is limiting. Since CO2 is limiting, we use it to find the mass of CH3OH.

( )

b- Find the mass of the excess remaining . Method 1 Mass of reactants= Mass of product ( )

Therefore, we have 15g of H2 left over.

Method 2

Actual mass

Theoretical mass

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Tip: Always check the ratio of the limiting reagent to the product. In the previous example, the ratio was one to one. This may not always be the case. For example, if one mole of the limiting reactant creates two moles of the product, then the number of moles of the product is the number of moles of the reagent multiplied by two.

C- What mass of CO is need to produced 406.4g of CH3OH?

(
Products

) ( ( ) )

Question specifies products mass

Reactants

( (

) )

1- Find the grams of Cl2 required and the amount of PCL3 produced in the following equation:
( ) ( ) ()

Mass of product not specified Not limiting reactant problem since not all reactant masses are mentioned.

1.45g 1.45g of P4 Mr P4= 124 Mol P4 = 0.0117 Mol P4

Mass is conserved in chemical reactions,

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2- Glucose, C4H12O6, reacts with oxygen to give CO2 and H2O. What mass of oxygen is required for the complete reaction of 25.0g of glucose? What mass of carbon dioxide and water (in grams) are produced? Mass of product not specified 25g Not limiting reactant problem since not all reactant masses are mentioned.

Mr

= 180

( (

) )

Tip: to check if the answer is correct, measure the masses before and after the reaction. Mass is conserved in chemical reactions.

1.4.2- Avogadros law to calculate reacting volumes of gases There are four main properties of gases: Pressure (p), temperature (t), volume (v), and amount (n) Avogadros law stats that if the pressure and the temperature are kept constant, the volume will be directly proportional to the amount. For example, as you inflate a balloon, it expands.

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Example: in a sample of gas, 50g of oxygen take up 48l of volume. Keeping the pressure constant, the amount of gas is changed till the volume is 79L. find (n) now. Before N=50 1.6 mol V= 48 l After N2= ? V2 = 79 l

Example: 1- What volume of carbon dioxide is produced in this reaction?

Volume: 40cm3 40cm3

Mol Ratio: 2 1 2

The ratio of volumes is the same as the number of moles, as per Avogadros law. If 2 moles equal 40cm3, one mole equals 20cm3. One mole of oxygen is used up, which is equal to 20cm3, and we produce two moles of carbon dioxide, which is equal to 40cm3. The oxygen is in excess, as we have more than needed. Avogadros law states that equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles. At a certain volume known as the molar volume of gases, all gases contain one mole of particles of gas. At 0C (273 k) and 1 atmosphere pressure (1.01 105 Pa), the molar volume of gases is equal to 22.4 dm3mol-1 (standard temperature and pressure) At room temperature and pressure, about 20C and 1 atmosphere, it is equal to 24 dm3mol-1 .

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Example: What volume of hydrogen (H2) is produced when 0.056g of lithium (Li) reacts completely with water (H2O) at STP

( )

()

( )

Mol Ratio:

Reactants

( )

Products

))

1.4.5- Molar volume at STP calculations

Volume (dm3)

Moles (mol)

24 (dm3mol-1)

For an ideal gas, the volume occupied is found by:

R is the ideal gas constant, which is equal to 8.314 J mol1 K1.

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The ideal gas equation can be used to find the molar mass of gases or volatile liquids. Or Where is the density in gm-3.

.1.4.6- Relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature Gaseous elements have the same molar volume, and respond similarly to changes in temperature, pressure and volume. An increase in volume reduces pressure, and vice versa.

Pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature measured in kelvin (k)

The volume of a gas is proportional to the absolute temperature.

These gas laws can be combined into one expression:

This formula can be used to predict changes in volume, pressure or temperature.

1.5.1- Solute, solution, solvent Solute: The substance that dissolves to form a solution. Solvent: The substance in which a solute dissolves. Solution: A mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent. Concentration: The amount of a substance per defined space expressed in terms of mass and volume. Units (g dm-3 and mol dm-3) 1 dm3= 1 litre = 1000 cm3

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1.5.2- Problems involving concentration, amount of solute, volume of solution

Moles (mol) Of the solute

Concentration (mol dm-3)

Volume (dm3)

If given cm3 instead of dm3 for volume, make sure to convert by dividing by a thousand. If given mass and molar mass, convert to moles by dividing them. Concentration is represented by M (capital)