176

7.

Universal Unified Field Theory


In this chapter, we will apply the concepts of the Skylativity

theory to assimilate the effects

of the gravitational field on the particles in the standard model. As a result, we shall develop
the UUFT that consistently makes sense between the Newtonian mechanics and the quantum
mechanics, without the necessity of the intermediate Einstein theory of relativity. In Section
7.1, we will describe the details of the standard model to explicate the current structure of
atomic particles, the protons and the neutrons. It is determined that the weakest force of
gravity has a very infirm effect on subatomic particles, protons, neutrons and electrons
compared to the strong forces of the electric charge in the nucleus and the colour charge
force of quarks in nucleons. The ratio of the force of gravity compared to the forces of the
electric charge and magnetic spin moment is as small as 10
-42
[4].

In Section 7.2, we will attempt to answer the basic question, why the force of gravity exists
among different objects. We assert that the loss of the mass from the celestial objects
because of the propagation of the gravitational energy from the object is an insensible idea.
Therefore it is invalid to specify that the force of gravity propagates by the movement of
fictitious particles gravitons. We claim that the force of gravity propagates in the form of
energy waves. Next, we will elucidate that the orbits of the electrons in atoms must not be
modeled as a circle or ellipse, as proposed by Bohrs atomic model. It is more probable that
the electron orbits are comprised of complex sinusoids instead of the elliptical orbits of the
planets in the solar systems. Frequently, the standard model has described that the electron
orbits are fuzzy and a cloud because its position is characterized by the forces colour charges,
Coincidently, the color charge names are also used to distinguish states of quarks.

In Section 7.3, we will attempt to answer the question of time travel. According to ideas
presented here, though time travel is an interesting thought, it is a fictional concept. We will
discover that time travel is not feasible for humans. In the strictest sense, all of the spiritual
processes are irreversible and inhibit time travel reality. In Section 7.4, we will elucidate why
the weather and the climate forecast frequently fail.

In the next section, first we described the adverse effects of tidal forces from the Moon on the
weather pattern in different regions of the Earth. Then we have suggested a technique that
incorporate new parameters in the weather simulation model. Our intention is to improve the
weather simulation model that will facilitate forecasting hurricanes and hazardous stormy
weather with high accuracy providing warning for the bad weather in advance thereby abate
the losses. We decided to include this topic in our discussion because this issue directly
affects life of many people and it is an active area of research for centuries yet the weather
prediction often fails.
177


7.1 UUFT: Integration of Gravity in the Standard Model


Another significance of the new theory postulated by us is it solves the problem of creating
unified field theory. For many years scientist had trouble applying Newtons theory of
gravitation (Classical theory) and Einsteins STR and GTR, (Relativistic) to Quantum
mechanics (wave theory) tying them together with logic and consistency. We will apply the
principles of Skylativity

to unify four forces prevailing in the nature, which we will allow

us to formulate a Universal Unified Field Theory (UUFT). Out of four kinds of forces stated
in Table 2.4, scientists were impregnable of integrating the weakest gravitation force in the
quantum arena. The force was a show stopper in creating theory of everything (TOE). Often
different physicist employ different names for TOE such as grand unified theories(GUTs),
UUFTs and etc.

We will begin our discussion of UUFT by considering the limitations of Einsteins theory of
relativity, which did not answer the following question pertain to nuclear model of atoms
from Ernest Rutherford. What kept the negatively charged electrons from falling into a
positively charged nucleus by the electro-static force of attraction? The nucleus of atoms
consists of protons and neutrons. What prevented exploding of protons in multi-proton atoms
on account of the repulsion of positive charges?

Niel Bohr answered the first question. He figured that electrons were orbiting surrounding
the nucleus similar to the planets orbiting around the Sun. He stated that instead of the
gravitational force effect in the planetary system, the electric attractive forces between the
positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons, would supply (energy) the
centripetal force required to preserve the orbit of electrons. One concern was that the
revolving electrons will lose energy by radiation and eventually collapse with nucleus.
However, Bohrs postulate, that the electrons in atoms can exist only in any one of a number
of stationary states in which no emission of radiation took place protected the situation [19].

Then it was established that electrons in all atoms of substances were stationed in stable
orbits meeting Boriss requirements for stability. Any absorption and emission of light or
electromagnetic radiation will correspond to a spontaneous, discontinuous transition of
electrons between two such states. Planck suggested that atoms emit light in definite amounts
of energy known as quanta. We are expanding the theory bit further by stipulating that the
orbiting electrons were balancing the force of attraction between electric charges on proton
and electron, and the force of gravity between the nucleus and electron. To balance the
electric and gravitational fields, a centripetal force was in place due to the kinetic energy of
electrons. Thus, farther the orbit of the electron was, the lower the electron speed was than
the speed of the electron in an orbit closer to the nucleus.

Still, the answer to the second question was not known, why protons did not explode and
moved away from the nucleus. The answer to this question came from the invention of
quarks as basic building blocks of particles in nucleus namely protons and neutrons. The
178

quark-like particles mesons were first discovered by Japanese scientist Hideki Yukawa in
1949 for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize. Yet the particle was not recognized as a
member of family of quarks particles. It was on November 10, 1974, when Burton Richter
and Samuel Ting from MIT, verified at SLAC in California that quarks and leptons exists
and nucleus of all matters is built from these fundamental particles. Even till his death
Einstein was not aware that the core of atoms was made up of quarks. He believed that in the
event of nuclear reaction, the energy released by consumed mass was light and radiation
energy. He thought, somehow mass was translated into light. In reality, radiation energy is
released because of the change in the quantum state of orbiting electrons and the energy is
manifested as vibrations of the electrons. Our prediction is that light and radiation energy in
the form of electronic vibration is released before mass is vanished in a nuclear reaction. We
will examine details of nuclear reaction in which mass is converted into energy via
thermonuclear fusion process in Chapter 8.

The advent of quarks in protons and neutrons explained why protons did not explode. Later it
was verified that each proton and neutron consisted of three quarks each has a charge of -1/3
e or +2/3 e where e is a charge on one electron. The force of attraction of positive and
negative charges of up and down quarks, between the protons and the neutrons, and
neighboring protons balanced each other. Soon a standard model for configuration of atoms
was developed and widely accepted in physics community [15]. The standard model
answered all questions with logic and consistency, and satisfied modern scientists curiosity
completely.

Still scientists were discontented because standard model was impregnable explaining why
the mass of bonded nucleon such as a proton or a neutron in a helium atom was lower than
mass of the unbound proton and neutron. One such instance is the process of the
thermonuclear burning of hydrogen into helium occurring interior to the Sun. A British
astronomer, Robert Atkinson illustrated that this process inside the Sun transforms a tiny
amount of mass into a large quantity of energy each time the reaction occurs. It was verified
that life times of all quarks in the standard model charts are so short that they do not exist in
nature freely and in isolation. Therefore, the only way the rest mass of matter is appeared to
be translated into radiation energy is when the positrons and the electrons are annihilated to
produce energy in a thermonuclear fusion process happening inside the Sun.

Einsteins mass to energy conversion relation estimated total energy released during such a
transformation. More detailed calculations were required to understand the distribution of
radiation energies into energy bands such as infrared (thermal) energy and visible light
energy. Obviously, infrared energy determines the temperature of resulting helium and
hydrogen isotopes. Typically particles like quarks with larger mass decays or disintegrated
into smaller quarks by a process known as annihilation and they have relatively short life
times. For instance, life time of the muon is 2 10
-6
s

and for the tauon particle is 3 10
-13
s.

It is noticed that during the annihilation, light and radiation energy waves are released to
meet energy conservation rules. Also, in thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium along
with radiation energy waves nearly massless particles neutrinos are emitted. Study of
179


neutrino particles is a hot topic of research among modern physicist because neutrino
particles are highly inactive and do not interact with any material on the Earth. Majority of
neutrinos pass through the Earth crust without being detected because they are very tiny. By
studying characteristics of neutrino scientists have gained lot of information on internal
composition of the star Sun. In the next section we will elucidate reasons for the force of
gravity.


7.2 Reasons for Gravity


One more question arises to establish the validity of the unified universal field theory
proposed by us. How to incorporate the effects of the gravity from the huge celestial objects,
such as stars, the Sun, other planets, and our own planet Earth, on the miniscule subatomic
particles electrons, protons, neutrons and sub-nucleonic particles quarks inside the individual
atoms of all matter found in the Universe? The purpose of UUFT is to develop a complete
understanding and the interaction of all types of forces involved that govern the state and
motion of the most fundamental stable particles protons, neutrons and electrons. As stated
earlier, the stable fundamental particles experiences force of gravitation caused by all objects
in the Universe, the residual weak and the strong colour charge forces caused by sub-
nucleonic particle quarks, electrostatic charge forces by protons and electrons, and the
centrifugal force due to orbital motions.

We have a very cogent answer to assimilate the effects of gravity inside nucleus of atoms.
To simplify computations, consider the instance of forces seen by two orbiting electrons.
These electrons are acted upon by repulsive electro-static force due to negative charge
carried and gravitational attraction between them. The gravitational attractive force occur due
to the mass carried by the two electrons. Also, gravity of all other objects including celestial
objects is acting on the electrons in orbit. The ratio of electrostatic force to gravity between
two electrons due to their own mass is 3 10
42
[4]. It means that the self gravitation force on
an electron is very weak compared to the charge force which is an enormously huge number.
Further, the gravitational force of attraction between large heavenly bodies and an electron is
negligible and can not be accounted for. This is a legitimate reason because the gravitation
from heavenly object will not be effective in real time, if the objects distance is more than
distance corresponds to the distance travelled by light in a second.

From Newtons law of gravitation, the force is:
F = [(G m
e
m
h
) / R
2
] N (7.1)
Where m
e
is the mass of the electron
M
h
is the mass of a heavenly body
R is the distance between the centers of masses of an
electron and the heavenly object

For instance, the force from the Moon, on an electron residing at the surface of the Earth, will
be equal to:
180

M
e
= 9.1094 10
-31
kg,
M
m
= 7.349 10
22
kg,

Distance R = 384400 km
G = 6.6726 10
-11
m
3
kg
-1
s
-2
Substituting
F
me
= (6.6726 10
-11
9.1094 10
-31
7.349 10
22
) (384400 10
3
)
2
= 446.697 10
-20
14.776 10
16

= 30.23 10
-36
N

The magnitude of electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is:
F
q
= k
e
q
1
q
2
/ r
2
(7.2)
Where q
1
, q
2
= q is the charge on the electron
r is the spacing between the electrons,
or a proton and an electron and
k
e
is Coloumbs constant

For instance, the force of attraction between an electron and a proton neighbor is:
k
e
= 8.99 10
9
N-m
2/
C
2
, q = 1.609 10
-19
Coulombs and spacing r = 5.3 10
-11
m

Substituting values k
e
, q and r in the equation (7.2) gives:
F
q
= 8.2 10
-8
N

The ratio of the force of gravity from Moon to the force of electrostatic attraction between
two electrons
F
q
/F
me
= (8.2 10
-8
)/(30.23 10
-36
) = 0.271 10
28
which is very large number.

Also, the upper limit on the difference of the gravity force between two electrons and a
heavenly object is proportional to the distance between two electrons:

F
e1
= (G m
e
m
h
) / R
2
N = ( G m
e
R m
h
) / R
3

= (3/4) G m
e
R /

F
e2
= (G m
e
m
h
) / R
2
N = ( G m
e
(R+r) m
h
) / R
3

= (3/4) G m
e
(R+r) /

The difference is F = F
e2
- F
e1
F = (3/4) G m
e
r / (7.3)
Where r is the spacing between electrons and
is the density of the heavenly object

For m
e
= 9.1094 10
-31
kg, r = 5.3 10
-11
m and G = 6.6726 10
-11
m
3
kg
-1
s
-2

F = (3/4) 6.6726 10
-11
9.1094 10
-31

5.3 10
-11
/ = 83.569 10
-53


181


Again the ratio of electrostatic force and this gravitational component is greater than 3
10
42
. Therefore, the effect of gravitational force is much too small to have any effect on the
motion of the electrons in orbits. Also, according to the quantum theory, the position of an
electron can only be specified as a probability density function, a cloud. At this high speed
near the speed of light the effect of gravitation on nucleus particles due to heavenly objects
cannot be precisely determined due to the Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. The high
speed of the electrons predicted by the Bohrs hydrogen atom shell model is consistent with
the current conduction rate in MOS switches for the circuits fabricated on a semiconductor
wafer. The current flow is proportional to the speed of minority carriers in semiconductor
material.

The computation of ratio the charge forces between atomic particles and the force of
gravitation proves that the gravitational force from large heavenly bodies is of no
consequence to nucleons inside the nucleus of atoms and orbiting electrons of the atoms.
However, our conclusion is not entirely correct because you will discover in the section 9.5,
quantum gravity model for the integration of force of gravity from planets with quantum
forces and its effect on the emission frequency of Cesium clock from us is quite cogent.

Yet another dilemma faced by modern scientists was they have failed to answer two more
questions. Why there is a gravitational force and an interaction exists between any two
bodies in our Universe? The second question is how the effect of gravity force field
propagates in empty space without any medium and at what speed? Our answer to the
question is as follows. Some properties of particles found in nature are fundamental
properties to the particle. For instance, charged particles (both positive and negative charges)
create an electro-static field in the vicinity. Particles with magnetic dipole alignment develop
a magnetic field in the proximity of a pair of particles. Particle vibrating at infrared
frequencies radiates thermal energy. Particle releasing vibration energy with frequency
corresponds to visible light develops a luminous field. The field illuminates the space when
light wave propagates through the space. Similarly, force of gravity exists between two
particles by the fundamental property.

The fundamental property that governs the gravitational forces arise from fact that every
object possesses moment of rotational inertia. The inertia is manifested because of rotational
motion of fundamental particles electrons surrounding the nucleus of atoms. The rotational
inertia supposedly provide the gravitational energy and the force from one object on the other
objects. The force is developed because the principle of conservation of energy must hold
well for any and every frame of reference. From Bohrs atomic model it was obvious that
every particle found in nature possesses kinetic energy. To balance kinetic energy for a
neutral mass there has to be a potential energy associated with the mass and another body.

To attain a stable position for first mass in relation to second mass, the kinetic energy should
be balanced by the potential energy. The potential energy is supplied by force of gravity
exerted by the second body on the first body. Therefore, force of gravity comes into play
between two bodies or particles found in nature. It is well known that light waves does not
require medium of propagation. Similarly, the force of gravity between two bodies does not
182

require a medium to propagate. As regards to the speed of propagation of force of gravity, we
believe that it is variable and depends on the frame of reference. The maximum value for the
speed at which force of gravity propagates is the same as the true speed of light in the frame
of reference as described in Chapter 2.

In search of basic building blocks of matter and to explicate radiations from electrons, Dr.
Greene [34] developed concept of Strings. He described that fundamental particles of neutron
and protons; quarks consist of loops of strings. One of the primary limitation of his concept is
validation of these strings is realistically impossible with the current knowledge base and
techniques. The life time of quarks is very short (few tens of micro-seconds). Therefore,
existence and verification of presence of strings in quarks will involve development of
advances in measurement techniques which are too far away in terms of time-frame. Instead,
we believe that the events of the different radiation spectra from the atoms of a substance in
an active state is best described by the motion of the orbiting electrons.




Trajectory of
an electron in
an inner shell
Electron in transition:
a radiation event
Trajectory of orbiting electrons in
energy states of different shells.
Core of atoms; protons
and neutrons those
consists of quarks
Trajectory of orbiting electrons
in energy states of outer shell
Radiations at
electron spin
frequency


Figure 7.1 Structure of atoms: Strings beyond quarks. Since electrons are always in motion inside atoms and
they change orbits according to probability of changes in quantum state, it is possible that the electron orbits
may resemble a string like configuration. We predict an electrons instantaneous positions may be found by the
infinite Fourier transform series and solutions of Schrdinger equation.

We are suspecting that the orbits of electrons surrounding the nucleus are not an exact circle
or an ellipse like the orbits of the solar planets. We suggest to model the orbit of the electrons
in the form of a complex sinusoid with period 2 f and the average position, a circle on
183


the surface, boundary of the sphere of the energy shell for the specified electron state. Figure
7.1 illustrates the electron orbits inside an atom surrounds the core of the nucleus at the
microscopic scale. The trajectories of the electron orbits are actually sinusoidal in nature
with the center line of an ellipse, instead of an elliptical or circular orbit shell. Also, the orbits
of the electrons in the outer shells are not in the same plane as the plane of the electrons in
the inner shells.

Next, we will state the reasoning why we claim that the electron orbits are not circular. One
can visualize that the orbiting electrons are under the influence of several forces, such as the
electro-static force due to charge it carries, the electromagnetic force caused by the spin
momentum, the force of gravity with the core of the atom, the force of gravity from the
neighboring atoms and electrons, and the force of gravity from planets and other objects in
the vicinity. The momentum and energy tensor associated with the system of these forces
finally determines the instantaneous position of the electron in the orbit in accordance with
Einsteins theory of gravitation. The precise determination for the trajectory of non-circular
orbits for the electron will allow an explanation of the relationships between the frequency of
the radiation energy with very high accuracy. According to Louis de Broglies hypothesis
stable electron orbits in atoms are characterized by wave number k such that

k = 2t/ (7.4)
where was called characteristic wave length of the electron.

When Broglies hypothesis was verified, he got excited and declared that the wave-particle
duality was a general property of both radiation and particles. According to our view, the
wave behavior of the particle electron is a theoretical model. The proponents of wave model
for electron stipulate it as a virtual wave characteristics. Likewise, the particle photon model
for light is a theoretical concept and the photons are virtual particles. The virtual wave and
the virtual particle models provide an excellent tool, a model to facilitate energy, time and
other computations. In practice, the electrons are particles and the radiation energies are
waves because particles have center of gravity and rest mass and waves dont. We believe
that the trajectory of the electron in an orbit is a wave and will not just be circular on a sphere
or a shell model, as described by Niel Bohr and de Broglie.

We think the wave model for the orbits of the electron is more closely related to the string
theory concepts introduced by Dr. Brian Green [34]. In his national bestselling book, the
Elegant Universe, which had won a major NOVA special on PBS, he described that the
subatomic particles electrons and quarks are possibly made of basic building blocks of even
smaller size, loops of vibrating strings. Since it is not possible to analyze the structure of
quarks beyond the description of quarks as charge particles with charge (1/3) q units, it is
less probable that quarks may consisted of loops of tiny strings. Further, the life time of
quarks is found to be too short to perform any measurements. Therefore, it is sufficient to
quantify that the string type of motion of the electrons in orbits, approximates the concepts of
the string theory developed by Dr. Greene.


184

Our explanation that the orbits of electron are complex sinusoid is consistent because it is
well-known that the high temperature of atoms is felt as heat when the electron vibration
amplitude is increased. The tasks to verify that the electron orbits are not circular or
elliptical, instead are sinusoids, is left to physics academy as an exercise. In the next section,
we will discuss time travel a topic that is of interest to everyone who grows to understand
the concepts of time. From the time that stories about time travel were written by Jules
Verne, several movies were produced to describe strange circumstances that arise from time
travel using time machines. Our study and explanation will indicate that the time travel
concept exists in fiction movies only and it is not a reality.


7.3 Time Travel

Many scientists for several years were intrigued about the concept and the practicality of the
time travel. It is universally known that we can travel back and forth in space in all three
dimensions X, Y and Z. Meaning, we can move left or right in X dimension, X-axis
coordinate values positive or negative with respect to a center. We can move forward or
backward in Y dimension, Y-axis. Similarly one can freely move upward or downward from
a center origin Z dimension, Z-axis. A good question is can we move in fourth dimension T
time axis. Answer is no because no matter what we do and make changes to state of motion
of objects, we can never change the rate at which value of time is elapsed. According to the
principles of Skylativity

theory, absolute measurement of time, length and mass are not
altered. Time is invariant with respect to space, time or any frame of reference. One can
neither slow down time nor make it tick faster with any degree of knowledge and or
certainty. Let us look at few ways in which standard time clocks are designed. Also, we shall
look at the meaning of a standard time.

Historically, people believed that time, as defined by the orbital period of the Earth and the
other planets surrounding the Sun, should be constant. It turns out that indeed the rate is
fairly constant because mass of the Sun is approximately constant despite radiation energy
loss from the Sun. The main reason is that number of baryons (nucleons, sum of protons and
neutrons) on the Sun is constant as per the baryon number rule. According to the postulates
of the theory of Skylativity

, light and radiation energy is emitted from the Sun as a result of

the quantum changes in energy states of electrons. According to details in the section 8.5,
very small fraction of mass is converted into light waves and is vanished during
thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. Calculations suggest that the size of the solar
year changes by 0.4 ms each year. Therefore, clocks designed on the basis of the Earths
periodic motion surrounding the Sun should provide a good and highly accurate measure of
time.

This is the greatest benefit from nature to mankind, that the time rate is preserved. Even if the
core temperature and the inner core of the Sun, is cooling off and slowly transformed into
liquid and solid, the mass of the Sun is not changing significantly. According to Dr. Roger
Freedman and Dr. Walter Kaufmann III, only 0.7% of mass is converted into radiation
185


energy from every four atoms on the Sun [27]. We will discuss further details of
thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium process occurring inside the Sun in Chapter 8.
It was predicted by Chandrasekhar [37], that after 4.5B years the Sun will be cooled down
and solidified into a white dwarf star. Also, it is predicted that the Sun was formed 4.5B
years ago. The transformation of the hydrogen into the helium should result in a cooler core
of the Sun than predicted. The temperature profile of the Suns core, should be a complete
bell shape, different from what we had discussed in Section 2.11, and should not look like a
monotonically increase to value 15 M K at the center of the Sun [27].

Next, we will look at the details of a Cesium atomic clock, a time standard. The National
Institute for Standards of Technology maintains a standard of time source as an atomic clock.
The atomic clock provides a very accurate time measure. It is found that the frequency of the
spectral line emitted from the Cesium compound is considered highly stable. The stability of
the clock is 1 part in 1B
th
of a second. To complete our discussion on time travel, let us
stipulate the reasons why time travel is not realistic.

As explained, it is not possible to change the rate at which time elapses. Secondly we know
that spiritual processes are irreversible. The issue arises from the fact that when a person or
human or any animal dies there is no means were the person or life can be restored and
brought back alive in the physical body. Time travel demands that spiritual processes should
be reversible to replicate events of past tense or to create future events at a space coordinate.
These spiritual conflicts are impossible to overcome. Therefore, time travel is impossible and
it can only happen in fiction. In Section 7.4, we shall address a slightly different topic, the
accurate prediction of the weather because it may affect the life style of human civilization to
a much larger extent than most of us realize. In particular, with the advances made in
technology, significant progress has been achieved in forecasting the weather with
tremendous accuracy, yet the challenge is not complete.


7.4 The Weather Forecasts


One of the most difficult problems in everyday life that concerns all of us is accurate
prediction of the weather. With advances in technologies, computer simulation and models
based on real-time data available meteorologist does very good job of prediction. However,
frequently their prediction fails for many reasons. We like to explain why it is not possible to
accurately predict the weather at all geographic locations with 100% accuracy. The weather
changes occur because of combination of many effects. The majority of these effects are
predictable very systematically. The systematic effects are the rotation of the Earth in its
orbit surrounding the Sun, the movement of the water front in the ocean tides, and the
varying degree of vapor pressure, due to differences in the evaporation rate, altitude, etc.

The main cause of weather change is that they are not predictable all of the time because the
motion of the gas molecules of the atmosphere is random. The motion of gas molecules is