SERVICE VEHICLES OPERATING COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS ENGINE: Gasoline and Diesel 1.

Fuel distribution Injection Pump or Carburetor or Fuel Injection is fuel delivery system. Proper delivery means proper idling up to smooth and powerful torque. Diesel needs no electricity to burn fuel due to compression burning. Gasoline needs electricity to burn fuel due to combustion burning. Fuel filter is needed to prevent sediments from entering fuel delivery system and needs replacing every 500 hrs. Things to feel for: Sudden loss of power, choking, hesitation, etc. 2. Lubrication Engine uses Oil to proper lubricate mechanical parts and prolong life and prevent premature wear and damage to engine. 30 weight for gasoline engine 40 weight for diesel engine 2 cycle oil for 2 stroke engines Oil and filter for water-cooled engine must be replaced every 80 to 100 hrs. Oil for air-cooled engine must be replaced every 30 to 50 hrs. Oil for all vehicles must be replaced every 5,000 hrs or 3 months. 2 cycle oil ratio is at 20:1 (gasoline : 2 cycle oil) Things to look for: Colour (very dark), oil thickness, level, leaks in the engine. 3. Cooling system Engine uses Water or air to bring down and control engines running temperatures. Ratio of water to coolant can vary from 30 : 70 coolant to water ratio up to 50 : 50 ratio. Coolant helps bring up boiling temperature and conditions radiators, hoses and water pumps. Too much can also be harmful to the engine. Coolant must be replaced every 2 years for all types of engines. Air cooled engines are cooled down by high circulating air within the engine block by driven by fans attached to the flywheel. Air-cooled engines also run at a higher temperature than water-cooled engines. Things to look for: water level, rust, oil, bubbling, overflowing, leaks (in the hose fittings and radiators), hose (cracking, hardening) 4. Clutch, transmission and differential system Most service vehicles utilizes a clutch to couple the engine to the transmission and differential to send power to wheels that drives the vehicle either in a forward or reverse mode. Clutches usually last for up to 3 years or 40,000 kms in Philippine condition. The life varies depending on the driver, terrain, traffic condition etc. Things to look for: Chattering, slipping, hardening of the clutch pedal, brake fluid (colour and level), leaks in the brake calipers and drums.

Transmission provides different gear ratios to the engine for low end up to top end for both fuel efficiency and less stress on the engine. They either come in manual or automatic. Both transmissions need a clutch to help engage the engine to the desired gear every time there is a gear change. Transmission uses a transmission fluid to help keep the mechanical part lubricated and prolong the life. Must be replaced every 1 to 2 years depending on the operating condition. Things to look for: Difficulty in engaging gears, grinding noise, transmission fluid level if dipstick is available, gear shifter and rod linkages. Differential helps distribute power from the transmission to the wheels. The speed delivered to the wheels depends on what gear the transmission is in coupled with the engine revolution. Differential uses a gear oil of either 90 or 140 depending on the vehicle and manufacturers specifications. Gear oil must be replaced every 1 to 2 years depending on the operating condition. Gear oil helps to reduce friction and prolong the life of the differential. Things to look for: Grinding noise, humming noise, leaks. 5. Brake system All vehicles use brakes to assist the vehicle in stopping. They come in either disc or drum brake. They work very similar to a hydraulic system by using brake fluid available in DOT 3 or DOT 4. Fluids must not be mixed. Replace fluid and flush system every 1 to 2 years depending on operating condition. Things to look for: Brake fade and weakening, squealing noise, pulling uneven braking especially under sudden hard braking, leaks, brake pad wear (disc brakes only), vibration on the steering wheel during braking (shimmy). 6. Suspension Suspension assist the vehicle to absorb any uneven bumps on the surface and keeps the vehicle to stay stable on high speeds and cornering. This consists of coil or leaf springs coupled with shock absorbers, ball joints and bushings. Maintenance is very minimal with only greasing of some ball joints and bushings. Things to look for: Jolting, noise, uneven tire wear, extreme body roll, bottoming out. 7. Power Steering - Hydraulic System Power Steering is hydraulic driven by either engine or electric motor. They work on a system where a hydraulic pump is driven by the engine, thereby generating pressure in the system. The pressure from the pump forces the hydraulic fluid to circulate and drive the steering box to assist steering. Hydraulic fluid should be replaced every 2 years or 40,000 kms. Since the system is sealed from air and water, contamination comes from the moisture in the air. Hydraulic fluid draws water from the air causing the fluid to loose its viscosity that leads to premature wear in the hydraulic components.

Things to look for: Grinding noise, humming noise, leaks, discoloration (milky white), worn hydraulic hoses due to continuous rubbing, worn oil seals, worn orings in the fittings, etc. 8. Tires Tires provide both the traction and steering for all equipments. Since most turf equipments are without suspension such as leaf springs, coils and shock absorbers, they are designed to travel slowly. All turf tires are not meant for highway use. It is very important to inflate tires properly in order to prevent blow- outs or uneven wearing either inside or outside. An under inflated tires will prematurely wear the outside part of the tire and will overheat and blow under heavy load. Over inflated tires will prematurely wear in the middle part of the tire and will can also cause tire blow-out. Tires come in tubeless and tubular type. Things to look for: Under or over inflated tire, leaks, uneven wearing as indicator of inflation, nails, cuts on the side walls. 9. Batteries Battery is a standby power source needed to drive electrical components while the engine is either running or not. A good example of an electrical component needed while the engine is not running is the starter and fuel shut off solenoid. The battery is also needed as the initial supplier of power while the engine is already running. Some examples of components are lighting, fuel shut off solenoid, fuel pumps, hydraulic solenoids, computer boxes, etc. The principle is when power is needed by any electrical component, the battery then supplies the power. Once the charge of the battery runs low, then the regulator senses this and supplies power to the battery from the alternator until full charge is restored in the battery. Things to look for: For ordinary batteries, always check water level using only distilled water. Make sure that the terminals are properly mounted making sure that the polarities are correct. Make sure that the terminals are tightened. Loose terminals will lead to non charging and low power supply of the battery. Use the correct size battery for each unit.

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