Microwaves For Biodiesel Production

introduction
need to find clean, efficient ways to perform chemistry

atom economy improved product yields renewable feedstocks energy efficiency new chemistry
microwaves for biodiesel production:
accelerating the biofuels revolution UCONN Sustainable Energy Symposium, March 31, 2008
introduction
as a tool for preparative chemistry, microwave heating has a number of advantages
reactions complete in minutes instead of hours yields can be improved less by-product formation new chemistry

physical chemistry concepts

only four permitted frequencies for industrial, medical and scientific use of microwaves
915 MHz 2450 MHz (2.45 GHz) 5800 MHz (5.80 GHz) 27120 MHz (27.12 GHz)


X-rays ultraviolet
visible
infrared
microwaves
radiowaves
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5 10-4 wavelength (m) 3x106 frequency (MHz)
10-3
10-2
10-1
3x1012
3x1010
3x108
3x104
3x102
molecular vibrations inner-shell electrons
outer-shell electrons molecular rotations


conventional heating by conduction
. .
..
convection currents
..
temperature on the outside surface is greater than that of the contents


microwave irradiation results in direct heating of reagents and / or solvents
microwave heating
conventional heating

research group
new synthetic methods group
expand microwave technologies and methodologies so that microwave energy becomes the primary tool for scientists in any situation where heating and/or long reaction times are involved
http://homepages.uconn.edu/~nil03002/index.html

research group
new synthetic methods group
organic synthesis
biological chemistry
microwave irradiation
inorganic synthesis
emerging areas

accelerating the biofuels revolution

alternatives to petroleum-based fuels have to be found
biodiesel as an alternative to fossil fuel
replacement of diesel fuel by biodiesel is something that is immediately applicable biofuels represent abundant carbon-neutral renewable resources for the production of bioenergy with little modification, diesel engine vehicles can use biodiesel can also be used as heating oil


preparation of biodiesel
biodiesels are the simple alkyl esters of fatty acids
generally prepared by vegetable oil by transesterification with methanol
O O O O O O R R R OH O OH OH
MeOH
catalyst
OMe
vegetable oil
stoichiometric ratio is 1 : 3
ratios of 1 : 9 1 : 30 usually used
glycerin
biodiesel


most commonly used catalysts are NaOH, KOH and H2SO4
starting oil and methanol are generally heated to near reflux and stirred with the catalyst in the case of the basic catalysts, the base is dissolved in the methanol prior to addition


can biodiesel be made using microwave heating?
literature survey
one report of the use of a domestic microwave for reaction between methanol and seed oils (J. MW Power Elecromag. Energy 1999, 34, 3) scientific microwave apparatus has been used for transesterification of triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters and involves a zeolite catalyst, heating to 170 C for 2 h in a sealed vessel and only moderate conversions are obtained (C. R. Chemie, 2004, 7, 601) three patent applications have been filed - involve use of specially designed apparatus (WO 03/014272 A2, US 0274065 A1, US 0162245 A1)


towards a simpler, faster, more efficient modular design
starting on a small scale in a 125 mL open vessel
10 g oil
+ MeOH
MW
5 wt % KOH
quantitative conversion to biodiesel
oil to methanol ratio of 1 : 6
heat to 50 C and hold for 1 min


scaling up the reaction
using a 1 : 6 oil to methanol ratio and 1 wt% KOH the reaction mixture is heated to 50 C and held at this temperature for 1 min quantitative conversion to biodiesel can be performed on scales up to 3 kg (~3.5 L) of oil
Fast easy preparation of biodiesel using microwave heating Leadbeater N. E.; Stencel, L. M. Energy Fuels, 2006, 20, 2281-2283


scaling up the reaction
used vegetable oil can be processed


modification for continuous-flow processing at atmospheric pressure
use a 2 L reaction vessel
product removal line stirbar raw materials input line


modification for continuous-flow processing in a 2 L vessel
feedstock is pumped through the vessel at a flow rates of 1 -2 L / min microwave unit is working at ~80 % of power output at this rate, material is in the microwave cavity for 1-2 min still maintain very high levels of product conversion
Continuous-Flow Preparation of Biodiesel Using Microwave Heating Barnard, T. M.; Leadbeater, N. E.; Boucher, M. B.; Stencel, L. M.; Wilhite, B. A. Energy Fuels, 2007, 21, 1777-1783


modification for continuous-flow processing at atmospheric pressure
a 4 L vessel is about the largest possible before issues arise with penetration depth


modification for continuous-flow processing in a 4 L vessel
feedstock is pumped through the vessel at a flow rates of ~ 7 L / min (~110 gallons / hr) microwave unit is working continuously at 100 % of power output at this rate, material is in the microwave cavity for less than 1 min still maintain very high levels of product conversion
Continuous-Flow Preparation of Biodiesel Using Microwave Heating Barnard, T. M.; Leadbeater, N. E.; Boucher, M. B.; Stencel, L. M.; Wilhite, B. A. Energy Fuels, 2007, 21, 1777-1783


energy efficiency of the process: conventional heating
data for conventional routes reported in the 1998 joint USDA / DOE study


energy efficiency of the process: microwave heating
the microwave is working at 100 % of the maximum power output the magnetron is not 100 % efficient


energy efficiency of the process: comparison
conventional heating microwave, continuous-flow at 7.2 L / min feedstock flow microwave, continuous-flow at 2 L / min feedstock flow microwave heating, 4.6 L batch reaction 94.3 kJ / L 26.0 kJ / L 60.3 kJ / L 90.1 kJ / L


single unit applications
small biodiesel manufacturer


small biodiesel manufacturer cooperative of biodiesel manufacturers


small biodiesel manufacturer cooperative of biodiesel manufacturers biodiesel for heating oil


multiple units in parallel
offers high throughput still with a small footprint


multiple units in parallel
offers high throughput still with a small footprint offers redundancy


latest results
acid catalyzed methodology has been developed butanol can be used as a feedstock
Batch and continuous-flow preparation of biodiesel derived from butanol and facilitated by microwave heating Barnard, T. M.; Leadbeater, N. E.; Stencel, L. M.; Energy Fuels, 2008, in press

summary
microwave heating offers a viable approach to biodiesel production
the methodology is fast and easy acid- and base-catalyzed routes are possible microwave unit has a small footprint but high throughput calculations show that the microwave methodology is efficient future is exciting and will bring many new opportunities
acknowledgements
acknowledgements
T. Michael Barnard Lauren Stencel Matthew Boucher Benjamin Wilhite University of Connecticut Research Fund NSF-REU program CEM Microwave Technology
finding out more

acknowledgements
WEBSITE http://chemistry.uconn.edu/leadbeater.html

Microwaves For Biodiesel Production

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Microwaves For Biodiesel Production

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

introduction

need to find clean, efficient ways to perform chemistry

microwaves for biodiesel production:

physical chemistry concepts

microwaves for biodiesel production:

physical chemistry concepts

10-5 10-4 wavelength (m) 3x106 frequency (MHz)

molecular vibrations inner-shell electrons

outer-shell electrons molecular rotations

microwaves for biodiesel production:

physical chemistry concepts

temperature on the outside surface is greater than that of the contents

physical chemistry concepts

microwaves for biodiesel production:

microwaves for biodiesel production:

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

ratios of 1 : 9 1 : 30 usually used

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

quantitative conversion to biodiesel

oil to methanol ratio of 1 : 6

heat to 50 C and hold for 1 min

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

product removal line stirbar raw materials input line

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

accelerating the biofuels revolution

microwaves for biodiesel production:

finding out more

Anda mungkin juga menyukai