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ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

Ecology

The study of living organisms and their environments or habitats The study of the relationships between organism and their environment.

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

Environment

It includes not only the physical but also the biological conditions under which an organism lives

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

Relationships

Involve interactions with the physical world as well as the interrelationships with the number of the species and individuals of the same species.

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

Why is Ecology important?

The study of Ecology is important because it helps us understand how pollution impacts our environment. A better understanding of how human induced changes affect organisms and their environment.

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

How do we describe life?

An ability to replicate, the production of offspring Posses a genetic code such as DNA which has the ability to:

Self replicate Store all information about the organism and how to constant essential functions

Utilize energy and matter from its surroundings Maintain functionality in a hostile environment Adapt to changes in the environment Engr. Norman Giovanni M.
Guevarra

Ecosystem

It is a basic study area of ecologists. It is an organism or group or organisms and their surroundings. Example: aquarium forest ones backyard lakes grasslands the earth
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How does earths life adapt to changes in their surroundings

Mutation is a random changes in the genetic code (DNA) of an organism. Helpful genetics changes have a greater likelihood of being passed on to subsequent generations, the process of natural selection. Evolution the change in the genetic code of a population brought about by natural selection
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Trophic Level

Describes its distance, in steps, from the prime source, the sun.

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

Trophic Levels within an Ecosystem

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1. The Abiotic Environment

The non-living or the physical environment that surrounds the living organisms (the biotic component)

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2. Producers (Autotrophs)

Utilize energy from the sun and nutrients from the abiotic environment (carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or watr, other nutrients from the soil or water) to produce protoplasm by means of photosynthesis. Example Green plants phytoplankton
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3. Consumers (heterotrophs)

Depend on producers for their energy and synthesis needs. Feed on protoplasm produced on photosynthesis or on organisms from higher levels that indirectly consume protoplasm from photosynthesis

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4. Decomposers

Utilize energy from wastes or dead organisms, completing the cycle by returning the nutrients to the soil or water and carbon dioxide to the air or water.

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Trophic Levels within an Ecosystem

Abiotic Environment

Decomposers
Producers

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Energy and Trophic Levels

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Energy and Trophic Levels

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Energy and Trophic Levels

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Ecosystem Trophic Levels in a Grassland Guevarra

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Concept of Energy Loss at Each Successive Trophic Level

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Interspecies Relationships

Predation the feeding of one organism on another Predator any various organisms (prey) that get food from other living organism but they do not live on or in the prey or they may or may not kill it.
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Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

Bioconcentration

It is the accumulation or increase in concentration of a substance as it proceeds up the food chain

Many high molecular weight organics are sparsely soluble in water but highly soluble in lipids (fatty tissue) This unequal solubility can lead to bioconcentration if the substances are not effectively metabolized by the organism.
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Bioconcentration of DDT in an Aquatic Environment


SOURCE Water Plankton Hard clam Sheephead minnow Chain pickerel (predatory fish) Needlefish (predatory fish) Heron (feeds on small animals) Tern (feeds on small animals) CONCENTRATION, ppm 0.00005 0.04 0.42 0.94 1.33 2.07 3.57 3.91

Herring gull (scavenger)


Osprey egg Merganser (fish eating duck) Cormorant (feeds on larger fish)

6.00
13.8 22.8 26.4

Ring billed gull

75.5

Source: Woodwell, George M., Charles F. Wurster, Jr., and Peter A. Isaacson, "DDT Residues in an East Coast Estuary: A Case of Engr., Vol. Norman Giovanni M. 1967. Biological Concentration of a Persistent Insecticide," Science 156, pp. 821-824, May

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Biodiversity

The variety among living organisms and the ecological communities they inhabit, gives ecosystems stability.

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

www.mass.gov

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Limnology

The study of freshwater ecosystem

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Lake Stratification

Epilimnion upper strata. In summer, will have a temperature above 4oC.

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Lake Stratification

Hypolimnion cool lower region.

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Lake Stratification

Metalimnion the mid region in the lake water.

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Lake Stratification

As the temperature cools in the fall, the water temperature in the upper region of a lake begins to drop, increasing the density of water

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Lake Stratification

As the temperature continues to drop, the density of the upper layer will become greater than that of the lower region.

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Lake Stratification

At this point, the upper region water will begin to displace the water in the lower region. When this occurs, the lake will turn over.

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Population

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area.

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World Population

On the face of the earth are approaching a population of 6 billion people Over 1/3 of the individuals are under the age of 15. Thus, billions of individuals are just coming into their most fertile reproductive age range. Numbers of people, represent power/influence. In other words, the more people in your army, organization, etc., the more power/influence you have.
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Consequences

The question is what force(s) will bring the worlds population growth rate under control? Nature? Humans? To date we have not acknowledged a need to do so.
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Strong Feelings Polarized Individuals

One side feels that people are a natural resource and the crisis is an economic and political one.

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Strong Feelings Polarized Individuals

A second group involves religious groups, who contend that any proposals related to artificial birth control and abortion are counter to their religious beliefs, an example is that they undermine traditional family values.

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Strong Feelings Polarized Individuals

at the opposite pole are those who feel that indeed there is a crisis and we must bring it under control quickly.

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Human Population

The human population increased at a slow rate until 1200 to 1600 AD

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Human Population

Development of agriculture, technology, industry and medicine has given humans ability to increase their numbers at a phenomenal rate

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Human Population

World population is now doubling approximately each 40 years

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Effects of Increased Population

The effects of our increased in population are evident everywhere on earth. They range from pollution of the air, land, and water to diminish natural habitat.

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Estimating Population Growth


P = P0ert Where: P = population at time t P0 = population at time 0 r = population growth rate, year t = time in years
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Sample Problem

In 1950 the world population was estimated to be 2.5 billion. In 1990 it was estimated to be 5.5 billion. Assuming this growth rate will sustained,
a) Calculate the world population in A.D. 2000. b) Determine the year the global population will reach 10 billion.
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Habitat

It is a place where population or an individual of a given species lives. Each habitat has a characteristic range of physical and chemical conditions such as the amount of light, temperature, the depth of the water and so on.
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Wetlands

It is a semi-aquatic area that is either inundated or saturated by water for varying periods during each year and that supports aquatic vegetation.

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Rain Forests

Treed areas with a closed canopy and more than 25 inches of rainfall per year These forests are estimated to hold 50% or more of all species, yet they are now account for only 7% of the earths surface

Engr. Norman Giovanni M. Guevarra

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Biogeochemical Cycles

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What Supports Life on Earth?

Life exists in only a thin layer just above and below the earth's surface, the biosphere. The atmosphere is composed of mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) Biogeochemical cycles

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Layers of Atmosphere

The lower atmosphere is the troposphere, which extends up about 11 miles. The next layer of atmosphere is the stratosphere, which extends up to about 30 miles. The hydrosphere is the water contained on earth, the oceans, rivers, lakes, polar caps, groundwater, atmospheric water, etc. The lithosphere is the upper geologic formations which contain and support life.
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Biogeochemical Cycle

A summary of the different chemical repositories where a particular elements resides, coupled with the pathways that convert and transport the element from one repository or form to another.

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Global biogechemical cycles

Distribute nutrients throughout the earths atmosphere and upper geologic layers.

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Cybernetic System

One in which feedback causes selfregulation and stability to some degree.

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Carbon Cycle

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Carbon Cycle

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Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen Fixation

The reaction wherein nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen from the air through reduction reactions to ammonia or ammonium.

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Nitrification

The process which certain soil bacteria strip ammonia or ammonium of electron and nitrate is released as reaction product, then other soil bacteria use nitrate for energy metabolism, yields nitrate.

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Hydrologic Cycle

The movement of water in the earths atmosphere, on the surface, and below the surface a process powered by suns energy.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Water Budget
Inputs = Outputs P = ET + R + I + S Where P = precipitation [cm or in] ET = evapotranspiration or evaporation plus transpiration [cm or in] R = runoff [cm or in] I = infiltration [cm or in] S = storage [cm or in]
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Sample Problem

A 1 km2 watershed has been monitored recently to estimate the summer evapotranspiration. August rainfall was 4 cm, and the runoff from the area was 5000 m3. Infiltration was estimated to be 0.7 cm. Storage can be assumed negligible. What was the total evapotranspiration?
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