CH 17

17.
1 SOLUTIONS 1359
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Solutions for Section 17.1
Exercises
1. We want the bottom half of a semicircle of radius 1 centered at (0, 1). The equations x = cos t, y = 1 + sin t describe
clockwise motion in this circle, passing (1, 1) when t = and (1, 1) when t = 2. So a possible parameterization is
x = cos t, y = 1 + sin t, t 2.
2. We want the straight line segment from (1, 1) to (3, 2). The position vector of (1, 1) is
i +
j and the displacement vector

from (1, 1) to (3, 2) is 2
i +
j , so the line has equation

r =
i +
j +t(2
i +
j ),
or
x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 +t.
This passes (1, 1) when t = 0 and (3, 2) when t = 1, so a possible parameterization is
x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 +t, 0 t 1.
3. We want a quarter-circle of radius 2 starting at (2, 0) and ending at (0, 2). The equations x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t describe
counterclockwise motion in a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin, passing (2, 0) when t = 0 and (0, 2) when t = /2.
So a possible parameterization is
x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, 0 t /2.
4. The curve is a segment of a parabola y = ax
2
starting at (0, 0) and ending up at (2, 2). Thus the parabola has equation
y =
1
2
x
2
. Since x goes from 0 to 2, a possible parameterization is
x = t, y =
1
2
t
2
, 0 t 2.
5. Since we are moving on the y-axis, x = 0, and y goes from 2 to 1. Thus a possible parameterization is
x = 0, y = t, 2 t 1.
6. As we move down the straight line from (0, 3) to (1, 0), x increases linearly from 0 to 1 and y decreases linearly from 3
to 0. Thus a possible parameterization is
x = t, y = 3 3t, 0 t 1.
7. One possible parameterization is
x = 3 +t, y = 2t, z = 4 t.
x = 1 + 3t, y = 2 3t, z = 3 +t.
1360 Chapter Seventeen /SOLUTIONS
x = 3 + 2t, y = 4 + 2t, z = 2 3t.
x = 5, y = 1 + 5t, z = 1 + 2t.
x = t, y = 1, z = t.
x = 1, y = 0, z = t.
13. The displacement vector from the rst point to the second is v = 4
i 5
j 3
k . The line through point (1, 5, 2) and

with direction vector v = 4
i 5
j 3
k is given by parametric equations

x = 1 + 4t,
y = 5 5t,
z = 2 3t.
Other parameterizations of the same line are also possible.
14. The vector connecting the two points is 3
j +
k . So a possible parameterization is
x = 2 + 3t, y = 3 t, z = 1 +t.
15. The displacement vector from the rst point to the second is v = (1 (3))
i + (3 (2))
j + (1 1)
k =
2
j 2
k . The line through point (3, 2, 1) and with direction vector v = 2
j 2
k is given by parametric
equations
x = 3 + 2t,
y = 2 t,
z = 1 2t.
16. The line passes through (3, 2, 2) and (0, 2, 0). The displacement vector from the rst of these points to the second is
v = (0 3)
i + (2 (2))
j + (0 2)
k = 3
i + 4
j 2
k . The line through point (3, 2, 2) and with direction

vector v = 3
i + 4
j 2
k is given by parametric equations

x = 3 3t,
y = 2 + 4t,
z = 2 2t.
17. The line passes through (3, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 5). The displacement vector from the rst of these points to the second is
v = 3
i 5
k . The line through point (3, 0, 0) and with direction vector v = 3
i 5
k is given by parametric
equations
x = 3 3t,
y = 0,
z = 5t.
17.1 SOLUTIONS 1361
18. The xy-plane is where z = 0, so one possible answer is
x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t, z = 0.
This goes in the counterclockwise direction because it starts at (3, 0, 0) and heads in the positive y-direction.
19. The xy-plane is where z = 0, and to make the particle go in the clockwise direction we start at (2, 0, 0) and head in the
negative y-direction. Thus one possible answer is
x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 0.
20. The xz-plane is y = 0, so one possible answer is
x = 2 cos t, y = 0, z = 2 sin t.
21. The circle lies in the plane z = 2, so one possible answer is
x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t, z = 2.
22. The yz-plane is x = 0, so the circle of radius 3 in the yz-plane centered at the origin would have equations
x = 0, y = 3 cos t, z = 3 sin t.
To move the center to (0, 0, 2) we add 2 to the equation for z, so one possible answer is
x = 0, y = 3 cos t, z = 2 + 3 sin t.
23. The circle of radius 5 in the yz-plane centered at the origin has equations
x = 0, y = 5 cos t, z = 5 sin t.
To move the center to (1, 0, 2), we add 1 to the equation for x and 2 to the equation for z, so one possible answer
is
x = 1, y = 5 cos t, z = 2 + 5 sin t.
24. The xy-plane is z = 0, so a possible answer is
x = t, y = t
3
, z = 0.
25. The xy-plane is z = 0, so a possible answer is
x = t
2
, y = t, z = 0.
26. The xz-plane is y = 0, so a possible answer is
x = 3t
2
, y = 0, z = t.
27. Since the curve is parallel to the xy-plane, z is constant, and since it passes through (0, 4, 4), we have z = 4. One possible
answer is
x = t, y = 4 5t
4
, z = 4.
28. Since its diameters lie along the x and y-axes and its center is the origin, the ellipse must lie in the xy-plane, hence at
z = 0. The x-coordinate ranges between 3 and 3 and the y-coordinate between 2 and 2. One possible answer is
x = 3 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 0.
29. Since its diameters are parallel to the y and z-axes and its center is in the yz-plane, the ellipse must lie in the yz-plane,
x = 0. The ellipse with the same diameters centered at the origin would have its y-coordinate range between 5/2 and
5/2 and its z-coordinate range between 1 and 1. Thus this ellipse has equation
x = 0, y =
5
2
cos t, z = sin t.
To move the center to (0, 1, 2), we add 1 to the equation for y and 2 to the equation for z, so one possible answer for
our ellipse is
x = 0, y = 1 +
5
2
cos t, z = 2 + sin t.
30. Since its diameters are parallel to the x and z-axes, the ellipse must be parallel to the xz-plane. The ellipse with the same
diameters, but centered at the origin, would have its x-coordinate range between 3/2 and 3/2 and its z-coordinate range
between 1 and 1. Thus this ellipse has equation
x =
3
2
cos t, y = 0, z = sin t.
Since our ellipse has center (0, 1, 2), it must be in the plane y = 1. To move the center to (0, 1, 2), we add 1 to the
equation for y and 2 to the equation for z, so one possible answer for our ellipse is
x =
3
2
cos t, y = 1, z = 2 + sin t.
31. The vector from P0 to P1 is v = (5 + 1)
i + (2 + 3)
j = 6
i + 5
j . Since P0 =
i 3
j , the line is
r (t) =
i 3
j +t(6
i + 5
j ) for 0 t 1.
In coordinate form, the equations are x = 1 + 6t, y = 3 + 5t, 0 t 1
32. The vector from P0 to P1 is v = (4 1)
i + (1 + 3)
j + (3 2)
k = 3
i + 4
j 5
k . Since P0 has position vector
i 3
j + 2
k , the line is
r (t) =
i 3
j + 2
k +t(3
i + 4
j 5
k ) for 0 t 1.
In coordinate form the equations are x = 1 + 3t, y = 3 + 4t, z = 2 5t.
33. The displacement vector between the points is u = 3
i + 5
k , so a possible parameterization of the line is

x = 1 + 3t, y = 2, z = 3 + 5t.
34. Since the semicircle is in the xy-plane we have z = 0. A circle of radius 1 in the xy-plane, centered at the origin
and parameterized in the counterclockwise direction, goes from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0). It has equations x = cos t and
y = sin t. The semicircle where y 0 is the obtained by restricting t to 0 t . Thus a possible answer is
x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 0, 0 t .
35. Since the semicircle is in the yz-plane we have x = 0. A circle of radius 5 in the yz-plane, centered at the origin and
parameterized in the clockwise direction (from the positive z-axis toward the positive y-axis), goes from (0, 0, 5) to
(0, 0, 5). It has equations y = 5 cos t and z = 5 sin t. The semicircle where y 0 is the obtained by restricting t to
/2 t /2. Thus a possible answer is
x = 0, y = 5 cos t, z = 5 sin t, /2 t /2.
17.1 SOLUTIONS 1363
36. The graph is parameterized by x = t, y =
t. To obtain the segment, we restrict t to 1 t 16. Thus one possible

answer is
x = t, y =
t, 1 t 16.
37. The line segment PQhas length 10, so it must be a diameter of the circle. The center of the circle is therefore the midpoint
of PQ, which is the point (5, 0). The upper arc of the circle between P and Q can be parameterized as follows:
r (t) = 5
i + 5(cos t
i + sin t
j ), 0 t .
The lower arc can be parameterized as follows:
r (t) = 5
i + 5(cos t
i + sin t
j ), t 2.
38. The equation for z is z = 3. The x-coordinate goes from 4 to 0 and the y-coordinate from 0 to 3, so possible equations
for x and y are x = 4 cos t and y = 3 sin t, with t from 0 to /2. Thus one possible answer is
x = 4 cos t, y = 3 sin t, z = 3 0 t /2.
Problems
39. We nd the parameterization in terms of the displacement vector
OP = 2
i + 5
j from the origin to the point P and the

displacement vector
PQ = 10
i + 4
j from P to Q.
r (t) =

OP + t
PQ or, expressed in coordinates, r (t) = (2 + 10t)
i + (5 + 4t)
j . To see that this is correct, note

that the equation parameterizes a line because it is linear, that t = 0 corresponds to
OP + 0
PQ =
OP, the vector from

the origin to P, and that t = 1 corresponds to
OP + 1
PQ =
OQ, the vector from the origin to Q.

OP = 2
i + 5

displacement vector
PQ = 10
i + 4
j from P to Q.
r (t) =
OP + (t/5)
PQ or r (t) = (2 + (t/5)10)
i + (5 + (t/5)4)
j
OP = 2
i + 5

displacement vector
PQ = 10
i + 4
j from P to Q.
r (t) =
OP + (t 10)
PQ or r (t) = (2 + (t 10)10)
i + (5 + (t 10)4)
j
OP = 2
i + 5

displacement vector
PQ = 10
i + 4
j from P to Q.
r (t) =
OP +
_
t 20
10
_
PQ =
_
2 +
_
t 20
10
_
10
_
i +
_
5 +
_
t 20
10
_
4
_
j .
OP = 2
i + 5

displacement vector
PQ = 10
i + 4
j from P to Q.
r (t) =
OP t
PQ or r (t) = (2 10t)
i + (5 4t)
j
44. (a) The line segment starting at P0 and ending at P1 is parametrized by
r (t) =
OP0 +t
P0P1, 0 t 1.
We write this in coordinates: Let P0 = (x0, y0, z0) and P1 = (x1, y1, z1). Then a vector between the points is
P0P1 = (x1 x0)
i + (y1 y0)
j + (z1 z0)
k , so
r (t) = (x0
i +y0
j +z0
k ) +t((x1 x0)
i + (y1 y0)
j + (z1 z0)
k ),
or
x(t) = x0 +t(x1 x0) = (1 t)x0 +tx1
y(t) = y0 +t(y1 y0) = (1 t)y0 +ty1
z(t) = z0 +t(z1 z0) = (1 t)z0 +tz1
Thus we have
r (t) = (1 t)
OP0 +t
OP1.
(b) The parametric equation r (t) = t
OP0 + (1 t)
OP1, 0 t 1 is the line segment from P1 to P0, the same line

segment as in part (a), but traversed in the opposite direction.
45. These equations parameterize a line. Since (3 + t) + (2t) + 3(1 t) = 6, we have x + y + 3z = 6. Similarly,
x y z = (3 + t) 2t (1 t) = 2. That is, the curve lies entirely in the plane x + y + 3z = 6 and in the plane
x y z = 2. Since the normals to the two planes, n1 =
i +
j +3
k and n2 =
k are not parallel, the line is

the intersection of two nonparallel planes, which is a straight line in 3-dimensional space.
46. (a) A vector on the line will lie in both planes and will therefore be orthogonal to both normal vectors. To produce a
vector orthogonal to two given vectors, you can take their cross product.
(b) The vector (
i + 2
j 3
k ) (3
j +
k ) =
i 10
j 7
k is parallel to the line.

(c) We need a point on the line and a vector parallel to the line. We found a vector in part (b). To nd a point, we
set z = 0 and solve for x and y in the equations for the planes. We have x + 2y = 7 and 3x y = 0 from
which x = 1 and y = 3. Hence, the point (1, 3, 0) is on the line. Finally, a parametric equation for the line is
r = (1 t)
i + (3 10t)
j 7t
k . Other answers are possible.

47. (a) Normal vectors to the two planes are
n1 = 2
j 3
k and n2 =
i +
j +
k .
The vector n1 n2 is perpendicular to both planes and parallel to the line of intersection:
n1 n2 =
i

j

k
2 1 3
1 1 1
= 2
i 5
j + 3
k .
(b) To check that the point (1, 1, 1) lies on the planes, substitute into each equation.
2x y 3z = 2 1 (1) 3 1 = 0
x +y +z = 1 1 + 1 = 1.
Thus, the point lies on both planes.
(c) Parametric equations of the line are
x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 5t, z = 1 + 3t.
48. (a) The line can be written as
x = 2 + 3t, y = 5 +t, z = 2t.
We substitute into x +y +z = 1 and solve
(2 + 3t) + (5 +t) + 2t = 1
6t + 7 = 1
t = 1.
Thus, the point is (x, y, z) = (2 + 3(1), 5 1, 2(1)) = (1, 4, 2).
(b) The vector v = 3
i +
j +2
k is parallel to the line; the normal vector n =
i +
j +
k is perpendicular to the plane.

Thus
v n =
i

j

k
3 1 2
1 1 1
j + 2
k
is perpendicular to the line and lies in the plane. Other answers are possible.
(c) The line passes through (1, 4, 2) and is parallel to
j + 2
k . Its equation can be written

r =
i + 4
j 2
k +t(
j + 2
k ).
49. The coefcients of t in the parameterizations show that line r 1 is parallel to the vector 3
i + 2
j +
k and line r 2 is
parallel to 6
i + 4
j + 3
k . Since these vectors are not parallel, the lines are not parallel, so the lines are different.
17.1 SOLUTIONS 1365
i +
j + 2
k and line r 2 is
parallel to 6
i 2
j 4
k . Since these vectors are parallel, the lines are parallel. To see if they are the same line, check
whether they have a common point. If so, every point is common. Pick any point on r 1, say where t = 0, which shows that
the point (5, 1, 0) is on line r 1. To determine whether this point is on line r 2, search for a solution of the simultaneous
equations
2 + 6t = 5 2 2t = 1 2 4t = 0.
The solution of the rst equation is t = 1/2, which also solves the other two equations, which shows that the point
(5, 1, 0) is on line r 2, corresponding to t = 1/2.
Since the two lines are parallel and go through a common point, they are the same line.
i +
j + 2
k and line r 2 is
parallel to 6
i 2
j 4
k . Since these vectors are parallel, the lines are parallel. To see if they are the same line, check
whether they have a common point. If so, every point is common., Pick any point on r 1, say where t = 0, which shows
that the point (5, 1, 0) is on line r 1. To determine whether this point is on line r 2, search for a solution of the simultaneous
equations
2 + 6t = 5 2 2t = 1 3 4t = 0.
The solution of the rst equation is t = 1/2, which is not a solution of the third equation, so there is no common solution.
The two lines are parallel but they are different, because one line contains the point (5, 1, 0) and the other does not.
52. The lines intersect if
c +t = s
1 +t = 1 s
5 +t = 3 +s.
Solving the last two equations gives t = 1 and s = 1. Substituting into the rst equation gives c = 2.
53. Add the two equations to get 2x+3z = 5, or x =
3
2
z+
5
2
. Subtract the two equations to get 2yz = 1, or y =
1
2
z+
1
2
.
x =
3
2
t +
5
2
, y =
1
2
t +
1
2
, z = t.
54. Add the two equations to get 3x = 8, or x =
8
3
. Then we have
y +z =
1
3
.
x =
8
3
, y = t, z =
1
3
+t.
55. Let f(x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
z. Then the surface z = x
2
+ y
2
is a level surface of f at the value 0. The gradient of f is
perpendicular to the level surface.
grad f = 2x
i + 2y
k = 2
i + 4
k .
x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 + 4t, z = 5 t.
56. Parametric equations for a line in 3-space are in the form
x = x0 +at
y = y0 +bt
z = z0 +ct
where (x0, y0, z0) is a point on the line and the direction vector is v = a
i +b
j +c
k . We are given the point as (4, 2, 3).

The vector
j +
k is parallel to the yz-plane and at an angle of 45
to both positive y- and z-axes. Thus, the direction

vector for this line is v =
j +
k . Parametric equations for this line are

x = 4,
y = 2 +t,
z = 3 +t.
57. (a) Both paths are straight lines, the rst passes through the point (1, 4, 1) in the direction of the vector
j + 2
k
and the second passes through (7, 6, 1) in the direction of the vector 2
i + 2
j +

k . The two paths are not
parallel.
(b) Is there a time t when the two particles are at the same place at the same time? If so, then their coordinates will be
the same, so equating coordinates we get
1 +t = 7 + 2t
4 t = 6 + 2t
1 + 2t = 1 +t.
Since the rst equation is solved by t = 6, the second by t = 10/3, and the third by t = 0, no value of t solves all
three equations. The two particles never arrive at the same place at the same time, and so they do not collide.
(c) Are there any times t1 and t2 such that the position of the rst particle at time t1 is the same as the position of the
second particle at time t2? If so then
1 +t1 = 7 + 2t2
4 t1 = 6 + 2t2
1 + 2t1 = 1 +t2.
We solve the rst two equations and get t1 = 2 and t2 = 4. This is a solution for the third equation as well, so the
three equations are satised by t1 = 2 and t2 = 4. At time t = 2 the rst particle is at the point (1, 2, 3), and at time
t = 4 the second is at the same point. The paths cross at the point (1, 2, 3), and the rst particle gets there rst.
58. (a) The particle moves clockwise around a circle with center (a, a) and radius b, starting at (a, a + b). The motion has
period 2/k.
(b) (i) Increasing b increases the radius.
(ii) Increasing a moves the center away from the origin along the line y = x.
(iii) Increasing k makes the particle move faster and reduces the period.
(iv) If a = b, the circle touches both the x- and y-axes at the points (a, 0) and (0, a), respectively.
59. The question is equivalent to asking if the line through (3, 4, 2) and (4, 5, 0) enters the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1. A
parameterization for this line is given by
x = 3 + 7t, y = 4 + 9t, z = 2 2t.
We want to see whether the line intersects the sphere x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1. Substituting we have
(3 + 7t)
2
+ (4 + 9t)
2
+ (2 2t)
2
= 1
29 122t + 134t
2
= 0
Since (122)
2
4(29)134 < 0, this equation has no real solutions. Thus, the line does not enter the sphere and the point
is visible.
60. The three shadows appear as a circle, a cosine wave and a sine wave, respectively.
1
1
1
1
x
y
x = cos t
y = sin t
1 0 1
5
10
x
z
x = cos t
z = t
1 0 1
5
10
y
z
y = sin t
z = t
Figure 17.1
17.1 SOLUTIONS 1367
61. The helices wind around a cylinder of radius , which explains the signicance of . As t increases from 0 to 2, the
helix winds once around the cylinder, climbing upward a distance of 2. Thus controls how stretched out the helix is
in the vertical direction. See Figure 17.2 and Figure 17.3.
x y
z
x y
z
x y
z
Figure 17.2: Three values of with the same
x y
z
x y
z
x y
z
Figure 17.3: Three values of with the same
62. The displacement from the point (1, 2, 3) to the point (3, 5, 7) is 3
i +5
j +7
k (
i +2
j +3
k ) = 2
i +3
j +4
k . So
the equation of the line is
x
i +y
j +z
k = 1
i + 2
j + 3
k +t(2
i + 3
j + 4
k )
or
x
i +y
j +z
k = (1 + 2t)
i + (2 + 3t)
j + (3 + 4t)
k .
The square of the distance from a point (x, y, z) on the line to the origin, denoted by D(t) is
D(t) = (x 0)
2
+ (y 0)
2
+ (z 0)
2
= (1 + 2t)
2
+ (2 + 3t)
2
+ (3 + 4t)
2
= 1 + 4t + 4t
2
+ 4 + 12t + 9t
2
+ 9 + 24t + 16t
2
= 14 + 40t + 29t
2
= 29
_
t
2
+
40
29
t +
14
29
_
= 29
_
_
t +
20
29
_
2
_
20
29
_
2
+
14
29
_
.
Since D(t) is minimum when t = 20/29 and
D(20/29) = 29
_
_
20
29
_
2
+
14
29
_
=
6
29
,
the shortest distance is
_
6/29.
63. (a) Parametric equations are
x = 2 +at, y = 1 +bt, z = 3 +ct.
(b) The line goes through the origin if the position vector 2
i +
j + 3
k is parallel to the vector a
i + b
j + c
k . This
occurs if a, b, c are in the ratio 2 : 1 : 3; that is if
a
2
=
b
1
=
c
3
.
64. (a) The vector 2
i + 7
j + 4
k is parallel to the line. A normal to the plane is a
i + b
j + c
k . We want the normal to

the plane to be parallel to the line, so we take a = 2, b = 7, c = 4. Any value of d will do, for example d = 0.
(b) The same values of a, b, c as in part (a) work, though now we need to choose d so that the point (5, 3, 0) lies on the
plane. So a = 2, b = 7, c = 4 and
d = 2(5) + 7(3) + 4(0) = 11.
(c) The normal a
i +b
j +c
k must be perpendicular to the vector 2
i + 7
j + 4
k , so
2a + 7b + 4c = 0
We can choose any values of a, b, c which satisfy this equation, so a = 7, b = 2, c = 0 work. To ensure that the point
(5, 3, 0), which lies on the line, also lies on the plane, substitute the coordinates of the point into the plane, giving
d = 7x + 2y + 0z = 7(5) + 2(3) = 41.
65. The line r =a +t
b is parallel to the vector
b and through the point with position vector a .

(a) is (vii). The equation
b r = 0 is a plane perpendicular to
b and satised by (0, 0, 0).

(b) is (ii). For any constant k, the equation
b r = k is a plane perpendicular to
b . If k = ||a || = 0, the plane does not

contain the origin.
(c) is (iv). The equation (a
b ) (r a ) = 0 is the equation of a plane which is satised by r =a , so the point with

position vector a lies on the plane. Since a
b is perpendicular to
b , the plane is parallel to the line, and therefore

it contains the line.
66. (a) Parametric equations are
x = 1 + 2t, y = 5 + 3t, z = 2 t.
(b) We want to minimize D, the square of the distance of a point to the origin, where
D = (x 0)
2
+ (y 0)
2
+ (z 0)
2
= (1 + 2t)
2
+ (5 + 3t)
2
+ (2 t)
2
.
Differentiating to nd the critical points gives
dD
dt
= 2(1 + 2t)2 + 2(5 + 3t)3 + 2(2 t)(1) = 0
2 + 4t + 15 + 9t 2 +t = 0
t =
15
14
.
Thus
x = 1 + 2
_
15
14
_
=
8
7
y = 5 + 3
_
15
14
_
=
25
14
z = 2
_
15
14
_
=
43
14
.
Since the distance of the point on the line fromthe origin increases without bound as the magnitude of x, y, z increase,
the only critical point of D must be a global minimum. Therefore, the point (8/7, 25/14, 43/14) is the point on
the line closest to the origin.
17.1 SOLUTIONS 1369
67. Since the origin is beneath Denver and 1650 meters = 1.65 km, Denvers coordinates, in kilometers, are (0, 0, 1.65). From
Figure 17.4, we see the x and y coordinates of Bismark are given by
x = 850 cos 60
= 425 km and y = 850 sin 60
= 736 km.
Since 550 meters = 0.55 km, the coordinates of Bismark in kilometers are (425, 736, 0.55).
60
850 km
Bismark
Denver x
x
y
y
Figure 17.4
The velocity vector, v , of the plane is parallel to the vector
DB joining Denver to Bismark, where
DB = 425
i +
736
j + (0.55 1.65)
k = 425
i + 736
j 1.1
k .
Since ||
DB|| =
425
2
+ 736
2
+ 1.1
2
850 km and the plane is moving at 650 km/hr, the velocity vector is given
by
v =
650
850
(425
i + 736
j 1.1
k ) = 325
i + 563
j 0.84
k .
Since the plane is 8000 m = 8 km above Denver, it passes through the point (0, 0, 9.65). Therefore the parametric
equation is
r = 9.65
k +t(325
i + 563
j 0.84
k ).
68. (a) We look along the line that passes through P = (1, 2, 1) and is parallel to v =

i + 2
j +
k . The question is
which plane, the blue or the yellow, this line rst meets.
Parametric equations for the line are
x = 1 +t, y = 2 + 2t, z = 1 +t.
We substitute these into the equations of the respective planes and solve for t in each case:
(1 +t) + 3(2 + 2t) 2(1 +t) = 6 2(1 +t) + (2 + 2t) + (1 +t) = 3
5t 3 = 6 5t 1 = 3
t =
9
5
t =
4
5
From this we see that the line rst intersects the yellow plane 2x +y +z = 3, when t = 4/5. So you see the yellow
plane. (Note that we did not need to nd the points of intersection of the line with the planes.)
(b) A vector from P to a point on the green line gives a direction looking directly at the line. If we get a parametric
equation for the green line then we can write down a vector from P to any variable point on the line.
To get a parametric equation we need a vector parallel to the green line and a point that lies on the green line.
We take the cross product of the normal of the blue plane, n
b
=
i + 3
j 2
k , and the normal of the yellow plane,

ny = 2
i +
j +
k . This gives a vector 5
i 5
j 5
k , so we take u =
k as a vector parallel to the green

line.
We also need one point on the line. For that, we can choose a value of z, and nd the corresponding values of x
and y on both the blue and yellow planes. Taking z = 0, say, gives the equations x +3y = 6 and 2x +y = 3, which
have x = 3/5 and y = 9/5 as solutions. So a point on the green line is Q = (3/5, 9/5, 0). Therefore a parametric
equation for the green line is
x =
3
5
+t, y =
9
5
t, z = t.
A vector from P = (1, 2, 1) to a variable point on the line is then, for < t < ,
v =
_
1
_
3
5
+t
__
i +
_
2
_
9
5
t
__
j + (1 (t))
k =
_
2
5
+t
_
i +
_
19
5
+t
_
j + (1 +t)
k .
Thus, if we look in the direction of v , for any value of t, we look at the line.
(c) Consider the plane that contains the point P and the green line; lets call it the green plane. The green plane divides
3-space into two half-spaces. FromP, if we look in a direction pointing into one of the half-spaces we see the yellow
plane (as in part (a)) and if we look in a direction pointing into the other half-space we see the blue plane. We have
to gure out which half-space is which.
We need a normal vector to the green plane. We know the point P = (1, 2, 1) on the plane and the equation
of the green line. We nd that a normal vector to the green plane is n = 2
i +
j +
k .
From part (a) we know that the vector v =

i + 2
j +
k points from P into the half-space where we see the

yellow plane. The dot product of n and v is
n v = 2 1 + 1 2 + 1 1 = 5 > 0.
This means that any vector pointing into this half-space has a positive dot product with n . Thus the condition on a
general vector w = a
i +b
j +c
k to point into this half-space is

2a +b +c > 0;
Similarly, w points into the half-space where we see the blue plane if
2a +b +c < 0.
69. (a) If n v = 0, then n and v are perpendicular. Since P1 is perpendicular to n and L is parallel to v , we see that P1
and L are parallel. In fact, L may lie in the plane.
(b) Since n v is perpendicular to n and to v , the vector n v is parallel to P1 and perpendicular to L. Thus, P2,
which is perpendicular to n v , is
(i) Perpendicular to P1.
(ii) Parallel to L.
70. (a) (i) is the original graph reected in both the x- and y-axes, so (C).
(ii) is the original graph reected in the y-axis, so (A).
(iii) is the original graph shifted right by 1, so (D).
(iv) is the original graph shifted right by 1 and up by 1, so (G).
(b) (i) Not possible; all points would lie on a circle
(ii) Not possible; spiral would be equally spaced.
(iii) Possible; spirals increase in diameter as t increases.
(iv) Not possible; spiral would be equally spaced.
(v) Not possible; all points would lie on a circle
Exercises
1. The velocity vector v is given by:
v =
d(t)
dt
i +
_
d
dt
(t
3
t)
_
j =
i + (3t
2
1)
j .
The acceleration vector a is given by:
a =
dv
dt
=
d(1)
dt
i +
_
d
dt
(3t
2
1)
_
j = 6t
j .
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1371
v =
d
dt
(2 + 3t)
i +
d
dt
(4 +t)
j +
d
dt
(1 t)
k = 3
i +
k .
a =
dv
dt
=
d(3)
dt
i +
d(1)
dt
j
d(1)
dt
k =
0
v =
d
dt
(2 + 3t
2
)
i +
d
dt
(4 +t
2
)
j +
d
dt
(1 t
2
)
k = 6t
i + 2t
j 2t
k .
a =
d(6t)
dt
i +
d(2t)
dt
j
d(2t)
dt
k = 6
i + 2
j 2
k .
v =
d
dt
t
i +
d
dt
t
2
j +
d
dt
t
3
k =
i + 2t
j + 3t
2
k .
a =
dv
dt
=
d(1)
dt
t
i +
d(2t)
dt
j +
d(3t
2
)
d
k = 2
j + 6t
k .
v =
d
dt
(3 cos t)
i +
d
dt
(4 sin t)
j = 3 sin t
i + 4 cos t
j .
a =
dv
dt
=
d
dt
(3 sin t)
i +
d
dt
(4 cos t)
j = 3 cos t
i 4 sin t
j .
6. Since r (t) = 3 cos(t
2
)
i + 3 sin(t
2
)
j +t
2
k , we have
v (t) = 6t sin (t
2
)
i + 6t cos (t
2
)
j + 2t
k ,
a (t) = (6 sin (t
2
) 12t
2
cos (t
2
))
i + (6 cos (t
2
) 12t
2
sin (t
2
))
j + 2
k .
7. To nd v (t) we rst nd dx/dt = 6t and dy/dt = 3t
2
. Therefore, the velocity vector is v = 6t
i + 3t
2
j . The speed of
the particle is given by the magnitude of the vector,
v =
_
_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
=
_
(6t)
2
+ (3t
2
)
2
= 3|t|
_
4 +t
2
.
The particle stops when v =
0 , so when 6t = 3t
2
= 0. Therefore, the particle stops when t = 0.
v =
d
dt
(cos 3t)
i +
d
dt
(sin 5t)
j = 3 sin 3t
i + 5 cos 5t
j .
The speed is given by
v =
_
9 sin
2
(3t) + 25 cos
2
(5t).
Thus, v = 0 when sin(3t) = cos(5t) = 0 but there are no values of t for which this is true, so the particle never stops.
v =
d
dt
(t)
i +
d
dt
(t
2
)
j +
d
dt
(t
3
)
k
=
i + 2t
j + 3t
2
k .
The speed is given by:
v =
_
1 + 4t
2
+ 9t
4
.
Now v is never zero since 1 + 4t
2
+ 9t
4
1 for all t. Thus, the particle never stops.
v =
d
dt
((t 1)
2
)
i +
d
dt
(2)
j +
d
dt
(2t
3
3t
2
)
k
= 2(t 1)
i + (6t
2
6t)
k .
v =
_
(2(t 1))
2
+ (6t
2
6t)
2
= 2|t 1|
_
1 + 9t
2
.
The particle stops when v =

0 , so when 2(t 1) = (6t
2
6t) = 0. Since these are all satised only by t = 1, this is
the only time that the particle stops.
11. To nd v (t) we rst nd dx/dt = 6t cos(t
2
) and dy/dt = 6t sin(t
2
). Therefore, the velocity is v = 6t cos(t
2
)
i
6t sin(t
2
)
j . The speed of the particle is given by

v =
_
(6t cos(t
2
))
2
+ (6t sin(t
2
))
2
=
_
36t
2
(cos(t
2
))
2
+ 36t
2
(sin(t
2
))
2
= 6|t|
_
cos
2
(t
2
) + sin
2
(t
2
)
= 6|t|.
The particle comes to a complete stop when speed is 0, that is, if 6|t| = 0, and so when t = 0 .
v =
d
dt
(3 sin
2
t)
i +
d
dt
(cos t 1)
j +
d
dt
(t
2
)
k = 6 sin t cos t
i sin t
j + 2t
k .
v =
_
36 sin
2
t cos
2
t + sin
2
t + 4t
2
.
The particle comes to a stop when v =
0 , so when when 6 sin t cos t = sin t = 2t = 0, and so the particle stops when
t = 0.
13. We have
Length =
_
2
1
_
(x
(t))
2
+ (y
(t))
2
+ (z
(t))
2
dt =
_
2
1
_
5
2
+ 4
2
+ (1)
2
dt =
42.
This is the length of a straight line from the point (8, 5, 2) to (13, 9, 1).
14. We have
Length =
_
1
0
_
(e
t
sin(e
t
))
2
+ (e
t
cos(e
t
))
2
dt
=
_
1
0
e
2t
dt =
_
1
0
e
t
dt
= e 1.
This is the length of the arc of a unit circle from the point (cos 1, sin 1) to (cos e, sin e)in other words between the
angles = 1 and = e. The length of this arc is (e 1).
15. We have
Length =
_
2
0
_
(3 sin 3t)
2
+ (5 cos 5t)
2
dt.
We cannot nd this integral symbolically, but numerical methods show Length 24.6.
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1373
16. The velocity vector v is
v =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j +
dz
dt
k = 3(2)(sin(2t))
i + 3(2) cos(2t)
j + 0
k
= 6 sin(2t)
i + 6 cos(2t)
j .
The acceleration vector a is
a =
d
2
x
dt
2
i +
d
2
y
dt
2
j +
d
2
z
dt
2
k = 6(2) cos(2t)
i + 6(2)(sin(2t))
j
= 12
2
cos(2t)
i 12
2
sin(2t)
j .
To check that v and a are perpendicular, we check that the dot product is zero:
v a = (6 sin(2t)
i + 6 cos(2t)
j ) (12
2
cos(2t)
i 12
2
sin(2t)
j )
= 72
3
sin(2t) cos(2t) 72
3
cos(2t) sin(2t) = 0
The speed is
v = 6 sin(2t)
i + 6 cos(2t)
j = 6
_
sin
2
(2t) + cos
2
(2t) = 6,
and so is constant. The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = 12
2
cos(2t)
i 12
2
sin(2t)
j = 12
2
_
cos
2
(2t) + sin
2
(2t) = 12
2
,
which is also constant.
17. The velocity vector v is
v =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j +
dz
dt
k = 0
i + 2(3) cos(3t)
j + 2(3)(sin(3t))
k
= 6 cos(3t)
j 6 sin(3t)
k .
a =
d
2
x
dt
2
i +
d
2
y
dt
2
j +
d
2
z
dt
2
k = 6(3)(sin(3t))
j 6(3) cos(3t)
k
= 18 sin(3t)
j 18 cos(3t)
k .
To check that v and a are perpendicular, we check that the dot product is zero:
v a = (6 cos(3t)
j 6 sin(3t)
k ) (18 sin(3t)
j 18 cos(3t)
k )
= 108 cos(3t) sin(3t) + 108 sin(3t) cos(3t) = 0.
The speed is
v = 6 cos(3t)
j 6 sin(3t)
k = 6
_
sin
2
(3t) + cos
2
(3t) = 6,
and so is constant. The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = 18 sin(3t)
j 18 cos(3t)
k = 18
_
sin
2
(3t) + cos
2
(3t) = 18,
which is also constant.
18. In vector form the parameterization is
r = 2
i + 3
j + 5
k +t
2
(
i 2
k ).
Thus the motion is along the straight line through (2, 3, 5) in the direction of
i 2
k . The velocity vector v is

v =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j +
dz
dt
k = 2t(
i 2
k )
a =
d
2
x
dt
2
i +
d
2
y
dt
2
j +
d
2
z
dt
2
k = 2(
i 2
k ).
The speed is
v = 2|t|
i 2
k = 2
6|t|.
The acceleration vector is constant and points in the direction of
i 2
k . When t < 0 the absolute value |t| is

decreasing, hence the speed is decreasing. Also, when t < 0 the velocity vector 2t(
i 2
k ) points in the direction

opposite to
i 2
k . When t > 0 the absolute value |t| is increasing and hence the speed is increasing. Also, when
t > 0 the velocity vector points in the same direction as
i 2
k .
19. In vector form the parameterization is
r =
i +5
j 2
k + (2t
3
+ 3t)(
i + 2
j + 3
k ).
Thus the motion is along the straight line through (1, 5, 2) in the direction of
i +2
j +3
k . The velocity vector v is

v =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j +
dz
dt
k = (6t
2
+ 3)(
i + 2
j + 3
k )
a =
d
2
x
dt
2
i +
d
2
y
dt
2
j +
d
2
z
dt
2
k = 12t(
i + 2
j + 3
k ).
The speed is
v = |6t
2
+ 3|
i + 2
j + 3
k = 3
14|2t
2
+ 1| = 3
14(2t
2
+ 1).
The graph of the speed is a parabola opening upward with vertex at t = 0. Thus the speed is decreasing when t < 0
and increasing when t > 0. The velocity vector always points in the same direction
i + 2
j + 3
k , since 6t
2
+ 3 is
always positive. The acceleration vector points in the opposite direction to
i + 2
j + 3
k when t < 0 and in the same

direction when t > 0. Thus the acceleration vector points in the opposite direction to the speed when t < 0 and in the
same direction when t > 0.
20. At t = 2, the position and velocity vectors are
r (2) = (2 1)
2
i + 2
j + (2 2
3
3 2
2
)
k =
i + 2
j + 4
k ,
v (2) = 2 (2 1)
i + (6 2
2
6 2)
k = 2
i + 12
k .
So we want the line going through the point (1, 2, 4) at the time t = 2, in the direction 2
i + 12
k :
x = 1 + 2(t 2), y = 2 z = 4 + 12(t 2).
Problems
21. Plotting the positions on the xy plane and noting their times gives the graph shown in Figure 17.5.
2 4 6 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
x
y
t = 0
t = 0.5
t = 1
t = 1.5
t = 2
t = 2.5, 3.5
t = 3
t = 4
Figure 17.5
(a) We approximate dx/dt by x/t calculated between t = 1.5 and t = 2.5:
dx
dt

x
t
=
3 7
2.5 1.5
=
4
1
= 4.
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1375
Similarly,
dy
dt

y
t
=
10 5
2.5 1.5
=
5
1
= 5.
So,
v (2) 4
i + 5
j and Speed = v =
41.
(b) The particle is moving vertically at about time t = 1.5. Note that the particle is momentarily stopped at about t = 3;
however it is not moving parallel to the y-axis at this instant.
(c) The particle stops at about time t = 3 and reverses course.
22. The velocity vector for this motion is
v = (2t 6)
i + (3t
2
3)
j .
The motion is vertical when the component in the
i direction is 0 and motion in
j direction is not 0. Motion in
i direction
is 0 when
2t 6 = 0,
t = 3.
At that time, motion in

j direction is not 0. The motion is horizontal when the component in the

j direction is 0 and
motion in
i direction is not 0. Motion in
j direction is 0 when
3t
2
3 = 0,
t = 1, 1.
At these times, motion in
i direction is not 0. To determine the end behavior, recall that a polynomial is approximated by
its highest powered term for large values (positive or negative) of the independent variable. Thus, as t , we have
x t
2
and y t
3
. The end behavior, and the x and y coordinates when the motion is vertical or horizontal, are shown in
Table 17.1. The graph is shown in Figure 17.6.
Table 17.1
t x y
+
1 7 2
1 5 2
3 9 18
+ + +
10 10 20
10
40
90
140
190
x
y
Figure 17.6
23. The velocity vector for this motion is
v =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j = (3t
2
12)
i + (2t + 10)
j .
The motion is vertical when the component in the
i direction is 0 and motion in
j direction is not 0. Motion in
i direction
is 0 when
3t
2
12 = 0,
t = 2, 2.
At these times, motion in
j direction is not 0. The motion is horizontal when the component in the
j direction is 0 and
motion in
i direction is not 0. Motion in
j direction is 0 when
2t + 10 = 0,
t = 5.
At this time, the motion in
i direction is not 0. To determine the end behavior, recall that a polynomial is approximated by
its highest powered term for large values (positive or negative) of the independent variable. Thus, as t , we have
x t
3
and y t
2
. The end behavior, and the x and y coordinates when the motion is vertical or horizontal, are shown in
Table 17.2. The graph is shown in Figure 17.7.
Table 17.2
t x y
+
5 65 25
2 16 16
2 16 24
+ + +
800 400
40
40
80
x
y
Figure 17.7
24. A parameterization is
r (t) = 5
i + 4
j 2
k + (t 4)(2
i 3
j +
k )
or equivalently
x = 5 + 2(t 4), y = 4 3(t 4), z = 2 + (t 4).
25. (a) The vector
PQ between the points is given by
PQ = 2
i + 5
j + 3
k .
Since ||
PQ|| =
2
2
+ 5
2
+ 3
2
=
38, the velocity vector of the motion is

v =
5
38
(2
i + 5
j + 3
k ).
(b) The motion is along a line starting at the point (3, 2, 5) and with the velocity vector from part (a). The equation of
the line is
r = 3
i + 2
j 5
k +tv = 3
i + 2
j 5
k +
5
38
(2
i + 5
j + 3
k )t,
so
x = 3 +
10
38
t, y = 2 +
25
38
t, z = 5 +
15
38
t.
26. (a) The particle starts at (2, 1, 5) so r 0 = 2
j +5
k . In 5 seconds, the particle moves through a displacement given

by
PQ = 3
i + 4
j 6
k . Its velocity, v , is given by

v =
3
5
i +
4
5
j
6
5
k = 0.6
i + 0.8
j 1.2
k .
Thus, the equation of the line is
r = 2
j + 5
k +t(0.6
i + 0.8
j 1.2
k )
or
x = 2 + 0.6t, y = 1 + 0.8t, z = 5 1.2t.
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1377
(b) The velocity vector in part (a), v = 0.6
i + 0.8
j 1.2
k , means that the particle is moving with

Speed = ||v || =
_
(0.6)
2
+ (0.8)
2
+ (1.2)
2
= 1.562.
To make the speed = 5, take a new velocity vector given by
v =
5
1.562
(0.6
i + 0.8
j 1.2
k ) = 1.92
i + 2.56
j 3.84
k .
Thus the equation of the line is
r = 2
j + 5
k +t(1.92
i + 2.56
j 3.84
k )
or
x = 2 + 1.92t, y = 1 + 2.56 t, t = 5 3.84t.
27. (a) At t = 0, we have r (0) = 0
i + 0
j + 6.4
k , so the stones initial position is (0, 0, 6.4). Thus the rooftop is 6.4
meters above the ground.
(b) The stone hits the ground when the height above the ground is 0; that is, when its z coordinate is 0:
6.4 4.9t
2
= 0
t =
_
6.4
4.9
= 1.14.
Since t must be positive, the stone hits the ground about 1.14 seconds after it is thrown.
(c) The velocity of the stone at time t is given by
v (t) = r

(t) = 10
i 5
j 9.8t
k ,
so when the stone hits the ground at t = 1.14 seconds,
v (1.14) = 10
i 5
j 9.8(1.14)
k = 10
i 5
j 11.172
k .
The stones speed is given by ||v (1.14)|| =
10
2
+ 5
2
+ 11.172
2
= 15.81 meters/sec.
(d) The stone hits the ground at the point with position vector
r (1.14) = 10(1.14)
i 5(1.14)
j + (6.4 4.9(1.14)
2
)
k ,
which is the point (11.4, 5.7, 0).
(e) The acceleration of the stone at time t is given by
a (t) = v

(t) = 9.8
k .
Thus, the acceleration is constant; the stone hits the ground at an acceleration of 9.8 meters/sec
2
; that is 9.8 meters/sec
2
downward.
28. (a) We substitute x = 1 +t, y = 5 + 2t, z = 7 +t into x +y +z = 1 and solve for t:
(1 +t) + (5 + 2t) + (t 7) = 1
4t 1 = 1
t = 0.5 sec.
When t = 0.5, the particle is at the point (x, y, z) = (1 + (0.5), 5 + 2(0.5), (0.5) 7) = (1.5, 6, 6.5).
(b) The particles velocity is
v =
i + 2
j +
k ,
so
Speed = ||1
2
+ 2
2
+ 1
2
|| =
6 meters/sec.
29. (a) Since z = 90 feet when t = 0, the tower is 90 feet high.
(b) The child reaches the bottom when z = 0, so t = 90/5 = 18 minutes.
(c) Her velocity is given by
v =
dr
dt
= (10 sin t)
i + (10 cos t)
j 5
k ,
so
Speed = ||v || =
_
(10 sin t)
2
+ (10 cos t)
2
+ (5)
2
=
_
10
2
+ 5
2
=
125 ft/min.
(d) Her acceleration is given by
a =
dv
dt
= (10 cos t)
i (10 sin t)
j ft/min
2
.
30. (a) The height at time t is given by z = 100 (t 5)
2
, so the maximum height occurs at t = 5 secs, when r =
10
i + 15
j + 100
k , so the point is (10, 15, 100).

(b) The velocity of the particle at time t is given by
v = 2
i + 3
j 2(t 5)
k ,
so the speed is
||v || =
_
2
2
+ 3
2
+ 2
2
(t 5)
2
=
_
13 + 4(t 5)
2
cm/sec.
Thus, the maximum speed occurs when t = 0 secs and when t = 10 secs and is given by ||v || =
_
13 + 4(5
2
) =
113 = 10.630 cm/sec.

(c) The minimum speed occurs when t = 5 and is given by ||v || =
13 = 3.606 cm/sec.
31. (a) The ball hits the ground when y = 0, so
2 + 25t 4.9t
2
= 0.
The quadratic formula gives
t =
25
_
25
2
4 2(4.9)
2(4.9)
= 0.079 or 5.181 sec.
We need the positive answer, t = 5.181 sec.
(b) At the time the ball hits the ground, x = 20(5.181) = 103.616 meters. Thus, the ball hits the ground after 5.181
seconds at a point 103.616 meters horizontally from where it was thrown.
(c) h = 2 meters.
(d) g = 9.8 meters/sec
2
.
(e) Since v cos = 20 and v sin = 25, we have
tan =
v sin
v cos
=
25
20
= 1.25,
so
= arctan(1.25) = 0.896.
Then
v =
20
cos 0.896
= 32.016 meters/sec.
32. (a) The top of the tower is at the point (0, 0, 20), so we want r (0) = 20
k . This is (I) and (IV). Only (IV) is going

downward.
Projectile (IV) hits the ground when z = 0, which occurs when 20 t
2
= 0, so t =
20 = 4.5. (We take the

positive root since the projectile is launched when t = 0.) At this time, r (
20) = 8.9
j , so the projectile hits the

ground at the point (0, 8.9, 0), which is 8.9 meters from the base of the tower in the direction of the tree.
(b) To hit the top of the tree, the projectile must go through the point (0, 20, 20). This is (II).
The projectile reaches the top of the tree when 2t
2
= 20, so (taking the positive root) t =
10 = 3.2 sec. The

projectile is launched fromr (0) =
0 , the base of the tower.

(c) Projectiles launched from somewhere on the tower have x(0) = y(0) = 0 and 0 z(0) 20. Only (III) and (V)
have nonzero x(0) and y(0).
To hit the tree, there must be a time for which the projectile is at a point (0, 20, z) for some 0 z 20.
Since (III) has x(t) = 20 for all t, it does not hit the tree. So (V) is the answer.
For (V), we have 2t = 20, when t = 10 sec. Then r (10) = 20
j + 10
k , so the projectile hits the tree at

(0, 20, 10), which is half way up.
33. (a) For any positive constant k, the parameterization
x = 5 sin(kt) y = 5 cos(kt)
moves counterclockwise on a circle of radius 5 starting at the point (0, 5). We choose k to make the period 8 seconds.
If k 8 = 2, then k = /4 and the parameterization is
x = 5 sin
_
t
4
_
y = 5 cos
_
t
4
_
.
(b) Since it takes 8 seconds for the particle to go around the circle
Speed =
Circumference of circle
8
=
2(5)
8
=
5
4
cm/sec.
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1379
34. Since the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/sec
2
, we have r

(t) = 9.8
k . Integrating gives
r

(t) = C1
i +C2
j + (9.8t +C3)
k ,
r (t) = (C1t +C4)
i + (C2t +C5)
j + (4.9t
2
+C3t +C6)
k .
The initial condition, r (0) =
0 , implies that C4 = C5 = C6 = 0, thus

r (t) = C1t
i +C2t
j + (4.9t
2
+C3t)
k .
To nd the position vector, we need to nd the values of C1, C2, and C3. This we do using the coordinates of the
highest point. When the rocket reaches its peak, the vertical component of the velocity is zero, so 9.8t +C3 = 0. Thus,
at the highest point, t = C3/9.8. At that time
r (t) = 1000
i + 3000
j + 10000
k ,
so, for the same value of t:
C1t = 1000,
C2t = 3000,
4.9t
2
+C3t = 10, 000,
Substituting t = C3/9.8 into the third equation gives
4.9
_
C3
9.8
_
2
+
C
2
3
9.8
= 10,000
C
2
3
= 2(9.8)10,000
C3 = 442.7
Then C1 =
1000
C
3
/9.8
= 22.1 and C2 =
3000
C
3
/9.8
= 66.4. Thus,
r (t) = 22.1t
i + 66.4t
j + (442.7t 4.9t
2
)
k .
35. (a) No. The height of the particle is given by 2t; the vertical velocity is the derivative d(2t)/dt = 2. Because this is a
positive constant, the vertical component of the velocity vector is upward at a constant speed of 2.
(b) When 2t = 10, so t = 5.
(c) The velocity vector is given by
v (t) =
dr
dt
=
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j +
dz
dt
k
= (sin t)
i + (cos t)
j + 2
k .
From (b), the particle is at 10 units above the ground when t = 5, so at t = 5,
v (5) = 0.959
i + 0.284
j + 2
k .
Therefore, v (5) = sin(5)
i + cos(5)
j + 2
k .
(d) At this point, t = 5, the particle is located at
r (5) = (cos(5), sin(5), 10) = (0.284, 0.959, 10).
The tangent vector to the helix at this point is given by the velocity vector found in part (c), that is, v (5) = 0.959
i +
0.284
j + 2
k . So, the equation of the tangent line is

r (t) = 0.284
i 0.959
j + 10
k + (t 5)(0.959
i + 0.284
j + 2
k ).
36. (a) The parametric equation describing Emilys motion is
x = 10 cos
_
2
20
t
_
= 10 cos
_

10
t
_
, y = 10 sin
_
2
20
t
_
= 10 sin
_

10
t
_
z = constant.
Her velocity vector is
v =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j +
dz
dt
k = sin
_

10
t
_
i + cos
_

10
t
_
j .
Her speed is given by:
v =
_
_
sin
_

10
t
__
2
+
_
cos
_

10
t
__
2
+ 0
2
=
_
sin
2
_

10
t
_
+ cos
2
_

10
t
_
=
1 = m/sec,
which is independent of time (as we expected). This is certainly the long way to solve this problem though, since we
could have simply divided the circumference of the circle (20) by the time taken for a single rotation (20 seconds)
to arrive at the same answer.
(b) When Emily drops the ball, it initially has Emilys velocity vector, but it immediately begins accelerating in the z-
direction due to the force of gravity. The motion of the ball will then be tangential to the merry-go-round, curving
down to the ground. In order to nd the tangential component of the balls motion, we must know Emilys velocity
at the moment she dropped the ball. Then we can integrate the velocity and obtain the position of the ball. Assuming
Emily drops the ball at time t = 0, her position and velocity vector are
r (0) = 10
i + 3
k and v (0) =
j .
Thus, the ball has velocity only in the y-direction when it is dropped. In the z-direction, we have
Acceleration =
d
2
z
dt
2
= 9.8 m/sec
2
.
Since the initial velocity 0 and initial height 3, we have
z = 3 4.9t
2
.
The ball touches the ground when z = 0, that is, when t = 0.78 sec. In that time, the ball also travels (0.78) = 2.45
meters in the y-direction. So, the nal position is (10, 2.45, 0). The distance between this point and P = (10, 0, 0)
is 2.45 meters.
(c) The distance of the ball from Emily when it hits the ground is found by nding Emilys position at t = 0.78 sec and
using the distance formula. Emilys position when the ball hits the ground is (10 cos(0.078), 10 sin(0.078), 3) =
(9.70, 2.43, 3). The distance between this point and the point where the ball struck the ground is:
d
_
(10 9.70)
2
+ (2.45 2.43)
2
+ (0 3)
2
= 3.01 meters.
Note that the merry-go-round does not rotate very much in the 0.78 sec needed for the ball to reach the ground, so
our answer makes sense.
37. (a) The center of the wheel moves horizontally, so its y-coordinate will never change; it will equal 1 at all times. In one
second, the wheel rotates 1 radian, which corresponds to 1 meter on the rim of a wheel of radius 1 meter, and so the
rolling wheel advances at a rate of 1 meter/sec. Thus the x-coordinate of the center, which equals 0 at t = 0, will
equal t at time t. At time t the center will be at the point (x, y) = (t, 1).
(b) By time t the spot on the rim will have rotated t radians clockwise, putting it at angle t as in Figure 17.8. The
coordinates of the spot with respect to the center of the wheel are (cos(t), sin(t)). Adding these to the coordinates
(t, 1) of the center gives the location of the spot as (x, y) = (t + cos t, 1 sin t). See Figure 17.9.
(t, 1)
t
x
y
Figure 17.8
x
y
Figure 17.9
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1381
38. (a) Let the ant begin the trip at time t = 0, and lets place the origin of our coordinate system at the center of the disk.
We align the axes so that at time t = 0 the radius along which the ant crawls falls on the positive x-axis. At time t
seconds, the ant is at a distance of r = t cm from the origin and at angle = 2t radians from the positive x-axis.
The Cartesian coordinates of this point are (x, y) = (r cos , r sin ) = (t cos(2t), t sin(2t)). We can write the
parametric equations of the ants motion in vector form as
r (t) = t cos(2t)
i +t sin(2t)
j , 0 t 100.
(b) The velocity vector of the ant is the derivative
v (t) = r

(t) = (cos(2t) 2t sin(2t))
i + (sin(2t) + 2t cos(2t))
j .
The speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector
v = ((cos(2t) 2t sin(2t))
2
+ (sin(2t) + 2t cos(2t))
2
)
1/2
= (1 + 4
2
t
2
)
1/2
cm/sec.
Observe that the speed of the ant is increasing. Even though the ant is crawling at constant rate on the disk, the turning
of the disk moves the ant faster and faster as it gets closer to the edge.
(c) The acceleration vector is
a = v

(t) = (4 sin(2t) 4
2
t cos(2t))
i + (4 cos(2t) 4
2
t sin(2t))
j .
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = ((4 sin(2t) 4
2
t cos(2t))
2
+ (4 cos(2t) 4
2
t sin(2t))
2
)
1/2
= 4(1 +
2
t
2
)
1/2
cm/sec
2
.
39. (a) Since x = Rcos(t) and y = Rsin(t), and x
2
+y
2
= R
2
cos
2
(t)+R
2
sin
2
(t) = R
2
, we have motion around
a circle of radius R centered at the origin. The particle moves counterclockwise, completing one revolution in time
2/. Thus, the period = 2/.
(b) The velocity vector is
v =
dr
dt
= Rsin(t)
i +Rcos(t)
j .
We expect the velocity, v , to be tangent to the circle. To verify that this, we compute
v r = (Rsin(t)
i +Rcos(t)
j ) (Rcos(t)
i +Rsin(t)
j )
= R
2
sin(t) cos(t) +R
2
cos(t) sin(t) = 0.
This shows that the velocity vector is perpendicular to the radius from the center of the circle to the particle, which
moves counterclockwise.
The speed is v = R, which is constant. Notice that this makes sense, because in time 2/, the particle
travels a distance of 2R, giving a speed of 2R/(2/) = R.
(c) The acceleration vector is
a =
dv
dt
=
2
Rcos(t)
i
2
Rsin(t)
j =
2
r .
The acceleration vector points in the direction opposite to the position vector r , and thus points toward the center of
the circle. It has constant magnitude a =
2
R = v
2
/R.
40. We have velocity vector v (t) = sin t
i +cos t
j +
k . For the speed we compute

Speed = (
2
cos
2
t +
2
sin
2
t +
2
)
1/2
=
_
2
+
2
which does not depend on t.
41. (a) Let x represent horizontal displacement (in cm) from some starting point and y the distance (in cm) above the ground.
Since
25 km/hr =
25 10
5
60
2
= 694.444 cm/sec,
if t is in seconds, the motion of the center of the pedal is given by
x
i +y
j = 694.444t
i + 30
j .
The circular motion of your foot relative to the center is described by
h
i +k
j = 20 cos(2t)
i + 20 sin(2t)
j ,
so the motion of the light on your foot relative to the ground is described by
x
i +y
j = (694.444t + 20 cos(2t))
i + (30 + 20 sin(2t))
j .
(b) See Figure 17.10.
600 1200
20
40
x
y
Figure 17.10
(c) Suppose your pedal is rotating with angular velocity radians/sec, so that the motion is described by
x
i +y
j = (694.444t + 20 cos t)
i + (30 + 20 sin t)
j .
The light moves backward if dx/dt is negative. Since
dx
dt
= 694.444 20 sin t,
the minimum value of dx/dt occurs when t = /2, and then
dx
dt
= 694.444 20 < 0
giving
34.722 radians/sec.
Since there are 2 radians in a complete revolution, an angular velocity of 34.722 radians/sec means 34.722/2
5.526 revolutions/sec.
42. At time t object B is at the point with position vector r B(t) = r A(2t), which is exactly where object A is at time 2t.
Thus B visits the same points as A, but does so at different times; A gets there later. While B covers the same path as A,
it moves twice as fast. To see this, note for example that between t = 1 and t = 3, object B moves along the path from
r B(1) = r A(2) to r B(3) = r A(6) which is traversed by object A during the time interval from t = 2 to t = 6. It takes
A twice as long to cover the same ground.
In the case where r A(t) = t
i + t
2
j , both objects move on the parabola y = x

2
. Both A and B are at the origin at
time t = 0, but B arrives at the point (2, 4) at time t = 1, whereas A does does not get there until t = 2.
43. In uniform circular motion the velocity vector is tangent to the circle of motion and the acceleration vector is directed
toward the center of the circle. At all times the velocity v and acceleration a are perpendicular. Since v a = (2
i +
j )
(
i +
j ) = 3 = 0, v and a are not perpendicular, and so the object can not be in uniform circular motion.
44. The acceleration vector points from the object to the center of the orbit, and the velocity vector points from the object
tangent to the circle in the direction of motion. From Figure 17.11 we see that the movement is counterclockwise.
17.2 SOLUTIONS 1383
a
v
Center of orbit
Figure 17.11
45. (a) Using the product rule for differentiation we get
d
dt
(r r ) = r
dr
dt
+
dr
dt
r = 2r
dr
dt
.
(b) Since a is a constant, da /dt = 0 so the product rule gives
d
dt
(a r ) =a
dr
dt
.
(c) The product rule gives
d
dt
(r
3
r ) = r
3
dr
dt
+
d
dt
(r
3
)r = r
3
dr
dt
+ 3r
2
r .
46. Since the particle moves with constant speed r = C, where r
2
= (r r )
1/2
and C is some constant. Differentiating
r
2
= (r r )
gives
0 =
d
dt
(r
2
) = r
d
dt
r +
d
dt
r r
so that
r
dr
dt
= 0.
and therefore dr /dt is perpendicular to r .
47. (a) If t = ti+1 ti is small enough so that Ci is approximately a straight line, then we can make the linear approxi-
mations
x(ti+1) x(ti) +x
(ti)t,
y(ti+1) y(ti) +y
(ti)t,
z(ti+1) z(ti) +z
(ti)t,
and so
Length of Ci
_
(x(ti+1) x(ti))
2
+ (y(ti+1) y(ti))
2
+ (z(ti+1) z(ti))
2
_
x
(ti)
2
(t)
2
+y
(ti)
2
(t)
2
+z
(ti)
2
(t)
2
=
_
x
(ti)
2
+y
(ti)
2
+z
(ti)
2
t.
(b) From point (a) we obtain the approximation
Length of C =
length of Ci
_
x
(ti)
2
+y
(ti)
2
+z
(ti)
2
t.
The approximation gets better and better as t approaches zero, and in the limit the sum becomes a denite integral:
Length of C = lim
t0
_
x
(ti)
2
+y
(ti)
2
+z
(ti)
2
t
=
_
b
a
_
x
(t)
2
+y
(t)
2
+z
(t)
2
dt.
Exercises
1. (a) Parallel to y-axis.
(b) Length increasing in x-direction.
(c) Length not dependent on y.
2. (a) Not parallel to either axis.
(b) Length does not change as x increases.
(c) The length increases as y increases.
3. (a) Parallel to x-axis
(b) Length increases as x increases
(c) Length decreases as y increases.
4. (a) Since grad(x
4
+e
3y
) = 4x
3
i + 3e
3y
j , the vector eld is parallel to neither axis.

(b) The length increases as x increases.
(c) The length increases as y increases.
5.

V = x
i
6.

V = y
i
7.

V = x
i +y
j = r
8.

V = x
i y
j = r
9.

V = y
i +x
j
10.

V =
r
r
: vectors are of unit length and point outward.
11. See Figure 17.12.
x
y
Figure 17.12:

F (x, y) = 2
i + 3
j
x
y
Figure 17.13:

F (x, y) = y
i
17.3 SOLUTIONS 1385
x
y
Figure 17.14:

F (x, y) = y
j
x
y
Figure 17.15:

F (r ) = 2r
x
y
Figure 17.16:

F (r ) =
r
r Figure 17.17:

F (r ) = r /r
3
x
y
Figure 17.18:

F (x, y) = y
i +x
j
x
y
Figure 17.19:

F (x, y) = 2x
i +x
j
19.
x
y
Figure 17.20:

F (x, y) = (x+y)
i +(xy)
j
20. Notice that for a repulsive force, the vectors point outward, away from the particle at the origin, for an attractive force, the
vectors point toward the particle. So we can match up the vector eld with the description as follows:
(a) IV
(b) III
(c) I
(d) II
Problems
21.

F (x, y) = a
i +b
j for any real numbers a and b is a constant vector eld. For example,

F (x, y) = 3
i 4
j .
22. If

F (x, y) = f(x, y)v , where f(x, y) is any positive nonconstant function and v is any nonzero vector, then

F has
nonconstant magnitude
F = fv . It has constant direction because all its vectors are in the same direction as v . For
example

F (x, y) = (1 +x
2
)(3
i + 2
j ).
23. If
F (x, y) =
1
_
f(x, y)
2
+g(x, y)
2
(f(x, y)
i +g(x, y)
j ),
then

f has constant magnitude
F = 1. For many choices of f and g the vector eld

F is nonconstant because its
direction is nonconstant. For example,
F (x, y) =
1
1 +x
2
(
i x
j ).
24. Many answers are possible. For example,

F (x, y) = x
i + y
j has nonconstant magnitude
F =
_
x
2
+y
2
. Its
direction is also nonconstant, since

F (1, 0) =
i and

F (0, 1) =
j .
25. If

F (x, y) = f(x, y)((1 + y
2
)
i (x + y)
j ) where f(x, y) is any function, then

F

G = 0, which shows that

F is
perpendicular to

G.
For example

F (x, y) = (y + cos x)((1 +y
2
)
i (x +y)
j ).
26. Vector elds (B) and (C) both appear to be constant, and therefore correspond to the equally spaced level curves in (I) and
(II). Since the gradient points toward increasing values of the function, (B) corresponds to (II) and (C) corresponds to (I).
Vector eld (A) points away from the center, so it corresponds to (IV), which has a minimum in the center.
Vector eld (D) points toward the center, so it corresponds to (III) which has a maximum at the center.
27. The sketches show that the vector elds point in different directions on the y-axis, so we examine the formulas for the
vector elds on the y-axis. On the y-axis, where x = 0, we have:
F (0, y) = y
j , a vector pointing up if y > 0 and down if y < 0, as in I
G(0, y) = y
i , a vector pointing left if y > 0 and right if y < 0, as in II
H (0, y) = y
j , a vector pointing down if y > 0 and up if y < 0, as in III

So

F is I,

G is II, and

H is III.
17.3 SOLUTIONS 1387
28. The sketches show that the vector elds can be distinguished by the directions they point on the coordinate axes, so we
examine the formulas for the vector elds on the axes.
(a)

F (0, y) +

G(0, y) = y
i + y
j = y(
i +
j ), a vector pointing up to the left if y > 0 and down to the right if

y < 0, as in II.
(b)

F (0, y) +

H (0, y) =
0 , the zero vector as in III.

(c)

G(0, y) +

H (0, y) = y
i y
j = y(
i +
j ), a vector pointing down to the left if y > 0 and up to the right if

y < 0, as in I and IV.

G(x, 0) +

H (x, 0) = x
i + x
j = x(
i +
j ), a vector pointing up to the right if x > 0 and

down to the left if x < 0, as in II and IV, so

G +

H is IV.
(d)
F (x, 0) +

G(x, 0) = x
i +x
j = x(
i +
j ), a vector pointing up to the left if x > 0 and down to the right if

x < 0, as in I.
29. One possible solution is

F (x, y) = x
i . See Figure 17.21.

3 2 1 1 2 3
3
2
1
1
2
3
x
y
Figure 17.21
3 2 1 1 2 3
3
2
1
1
2
x
y
Figure 17.22
30. If we let

F (x, y) =
x
i y
j
_
x
2
+y
2
, then all vectors will be of unit length and will point toward the origin. See Figure 17.22.
31. The position vector at each point is r = x
i +y
j . We want to nd

F (x, y) = A
i +B
j such that

F r = Ax+By = 0.
One possible answer is let A = y and B = x. So

F (x, y) = y
i x
j . Since the vectors are of unit length, we get
F (x, y) =
y
i x
j
_
x
2
+y
2
.
3 2 1 1 2 3
3
2
1
1
2
3
x
y
32. (a) The gradient is perpendicular to the level curves. See Figures 17.24 and 17.23. A function always increases in the
direction of its gradient; this is why the values on the level curves of f and g increase as we approach the origin.
5
4
3
2
1
0
x
y
Figure 17.23: Level curves z = f(x, y)
5
4
3
2
1
0
x
y
Figure 17.24: Level curves z = g(x, y)
(b) f climbs faster at outside, slower at center; g climbs slower at outside, faster at center:
x
z
f(x, y)
g(x, y)
Figure 17.25
This can be understood if we notice that the magnitude of the gradient of f decreases as one approaches the
origin whereas the magnitude of the gradient of g increases (at least for a while - what happens very close to the
origin depends on the behavior of grad g in the region. One possibility for g is shown in Figure 17.25; the graph of g
could also have a sharp peak at 0 or even blow up.)
33. (a) The line l is parallel to the vector v =
i 2
j 3
k . The vector eld

F is parallel to the line when

F is a multiple
of v . Taking the multiple to be 1 and solving for x, y, z we nd a point at which this occurs:
x = 1
x +y = 2
x y +z = 3
gives x = 1, y = 3, z = 7, so a point is (1, 3, 7). Other answers are possible.
(b) The line and vector eld are perpendicular if

F v = 0, that is
(x
i + (x +y)
j + (x y +z)
k ) (
i 2
j 3
k ) = 0
x 2x 2y 3x + 3y 3z = 0
4x +y 3z = 0.
One point which satises this equation is (0, 0, 0). There are many others.
(c) The equation for this set of points is 4x +y 3z = 0. This is a plane through the origin.
34. (a) Since the velocity of the water is the sum of the velocities of the individual elds, then the total eld should be
v = v stream +v
fountain
.
17.3 SOLUTIONS 1389
It is reasonable to represent v stream by the vector eld v stream = A
i , since A
i is a constant vector eld owing in

the i-direction (provided A > 0). It is reasonable to represent v
fountain
by
v
fountain
= Kr r/r
2
= K(x
2
+y
2
)
1
(x
i +y
j ),
since this is a vector eld owing radially outward (provided K > 0), with decreasing velocity as r gets larger.
We would expect the velocity to decrease as the water from the fountain spreads out. Adding the two vector elds
together, we get
v = A
i +K(x
2
+y
2
)
1
(x
i +y
j ), A > 0, K > 0.
(b) The constants A and K signify the strength of the individual components of the eld. A is the strength of the ow of
the stream alone (in fact it is the speed of the stream), and K is the strength of the fountain acting alone.
(c)
x
y
Figure 17.26: A = 1, K = 1
x
y
Figure 17.27: A = 2, K = 1
x
y
Figure 17.28: A = 0.2, K = 2
35. (a) The vector eld

L = 0
F +

G = y
i +x
j is shown in Figure 17.29.

(b) The vector eld

L = a
F +

G = (ax y)
i + (ay +x)
j where a > 0 is shown in Figure 17.30.

(c) The vector eld

L = a
F +

G = (ax y)
i + (ay +x)
j where a < 0 is shown in Figure 17.31.

x
y
Figure 17.29
x
y
Figure 17.30
x
y
Figure 17.31
36. (a) The vector eld

L =

F + 0
G = x
i +y
j is shown in Figure 17.32.

(b) The vector eld

L =

F +b
G = (x by)
i + (y +bx)
j where b > 0 is shown in Figure 17.33.

(c) The vector eld

L =

F +b
G = (x by)
i + (y +bx)
j where b < 0 is shown in Figure 17.34.

x
y
Figure 17.32
x
y
Figure 17.33
x
y
Figure 17.34
37. (a) Dividing a vector

F by its magnitude always produces the unit vector in the same direction as

F .
(b) Since
N = (1/F)(v
i +u
j ) = (1/F)
_
v
2
+u
2
= (1/F)F = 1,
then

N is a unit vector. We check that

N is perpendicular to

F using the dot product of

N and

F :
N

F = (1/F)(v
i +u
j ) (u
i +v
j ) = 0.
Which side of

F does

N point? The vector

k is pointing out of the diagram. Since the cross product

k

F is
perpendicular to both
k and

F , then

N lies in the xy-plane and points at a right angle to the direction of

F . By the
right-hand rule,

N points to the left as shown in the gure.
Exercises
1. Since x
(t) = 3 and y
(t) = 0, we have x = 3t +x0 and y = y0. Thus, the solution curves are y = constant.
18 18
18
18
x
y
Figure 17.35: The eld v = 3
i
18 18
18
18
x
y
Figure 17.36: The ow y =constant
17.4 SOLUTIONS 1391
2. Since x
(t) = 0 and y
(t) = 2, we have x = x0 and y = 2t +y0. Thus, the solution curves are x = constant.
12 12
12
12
x
y
j
12 12
12
12
x
y
Figure 17.38: The ow x = constant
3. Since x
(t) = 3 and y
(t) = 2, we have x = 3t +x0 and y = 2t +y0. Thus the ow lines are straight lines parallel
to the vector 3
i 2
j . Alternatively, we have
dy
dx
=
2
3
. Thus, y =
2
3
x +c, where c is a constant.
9 9
9
9
x
y
i 2
j
9 9
9
9
x
y
Figure 17.40: The ow y =
2
3
x +c
4.
y
x
Figure 17.41: v (t) = x
i +y
j
x
y
Figure 17.42: The ow x = ae
t
,
y = be
t
.
As
v (t) =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j ,
the system of differential equations is
_
dx
dt
= x
dy
dt
= y.
Since
dx(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[ae
t
] = ae
t
= x(t)
and
dy(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[be
t
] = be
t
= y(t),
the given ow satises the system. By eliminating the parameter t in x(t) and y(t), the solution curves obtained are
y =
b
a
x.
5. As
v (t) =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j ,
_
dx
dt
= x
dy
dt
= 0.
Since
d
dt
(x(t)) =
d
dt
(ae
t
) = x
and
d
dt
(y(t)) =
d
dt
(b) = 0,
the given ow satises the system. The solution curves are the horizontal lines y = b. See Figures 17.43 and 17.44.
x
y
Figure 17.43: v (t) = x
i
18 18
18
18
x
y
Figure 17.44: The ow x(t) = ae
t
, y(t) = b
6. As
v (t) =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j ,
_
dx
dt
= 0
dy
dt
= x.
Since
d(x(t))
dt
=
d
dt
(a) = 0
and
d(y(t))
dt
=
d
dt
(at +b) = a = x,
the given ow satises the system. The solution curves are the vertical lines x = a. See Figures 17.45 and 17.46.
17.4 SOLUTIONS 1393
x
y
Figure 17.45: v (t) = x
j
12 12
12
12
x
y
Figure 17.46: The ow x(t) = a, y(t) = at +b
7. As
v (t) =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j ,
_
dx
dt
= x
dy
dt
= y.
Since
dx(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[ae
t
] = ae
t
= x(t)
and
dy(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[be
t
] = be
t
= y(t),
xy = ab. See Figures 17.47 and 17.48.
x
y
Figure 17.47: v (t) = x
i y
j
x
y
Figure 17.48: The ow x = ae
t
, y = be
t
8. As
v (t) =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j ,
_
dx
dt
= y
dy
dt
= x.
Since
dx(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[a sin t] = a cos t = y(t)
and
dy(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[a cos t] = a sin t = x(t),
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
. See Figures 17.49 and 17.50.
y
x
Figure 17.49: v (t) = y
i x
j
y
x
Figure 17.50: The ow x = a sin t,
y = a cos t
9. As
v (t) =
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j ,
_
dx
dt
= y
dy
dt
= x.
Since
dx(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[a(e
t
+e
t
)] = a(e
t
e
t
) = y(t)
and
dy(t)
dt
=
d
dt
[a(e
t
e
t
)] = a(e
t
+e
t
) = x(t),
x
2
y
2
= 4a
2
. See Figures 17.51 and 17.52.
x
y
Figure 17.51: v (t) = y
i +x
j
x
y
Figure 17.52: The ow
x(t) = a(e
t
+e
t
), y(t) = a(e
t
e
t
)
10. The vector eld is given by v = y
2
i + 2x
2
j , that is, the ow line (x(t), (y(t)) satises

x
(t) = y
2
y
(t) = 2x
2
Well use Eulers method with t = 0.1 to nd the parameterized curve (x(t), y(t)) through (1, 2). So
xn+1 = xn + 0.1y
2
n
yn+1 = yn + (0.1)2x
2
n
.
Initially, that is when t = 0, we have (x0, y0) = (1, 2). Then
x1 = x0 + 0.1y
2
0
= 1 + 0.1 2
2
= 1.4
y1 = y0 + 0.1 2x
2
0
= 2 + 0.1 2 1
2
= 2.2.
17.4 SOLUTIONS 1395
Thus, we see that after one step, x1 = 1.4 and y1 = 2.2. Further values are given in the Table 17.3.
Table 17.3
x 1.4 1.884 2.556 3.646 5.770
y 2.2 2.592 3.302 4.609 7.268
Problems
11. This corresponds to area A in Figure 17.53.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0
100
200
300
400
500
600

km
km
E
A
D
'
C
E
B
Figure 17.53
12. This corresponds to area B in Figure 17.53 in Problem 11.
13. This corresponds to area C in Figure 17.53 in Problem 11.
14. This corresponds to area D in Figure 17.53 in Problem 11.
15. (a) At every point (x, y) in the plane, the vector

G(x, y) has the same direction as

F (x, y) but

G(x, y) is twice as long.
For the case where

F (x, y) = y
i +x
j see Figures 17.54 and 17.55.

x
y
Figure 17.54:

F = y
i +x
j
x
y
Figure 17.55: G(x, y) = 2(y
i +x
j )
(b) At every point in the plane the two vector elds

F and

G have the same direction. Therefore the ow lines of the two
vector elds have the same slopes at every point. By the uniqueness of solutions of differential equations with initial
conditions, the ow lines of the two vector elds through any given point must be the same. This means that if two
objects are placed at the same point, one into the ow of

F and the other into the ow of

G, they will move on exactly
the same paths. However, they will move at different speeds. The two ows will have different parameterizations.
For the case where

F (t) = y
i + x
j both ows are circular about the origin, but the ow of

G is twice as
fast as the ow of

F .
16. The objects motion is described by a function r (t) = x(t)
i + y(t)
j , where
dr
dt
(t) =

F (x(t), y(t)) = u(x(t),
y(t))
i +v(x(t), y(t))
j . Using the chain rule to differentiate, we have

a (t) =
d
2
r
dt
2
=
du
dt
i +
dv
dt
j
= (ux
dx
dt
+uy
dy
dt
)
i + (vx
dx
dt
+vy
dy
dt
)
j
= (uxu +uyv)
i + (vxu +vyv)
j
17. (a) Perpendicularity is indicated by zero dot product. We have v grad H = (Hy
i +Hx
j ) (Hx
i +Hy
j ) = 0.
(b) If r (t) = x(t)
i +y(t)
j is a ow line we have, using the chain rule,

d
dt
H(x(t), y(t)) = Hx
dx
dt
+Hy
dy
dt
= Hx(Hy) +Hy(Hx) = 0.
Thus H(x(t), y(t)) is constant which shows that a ow line stays on a single level curve of H.
For a different solution, use geometric reasoning. The vector eld v is tangent to the level curves of H because,
by part (a), v and the level curves are both perpendicular to the same vector eld grad H. Thus the level curves of
H and the owlines of v run in the same direction.
18. The directions of the ow lines are as shown.
(a) III
(b) I
(c) II
(d) V
(e) VI
(f) IV
2 1 1 2
1
1
x
y
(I)
2 1 1 2
1
1
x
y
(II)
2 1 1 2
1
1
x
y
(III)
2 1 1 2
1
1
x
y
(IV)
5 5
5
5
x
y
(V)
5
5
5
5
x
y
(VI)
19. (a) Each vector in the vector eld v is horizontal, tangent to a circle whose center is on the z-axis, and pointing coun-
terclockwise when viewed from above. Thus, v is parallel to y
i +x
j . The point (x, y, z) is moving on a circle of

radius r =
_
x
2
+y
2
and has
Speed =
2r
24
=
r
12
.
17.4 SOLUTIONS 1397
Since the vector at the point (x, y, z) has magnitude r/12 and is parallel to the unit vector
(y
i +x
j )/
_
x
2
+y
2
, we have
v =
r
12
_
y
i +x
j
_
x
2
+y
2
_
=

12
(y
i +x
j ) meters/hr.
(b) A point moves in a horizontal circle, centered on the z-axis, and oriented counter-clockwise when viewed from above.
These circles are the ow lines.
20. Let r (t) = x(t)
i + y(t)
j be a ow line of v . If f(x, y) has the same value at all points (x(t), y(t)) then the ow line
lies on a level curve of f. We can check whether
g(t) = f(x(t), y(t)) = x(t)y(t)
is constant by computing the derivative g
(t). Since v = x
i y
j , we have dx/dt = x and dy/dt = y. Thus,

g
(t) = x
dy
dt
+y
dx
dt
= xy +yx = 0
and g(t) is constant. This means that the ow line lies on a level curve of f. The ow lines are parameterized hyperbolas
with equation xy = c.
21. Let r (t) = x(t)
i + y(t)
g(t) = f(x(t), y(t)) = x(t)
2
y(t)
2
(t). Since v = y
i +x
j , we have dx/dt = y and dy/dt = x. Thus,

g
(t) = 2x
dx
dt
2y
dy
dt
= 2xy 2yx = 0
and g is constant. This means that the ow line lies on a level curve of f. The ow lines are parameterized hyperbolas
with equation x
2
y
2
= c.
22. Let r (t) = x(t)
i + y(t)
g(t) = f(x(t), y(t)) = bx(t)
2
ay(t)
2
(t). Since v = ay
i +bx
j , we have dx/dt = ay and dy/dt = bx. Thus,

g
(t) = 2bx
dx
dt
2ay
dy
dt
= 2abxy 2abyx = 0
and g is constant. This means that the ow line lies on a level curve of f. The ow lines are parameterized conic sections
with equation bx
2
ay
2
= c, hyperbolas if a and b are both positive or both negative, and ellipses if a and b have opposite
sign.
23. (a) The ow line r (t) = x(t)
i +y(t)
j is the path with r

(t) = v = (ax y)
i + (x +ay)
j . Thus
x
= ax y y
= x +ay.
We show h(t) is constant on a ow line by showing that h
(t) = 0. Using the chain rule, we have

h
(t) = e
2at
(2xx
+ 2yy
) 2ae
2at
(x
2
+y
2
)
= e
2at
(2x(ax y) + 2y(x +ay)) 2ae
2at
(x
2
+y
2
) = 0.
The function h(t) = e
at
(x
2
+y
2
) is constant because its derivative is zero.
(b) We have h(0) = e
a0
(x
2
+y
2
) = 1 for points on the unit circle x
2
+y
2
= 1 at t = 0 . Hence, along the same ow
line, h(t) = e
2at
(x
2
+y
2
) = 1 for all t. Thus at time t, the particles coordinates satisfy
x
2
+y
2
= e
2at
,
which is the equation of the circle of radius e
at
centered at the origin.
This result matches what can be seen in the vector eld plot in Figure 17.56. If a < 0, the ow lines move
toward the origin. If a > 0, the ow lines move away from the origin, and if a = 0 they circle the origin.
x
y
a < 0
x
y
a = 0
x
y
a > 0
Figure 17.56
Exercises
1. A horizontal disk of radius 5 in the plane z = 7.
2. A circle of radius 5 in the plane z = 7.
3. A cylinder of radius 5 centered around the z-axis and stretching around from z = 0 to z = 7.
4. A helix (curve) of radius 5 which makes one turn about the z-axis, starting at the point (5, 0, 0) and ending at the point
(5, 0, 10).
5. Since z = r =
_
x
2
+y
2
, we have a cone around the z-axis. Since 0 r 5, we have 0 z 5, so the cone has
height and maximum radius of 5.
6. Since x
2
+ y
2
= 4z
2
, we have z =
1
2
_
x
2
+y
2
. Thus we have a cone of height 7 and maximum radius 14, centered
around the z-axis.
7. Since (
x
3
)
2
+ (
y
2
)
2
= 1, so
x
2
9
+
y
2
4
= 1, which is the equation for an ellipse, we have a cylinder with an elliptical
cross-section. The ellipse is centered around the z-axis from z = 0 to z = 7.
8. This is a parabolic cylinder y = x
2
, between x = 5 and x = 5, with its axis along the z-axis, stretching from z = 0 to
z = 7.
9. The top half of the sphere (z 0).
10. The half of the sphere with y 0.
11. A vertical segment lying between two longitudinal lines ( =

4
and =

3
) and stretching between the poles.
12. Half the horizontal ring around the sphere between two latitude lines ( =

4
and =

3
) in the northern hemisphere.
Problems
13. Two vectors in the plane containing P = (0, 0, 0), Q = (1, 2, 3), and R = (2, 1, 0) are the displacement vectors
v 1 =

PQ =
i + 2
j + 3
k
v 2 =

PR = 2
i +
j .
Letting r 0 = 0
i + 0
j + 0
k =
0 we have the parameterization

r (s, t) = r 0 +sv 1 +tv 2
= (s + 2t)
i + (2s +t)
j + 3s
k .
v 1 =

PQ =
i + 3
j + 5
k
v 2 =

PR = 4
i 3
k .
Letting r 0 =
i + 2
j + 3
k we have the parameterization

r (s, t) = r 0 +sv 1 +tv 2
= (1 +s + 4t)
i + (2 + 3s)
j + (3 + 5s 3t)
k .
17.5 SOLUTIONS 1399
v 1 =

PQ = 5
i 15
j + 5
k
v 2 =

PR = 5
i + 15
j + 35
k .
Letting r 0 = 5
i + 5
j + 5

r (s, t) = r 0 +sv 1 +tv 2
= (5 + 5s 5t)
i + (5 15s + 15t)
j + (5 + 5s + 35t)
k .
16. To parameterize the plane we need two nonparallel vectors v 1 and v 2 that are parallel to the plane. Such vectors are
perpendicular to the normal vector to the plane, n =

i +
j +

k . We can choose any vectors v 1 and v 2 such that
v 1 n = v 2 n = 0.
One choice is
v 1 =
i j v 2 =
k .
Letting r 0 = 3
i + 5
j + 7

r (s, t) = r 0 +sv 1 +tv 2
= (3 +s +t)
i + (5 s)
j + (7 t)
k .
17. To parameterize the plane we need two nonparallel vectors v 1 and v 2 that are parallel to the plane. Such vectors are
perpendicular to the normal vector to the plane, n =

i + 2
j + 3
k . We can choose any vectors v 1 and v 2 such that

v 1 n = v 2 n = 0.
One choice is
v 1 = 2
i j v 2 = 3
k .
Letting r 0 = 5
i +
j + 4

r (s, t) = r 0 +sv 1 +tv 2
= (5 + 2s + 3t)
i + (1 s)
j + (4 t)
k .
18. An equation for the plane can be written using any point on the plane and a normal vector to the plane. We choose the
point on the plane corresponding to (s, t) = (0, 0), which is P = (3, 2, 1).
Two vectors u and v parallel to the plane can be read from the coefcients of s and t in the parameterization:
u =
i + 3
j + 2
k v =
j + 3
k .
The cross product of u and v is a normal vector n :
n = u v = 11
i 3
k .
An equation for the plane containing the point P and normal to n is
11(x 3) 3(y 2) (z 1) = 0
or equivalently
11x 3y z = 26.
19. (a) We want to nd s and t so that
2 +s = 4
3 +s +t = 8
4t = 12
Since s = 2 and t = 3 satisfy these equations, the point (4, 8, 12) lies on this plane.
(b) Are there values of s and t corresponding to the point (1, 2, 3)? If so, then
1 = 2 +s
2 = 3 +s +t
3 = 4t
From the rst equation we must have s = 1 and from the third we must have t = 3/4. But these values of s and t
do not satisfy the second equation. Therefore, no value of s and t corresponds to the point (1, 2, 3), and so (1, 2, 3)
is not on the plane.
20. If the planes are parallel, then their normal vectors will also be parallel. The equation of the rst plane can be written
r = 2
i + 4
j +
k +s(
i +
j + 2
k ) +t(
j ).
A normal vector to the rst plane is n 1 = (
i +
j + 2
k ) (
j ) = 2
i + 2
j 2
k . The second plane can be written

r = 2
i +s(
i +
k ) +t(2
i +
k ).
A normal vector to the second plane is n 2 = (
i +
k ) (2
i +
k ) =
i + 3
j +
k . Since n 1 and n 2 are not

parallel, neither are the two planes.
21. Since you walk 5 blocks east and 1 block west, you walk 5 blocks in the direction of v 1, and 1 block in the opposite
direction. Thus,
s = 5 1 = 4,
Similarly,
t = 4 2 = 2.
Hence
x
i +y
j +z
k = (x0
i +y0
j +z0
k ) + 4 v1 + 2 v2
= (x0
i +y0
j +z0
k ) + 4(2
i 3
j + 2
k ) + 2(
i + 4
j + 5
k )
= (x0 + 10)
i + (y0 4)
j + (z0 + 18)
k .
Thus the coordinates are:
x = x0 + 10, y = y0 4, z = z0 + 18.
22. (a) Nearer to the equator.
(b) Farther from the north pole.
(c) Farther from Greenwich.
23. A horizontal circle in the northern hemisphere at a latitude of 45
north of the equator.

24. A vertical half-circle, going from the north to south poles.
25. Set up the coordinates as in Figure 17.57. The surface is the revolution surface obtained by revolving the curve shown in
Figure 17.58 about the z axis. From the measurements given, we obtain the equation of the curve in Figure 17.58:
x = cos
_
3
z
_
+ 3, 0 z 48
(a) Rotating this around the z-axis, and taking z = t as the parameter, we get the parametric equations
x = (cos
_
3
t
_
+ 3) cos
y = (cos
_
3
t
_
+ 3) sin
z = t 0 2, 0 t 48
(b) We know that the points in the curve consists of cross-sections of circles parallel to the xy plane and of radius
cos((/3)z + 3). Thus,
Area of cross-section =
_
cos
_
3
z + 3
__
2
Integrating over z, we get
Volume =
_
48
0
_
cos

3
z + 3
_
2
dz
=
_
48
0
_
cos
2

3
z + 6 cos

3
z + 9
_
dz
= 456 in
3
.
17.5 SOLUTIONS 1401
x y
z
Figure 17.57
T
c
6
E '
2
E '
4
x
z
3
Figure 17.58
26. The cross sections of the cylinder perpendicular to the z-axis are circles which are vertical translates of the circle x
2
+y
2
=
a
2
, which is given parametrically by x = a cos , y = a sin . The vector a cos
i + a sin
j traces out the circle, at

any height. We get to a point on the surface by adding that vector to the vector z
k . Hence, the parameters are , with

0 2, and z, with 0 z h. The parametric equations for the cylinder are
x
i +y
j +z
k = a cos
i +a sin
j +z
k ,
which can be written as
x = a cos , y = a sin , z = z.
27. We use spherical coordinates and as the two parameters. Since the radius is 5, we can take
x = 5 sin cos , y = 5 sin sin , z = 5 cos .
28. The sphere (xa)
2
+(y b)
2
+(z c)
2
= d
2
has center at the point (a, b, c) and radius d. We use spherical coordinates
and as the two parameters. The parameterization of the sphere with center at the origin and radius d is
x = d sin cos , y = d sin sin , z = d cos .
Since the given sphere has center at the point (a, b, c) we add the displacement vector a
i +b
j +c
k to the radial vector

corresponding to a parameterization of the sphere with center at the origin and radius d to give
x = a +d sin cos , 0 ,
y = b +d sin sin , 0 2,
z = c +d cos .
To check that this is a parameterization for the given, we substitute for x, y, z:
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= d
2
sin
2
cos
2
+d
2
sin
2
sin
2
+d
2
cos
2
= d
2
sin
2
+d
2
cos
2
= d
2
.
29. Let (, /2) be the original coordinates. If < , then the new coordinates will be ( +, /4). If , then the new
coordinates will be ( , /4).
30. If we set z = u, x
2
+y
2
= u
2
is the equation of a circle with radius |u|. Hence a parameterization of the cone is:
x = ucos v,
y = usin v, 0 v 2,
z = u.
31. Since the parameterization in Example 6 on page 911 was r = (1
z
h
)a and since the cone is given by z = r, we have
z = (1
r
a
)h. The parameterization we want is
x = r cos , 0 r a,
y = r sin , 0 2,
z =
_
1
r
a
_
h.
32. In cylindrical coordinates, the paraboloid has equation z = r
2
. Thus, a point on the surface is given by
x
i +y
j +z
k = r cos
i +r sin
j +z
k
=
z cos
i +
z sin
j +z
k .
Alternatively, we could write
x
i +y
j +z
k = r cos
i +r sin
j +r
2
k .
33. The vase obtained by rotating the curve z = 10
x 1, 1 x 2, around the z-axis is shown in Figure 17.59.

2
2
x
y
z
10
z = 10
x 1
Figure 17.59
At height z, the cross-section is a horizontal circle of radius a. Thus, a point on this horizontal circle is given by
r = a cos
i +a sin
j +z
k .
However, the radius a varies, so we need to express it in terms of the other parameters and z. If you look at the xz-plane,
the radius of this circle is given by x, so solving for x in z = 10
x 1 gives
a = x =
_
z
10
_
2
+ 1.
Thus, a parameterization is
r =
_
_
z
10
_
2
+ 1
_
cos
i +
_
_
z
10
_
2
+ 1
_
sin
j +z
k
so
x =
_
_
z
10
_
2
+ 1
_
cos , y =
_
_
z
10
_
2
+ 1
_
sin , z = z,
where 0 2, 0 z 10.
34. The plane in which the circle lies is parameterized by
r (p, q) = x0
i +y0
j +z0
k +pu +qv .
Because u and v are perpendicular unit vectors, the parameters p and q establish a rectangular coordinate system on this
plane exactly analogous to the usual xy-coordinate system, with (p, q) = (0, 0) corresponding to the point (x0, y0, z0).
Thus the circle we want to describe, which is the circle of radius a centered at (p, q) = (0, 0), can be parameterized by
p = a cos t, q = a sin t.
17.5 SOLUTIONS 1403
Substituting into the equation of the plane gives the desired parameterization of the circle in 3-space,
r (t) = x0
i +y0
j +z0
k +a cos tu +a sin tv ,
where 0 t 2.
35. (a) Add second and third equations to get y + z = 1 + 2s. Thus, y + z = 1 + x or x + y + z = 1, which is the
equation of a plane. Now, s = x/2, and t = (y z + 1)/2, so the conditions 0 s 1, 0 t 1 are equivalent
to 0 x 2, 0 y z + 1 2 or 0 x 2, 1 y z 1.
(b) The surface is shown in Figure 17.60.
x y
z
Figure 17.60: The surface x = 2s,
y = s +t, z = 1 +s t, for
0 s 1, 0 t 1
36. (a) z
2
= 1s
2
t
2
= 1x
2
y
2
. So x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1 which is the equation of a sphere. The conditions s
2
+t
2
1,
s, t 0 are equivalent to x
2
+ y
2
1 and x, y 0. But if x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1, then x
2
+ y
2
1 is satised
automatically, so our surface is dened by:
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1, x, y, z 0.
(b) The surface x = s, y = t, z =
1 s
2
t
2
for s
2
+t
2
1, s, t 0 is shown in Figure 17.61.
x
y
z
Figure 17.61
37. (a) From the rst two equations we get:
s =
x +y
2
, t =
x y
2
.
Hence the equation of our surface is:
z =
_
x +y
2
_
2
+
_
x y
2
_
2
=
x
2
2
+
y
2
2
,
which is the equation of a paraboloid.
The conditions: 0 s 1, 0 t 1 are equivalent to: 0 x + y 2, 0 x y 2. So our surface is
dened by:
z =
x
2
2
+
y
2
2
, 0 x +y 2 0 x y 2
(b) The surface is shown in Figure 17.62.
x
y
z
Figure 17.62: The surface x = s +t, y = s t,
z = s
2
+t
2
for 0 s 1, 0 t 1
x
y
z
Figure 17.63
38. (a) As x
2
+ y
2
= 9 and s [0, ] is equivalent to x 0, and t [0, 1] is equivalent to z [1, 2]. So, x
2
+ y
2
= 9 is
the equation of a cylinder, and our surface is dened by:
x
2
+y
2
= 9, x 0, 1 z 2.
(b) The surface x = 3 sin s, y = 3 cos s, z = t + 1 for 0 s , 0 t 1 is shown in Figure 17.63.
39. (a)

R = b cos
i +b sin
j
(b) One vector is always
k . The other vector we need is in the same direction as

R in part (a) but has length 1. Therefore
we take the other vector to be m = cos
i + sin
j . See Figure 39. Thus, relative to the center of the small circle,
we have
r = a cos m +a sin
k = a cos (cos
i + sin
j ) +a sin
k
(c) The parameterization of the torus is given by
x
i +y
j +z
k =

R +r
= (b cos +a cos cos )
i + (b sin +a cos sin )
j +a sin
k
Solutions for Chapter 17 Review
Exercises
1. The line has equation
r = 2
j + 3
k +t(5
i + 4
k ),
or, equivalently
x = 2 + 5t
y = 1 + 4t
z = 3 t.
2. The displacement vector from the point (1, 2, 3) to the point (3, 5, 7) is:
3
i + 5
j + 7
k (
i + 2
j + 3
k ) = 2
i + 3
j + 4
k .
So the equations are
x = 1 + 2t,
y = 2 + 3t,
z = 3 + 4t.
SOLUTIONS to Review Problems for Chapter Seventeen 1405
3. x = t, y = 5.
4. The parameterization x
i + y
j = 2 cos t
i + 2 sin t
j has the right radius but starts at the point (2, 0). To start at (0, 2),
we need x
i +y
j = 2 cos(t +

2
)
i + 2 sin(t +

2
)
j = 2 sin t
i + 2 cos t
j .
5. The parameterization x
i +y
j = (4 + 4 cos t)
i + (4 + 4 sin t
) j gives the correct circle, but starts at (8, 4). To start on

the x-axis we need
x
i +y
j = (4 + 4 cos(t

2
))
i + (4 + 4 sin(t

2
))
j = (4 + 4 sin t)
i + (4 4 cos t)
j .
6. The parametric equation of a circle is
x = cos t, y = sin t.
When t = 0, x = 1, y = 0, and when t =

2
, x = 0, y = 1. This shows a counterclockwise movement, so our original
equation is correct.
7. The vector (
i + 2
j + 5
k ) (2
j + 4
k ) =
i + 3
j +
k is parallel to the line, so a possible parameterization is

x = 2 t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 4 +t.
8. A line perpendicular to the xz-plane will have x = constant, z = constant, y = anything: This is given by x = 1, y =
t, z = 2.
9. Since the vector n = grad(2x 3y + 5z) = 2
i 3
j + 5
k is perpendicular to the plane, this vector is parallel to the

line. Thus the equation of the line is
x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 3t, z = 1 + 5t.
10. Since the radius is 2, the circle must be of the formx = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 1. But this parameterization traces out the
circle clockwise when viewed from below. Therefore, the parameterization we want is x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 1.
11. Since the circle has radius 3, the equation must be of the formx = 3 cos t, y = 5, z = 3 sin t. But since the circle is being
viewed from farther out on the y-axis, the circle we have now would be seen going clockwise. To correct this, we add a
negative to the third component, giving us the equation x = 3 cos t, y = 5, z = 3 sin t.
12. We can nd this equation in two ways. First we could nd two points on the line of intersection and then proceed as in
Example 7 on page 881. To nd two points just substitute two different values for z and solve for x and y for each value
of z. Alternatively, assuming the line is not horizontal (which it turns out not to be), we could take z to be the parameter
t, so z = t. To nd x and y as functions of t we solve the two equations for x and y in terms of t. We have
t = 4 + 2x + 5y
t = 3 +x + 3y.
Eliminating x we get
t = 2 y and y = 2 +t.
Substituting 2 +t for y in the second equation and solving for x, we get
x = 3 2t.
Our equations are therefore
x = 3 2t, y = 2 +t, z = t.
or
r = x
i +y
j +z
k = 3
i 2
j +t(2
i +
j +
k ).
13. See Figure 17.64. The parameterization is
r = 10 cos
_
2t
30
_
i 10 sin
_
2t
30
_
j + 7
k .
x
y
z
(0, 0, 7)
*
Figure 17.64
v =
d
dt
(3 cos t)
i +
d
dt
(4 sin t)
j = 3 sin t
i + 4 cos t
j .
v =
d
dt
t
i +
d
dt
(t
3
t)
j =
i + (3t
2
1)
j .
v =
d
dt
(2 + 3t)
i +
d
dt
(4 +t)
j +
d
dt
(1 t)
k = 3
i +
k .
v =
d
dt
(2 + 3t
2
)
i +
d
dt
(4 +t
2
)
j +
d
dt
(1 t
2
)
k = 6t
i + 2t
j 2t
k .
v =
d
dt
t
i +
d
dt
t
2
j +
d
dt
t
3
k =
i + 2t
j + 3t
2
k .
19. Vector. Differentiating using the chain rule gives
Velocity =
_
3 cos
2t + 1
1
2
2t + 1
2
_
i
_
3 sin
2t + 1
1
2
2t + 1
2
_
j +
_
1
2
2t + 1
2
_
k
=
3 cos
2t + 1
2t + 1
i
3 sin
2t + 1
2t + 1
j +
1
2t + 1
k .
20. Scalar. The velocity vector is
v = 2t
i +e
t
j ,
and
Speed = ||v || =
_
(2t)
2
+ (e
t
)
2
=
_
4t +e
2t
.
21. Vector. Differentiating using the chain rule gives
Velocity =
_
cos t
2
3 + sin t
_
i +
_
sin t
2
3 + cos t
_
j .
22. Vector. Differentiating using the product and chain rule gives
Velocity = (e
t
+te
t
)
i + 2e
2t
j
Acceleration = (2e
t
+te
t
)
i + 4e
2t
j .
23. No. The rst is parallel to the vector 2
j + 3
k and the second is parallel to
i + 2
j + 2
k .
24. Yes. They are both parallel to the vector 2
j + 3
k .
25. The direction vectors of the lines,
i +4
j 2
k and 2
i 8
j +4
k , are multiplies of each other (the second is 2 times

the rst). Thus the lines are parallel. To see if they are the same line, we take the point corresponding to t = 0 on the rst
line, which has position vector 3
i + 3
k , and see if it is on the second line. So we solve

(1 + 2t)
i + (11 8t)
j + (4t 5)
k = 3
i + 3
k .
This has solution t = 1, so the two lines have a point in common and must be the same line, parameterized in two different
ways.
26. (a) We get the part of the line with x < 0 and y < 0 and z < 10.
(b) We get the part of the line between the points (0, 0, 10) and (1, 2, 13).
27. The vector eld points in a clockwise direction around the origin. Since y
i x
j =
_
y
2
+x
2
, the vectors get longer
as you go away from the origin. See Figure 17.65.
x
y
Figure 17.65
x
y
Figure 17.66
28. At each point, all these vector elds point in the same direction (rotating clockwise around the origin). Since
F =
1
x
2
+y
2
y
i x
j =
y
2
+x
2
x
2
+y
2
=
1
x
2
+y
2
, the vectors in the eld shrink as you go away from the origin. See Fig-
ure 17.66.
29. The vector eld points in a clockwise direction around the origin. Since
_
y
_
x
2
+y
2
_
i
_
x
_
x
2
+y
2
_
j =
_
x
2
+y
2
_
x
2
+y
2
= 1,
the length of the vectors is constant everywhere.
x
y
Figure 17.67
Problems
30. Substitute x = 2t + 1, y = 3t 2, z = t + 3 into the equation of the sphere:
(x 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
+ (z 2)
2
= 2
(2t)
2
+ (3t 1)
2
+ (t + 1)
2
= 2
4t
2
+ 9t
2
6t + 1 +t
2
2t + 1 = 2
14t
2
8t = 0
Thus, t = 0, giving x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, and when t = 4/7, x = 15/7, y = 2/7, z = 17/7.
31. (a) To nd where the particle is at time equal to 0, we simply substitute 0 in for all t in the equation. Therefore, the
particle is at the point with position vector
r (0) = [2 + 5(0)]
i + (3 + 0)
j + 2(0)
k
= 2
i + 3
j + 0
k .
Thus, the particle is at the point (2, 3, 0).
(b) To nd the time at which the particle is at the point (12, 5, 4), we solve for t for each component, and the t should be
the same, if the curve goes through this point. For the x-component, we get
2 + 5t = 12
t = 2.
For the y-component, we get
3 +t = 5
t = 2.
And for the z-component, we get
2t = 4
t = 2.
Therefore, at t = 2 the particle reaches (12, 5, 4).
(c) The particle never reaches (12, 4, 4), because the equation
r = (2 + 5t)
i + (3 +t)
j + 2t
k = 12
i + 4
j + 4
k
has no solution. Thus, the point does not lie on the line.
32. (a) (I) has radius 1 and traces out a complete circle, so I = C4.
(II) has radius 2 and traces out the top half of a circle, so II = C1
(III) has radius 1 and traces out a quarter circle, so III = C2.
(IV) has radius 2 and traces out the bottom half of a circle, so IV = C6.
(b) C3 has radius 1/2 and traces out a half circle below the x-axis, so
r = 0.5 cos t
i 0.5 sin t
j .
C5 has radius 2 and traces out a quarter circle below the x-axis starting at the point (2, 0). Thus we have
r = 2 cos(t/2)
i 2 sin(t/2)
j .
33. (a) Avector eld associates a vector to every point in a region of the space. In other words, a vector eld is a vector-valued
function of position given by v =

f (r ) =

f (x, y, z)
(b) (i) Yes, r +a = (x +a1)
i + (y +a2)
j + (z +a3)
k is a vector-valued function of position.

(ii) No, r a is a scalar.
(iii) Yes.
(iv) x
2
+y
2
+z
2
is a scalar.
34. Vector elds (A) and (D) both point radially outward, so they correspond to (I) and (II). Since (A) has vectors that are of
constant length, it corresponds to (II), where the level curves are equally spaced. (D) corresponds to (I).
Vector eld (B) corresponds to (III) since the vectors in (B) point away from the origin on the x-axis, and the function
in (III) increases in this direction. To conrm, the vectors in (B) point toward the origin on the y-axis, and the function
decreases away from the origin on the y-axis.
In vector eld (C), vectors point away toward the origin on the x-axis and away from the origin on the y-axis. This
corresponds to (IV), in which the function decreases away from the origin on the x-axis and increases on the y-axis.
35. Sketches of the vector elds in Figure 17.68 show that

E is tangent to (IV),

F is tangent to (I),

G is tangent to (II), and
H is tangent to (III).
y
x
E = x
i + y
j
y
x
F = x
i y
j
y
x
G = y
i x
j
y
x
H = y
i + x
j
Figure 17.68
36. At time t the particle is s = t 7 seconds fromP, so the displacement vector from the point P to the particle is

d = sv .
To nd the position vector of the particle at time t, we add this to the position vector r 0 = 5
i + 4
j + 3
k for the point

P. Thus a vector equation for the motion is:
r = r 0 +sv
= (5
i + 4
j + 3
k ) + (t 7)(3
i +
j + 2
k ),
or equivalently,
x = 5 + 3(t 7), y = 4 + 1(t 7), z = 3 + 2(t 7).
Notice that these equations are linear. They describe motion on a straight line through the point (5, 4, 3) that is parallel to
the velocity vector v = 3
i +
j + 2
k .
37. The displacement vector from (1, 1, 1) to (2, 1, 3) is

d = (2
j +3
k ) (
i +
j +
k ) =
i 2
j +2
k meters. The
velocity vector has the same direction as

d and is given by
v =
d
5
= 0.2
i 0.4
j + 0.4
k meters/sec.
Since v is constant, the acceleration a =
0 .
38. Parametric equations for a line in 2-space are
x = x0 +at
y = y0 +bt
where (x0, y0) is a point on the line and v = a
i +b
j is the direction of motion. Notice that the slope of the line is equal
to y/x = b/a, so in this case we have
b
a
= Slope = 2,
b = 2a.
In addition, the speed is 3, so we have
v = 3
_
a
2
+b
2
= 3
a
2
+b
2
= 9.
Substituting b = 2a gives
a
2
+ (2a)
2
= 9
5a
2
= 9
a =
3
5
,
3
5
.
If we use a = 3/
5, then b = 2a = 6/
5. The point (x0, y0) can be any point on the line: we use (0, 5). The
parametric equations are
x =
3
5
t, y = 5
6
5
t.
Alternatively, we can use a = 3/
5 giving b = 6/
5. An alternative answer, which represents the particle moving in

the opposite direction is
x =
3
5
t, y = 5 +
6
5
t.
39. (a) The quantity || grad f|| represents the maximum rate of change of temperature with distance at each point. Its units
are

C per cm.
(b) The speed of the particle is
_
(g
(t))
2
+ (k
(t))
2
. Its units are cm/sec.
(c) The rate of change of the particles temperature with time is given by the chain rule
dH
dt
=
f
x
dx
dt
+
f
y
dy
dt
= fx g
(t) +fy k
(t).
Its units are

C/sec.
40. We should have x = x0 2t. Since no initial position at time t = 0 is given, we can use any point on the line y = 3x+7
as (x0, y0). We choose the y-intercept (0, 7). Then x = 0 2t and y = 7 + bt. Since the slope of the line is 3 and the
x-coordinate decreases by 2 units for each unit of time, we know that the y-coordinate decreases by 6 units for each unit
of time. Therefore, b = 6. Our equations are x = 2t, y = 7 6t.
41. (a) In order for the particle to stop, its velocity v = (dx/dt)
i + (dy/dt)
j must be zero, so we solve for t such that

dx/dt = 0 and dy/dt = 0, that is
dx
dt
= 3t
2
3 = 3(t 1)(t + 1) = 0,
dy
dt
= 2t 2 = 2(t 1) = 0.
The value t = 1 is the only solution. Therefore, the particle stops when t = 1 at the point (t
3
3t, t
2
2t)|t=1 =
(2, 1).
(b) In order for the particle to be traveling straight up or down, the x-component of the velocity vector must be 0. Thus,
we solve dx/dt = 3t
2
3 = 0 and obtain t = 1. However, at t = 1 the particle has no vertical motion, as we saw
in part (a). Thus, the particle is moving straight up or down only when t = 1. Since the velocity at time t = 1 is
v (1) =
dx
dt
t=1
i +
dy
dt
t=1
j = 4
j ,
the motion is straight down. The position at that time is (t
3
3t, t
2
2t)|t=1 = (2, 3).
(c) For horizontal motion we need dy/dt = 0. That happens when dy/dt = 2t 2 = 0, and so t = 1. But from part (a)
we also have dx/dt = 0 also at t = 1, so the particle is not moving at all when t = 1. Thus, there is no time when
the motion is horizontal.
42. (a) The velocity vector is given by differentiating r (t) component by component to give
v =
dr
dt
= (4 sin 4t
i + 4 cos 4t
j + 3
k ).
Similarly, differentiating the velocity vector gives the acceleration vector to be
a =
d
2
r
dt
2
= (16 cos 4t
i 16 sin 4t
j ).
(b) The speed of the particle is
v =
v .v =
_
4
2
(sin
2
4t + cos
2
4t) + 3
2
=
25 = 5.
(c) Since v = 5 the particles speed is constant.
(d) The angle between the position and acceleration vectors, , is given
cos() =
r .a
r a
r (0) = cos(0)
i + sin(0)
j + 0
k =
i
a (0) = (16 cos(0)
i 16 sin(0)
j = 16
i
r .a = 16, r | = 1, a = 16
so that
cos() = 1, = 180
.
43. (a) With the center at (0, 0, 8) and a point of the circle at (0, 5, 8), we know that the radius is 5. When t = 0, we have
x = 0 and y = 5. Since the stone is rotating horizontally, z = 0 for all t. The period is 2. Thus, the parameterization
is:
x(t) = 5 sin t
y(t) = 5 cos t
z(t) = 8
This parameterization has the correct period (if t is in seconds) and satises the initial conditions.
(b) From our parameterization with t in seconds, we can see that the stone reaches (5, 0, 8) at time /2. Thus at t = /2,
v = xt(/2)
i +yt(/2)
j
= 5 cos(/2)
i 5 sin(/2)
j
= 5
j .
The acceleration of an object is the second derivative of its position. Thus, at t = /2,
a = xtt(/2)
i +ytt(/2)
j
= 5 sin(/2)
i 5 cos(/2)
j
= 5
i
(c) At the moment in which the stone has left the circle, the only acceleration that acts on the stone is that of gravity.
From that, assuming a gravity vector eld oriented in the z direction, we get the differential equations
ztt(t) = g
xtt(t) = ytt(t) = 0.
If we now measure t from the instant the string breaks, then the initial conditions are the velocity and position of the
stone at t = 0. Since the velocity at the moment of release is v = 5
j , we have
xt(0) = 0, yt(0) = 5, zt(0) = 0.
The initial position at t = 0 is:
x(0) = 5, y(0) = 0, z(0) = 8.
44. (a) Differentiating we have
x
(t) = 5, y
(t) = 3, z
(t) = 2t + 2,
x
(t) = 0, y
(t) = 0, z
(t) = 2.
Thus at time t = 0,
Position = (x(0), y(0), z(0)) = (0, 0, 15)
Velocity = x
(0)
i +y
(0)
j +z
(0)
k = 5
i + 3
j + 2
k
Acceleration = x
(0)
i +y
(0)
j +z
(0)
k = 2
k .
(b) The particle hits the ground when z(t) = 0, so
15 t
2
+ 2t = 0
(t 5)(t + 3) = 0
t = 3, 5.
Since t 0, the particle hits the ground when t = 5. At that time
Position = (x(5), y(5), z(5)) = (25, 15, 0)
Velocity = x
(5)
i +y
(5)
j +z
(5)
k = 5
i + 3
j 8
k
so
Speed = Velocity =
_
5
2
+ 3
2
+ (8)
2
=
98.
45. (a) fx =
_
2x(x
2
+y
2
) 2x(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=
4xy
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
.
fy =
_
2y(x
2
+y
2
) 2y(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=
4yx
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
.
f(1, 1) =
j , i.e., south-east.
(b) We need a vector u such that f(1, 1) u = 0, i.e., such that (
j ) u = 0. The vector u =
i +
j clearly works;
so does u =
j . Dividing by the length to get a unit vector, we have u =

1
i +
1
j or u =
1
i
1
j .
(c) f is a function of x and y, which in turn are functions of t. Thus, the chain rule can be used to show how f changed
with t.
df
dt
=
f
x

dx
dt
+
f
y

dy
dt
=
4xy
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
2e
2t
4x
2
y
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
(6t
2
+ 6).
At t = 0, x = 1, y = 1; so,
df
dt
=
4
4
2
4
4
6 = 4.
46. (a) Separate the ants path into three parts: from (0, 0) to (1, 0) along the x-axis; from (1, 0) to (0, 1) via the circle; and
from (0, 1) to (0, 0) along the y-axis. (See Figure 17.69.) The lengths of the paths are 1,
2
4
=

2
, and 1 respectively.
Thus, the time it takes for the ant to travel the three paths are (using the formula t =
d
v
)
1
2
,
1
3
, and
1
2
seconds.
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
x
y
Figure 17.69
Fromt = 0 to t =
1
2
, the ant is heading toward (1, 0) so its coordinate is (2t, 0). Fromt =
1
2
to t =
1
2
+
1
3
=
5
6
,
the ant is veering to the left and heading toward (0, 1). At t =
1
2
, it is at (1, 0) and at t =
5
6
, it is at (0, 1). Thus its
position is (cos[
3
2
(t
1
2
)], sin[
3
2
(t
1
2
)]). Finally, from t =
5
6
to t =
5
6
+
1
2
=
4
3
, the ant is headed home. Its
coordinates are (0, 2(t
4
3
)).
In summary, the function expressing the ants coordinates is
(x(t), y(t)) =
_
_
_
(2t, 0) when 0 t
1
2
_
cos(
3
2
(t
1
2
)), sin(
3
2
(t
1
2
))
_
when
1
2
< t
5
6
(0, 2(t
4
3
)) when
5
6
t
4
3
.
(b) To do the reverse path, observe that we can reverse the ants path by interchanging the x and y coordinates (ipping
it with respect to the line y = x), so the function is
(x(t), y(t)) =
_
_
_
(0, 2t) when 0 t
1
2
_
sin(
3
2
(t
1
2
)), cos(
3
2
(t
1
2
))
_
when
1
2
< t
5
6
(2(t
4
3
), 0) when
5
6
< t
4
3
.
47. Substituting x = t, and y = t
2
into the temperature function gives F = 1/(t
2
+ t
4
). To nd the rate of change of
temperature at time t, we then take the derivative with respect to t.
Rate of change of temperature =
dF
dt
= (t
2
+t
4
)
2
(2t + 4t
3
)
=
(2 + 4t
2
)
t
3
(1 +t
2
)
2
.
The chain rule for a function of two variables says:
dz
dt
=
z
x
dx
dt
+
z
y
dy
dt
,
where z is a function of x and y and these are both functions of t. For our case, the temperature F at any point is a function
of x and y, and the values of x and y are specied by the parameterized curve on which the bug travels, which is given in
terms of t. Thus we may say that:
dF
dt
=
F
x
dx
dt
+
F
y
dy
dt
,
where dF/dt the rate of change of the temperature of the bug at the time t. We may rewrite this expression to get:
dF
dt
=
_
F
x
i +
F
y
j
_
_
dx
dt
i +
dy
dt
j
_
The rst vector here is F, while the second vector is the velocity vector of the bug. Thus, we have
dF
dt
= F(x, y) v .
48. The velocity vector is tangent to the path. At t = 2, we have
v = (3t
2
3)
i + (2t 2)
t=2
= 9
i 6
j .
Thus, the tangent line has parametric equations where the x-value changes by 9 for each unit change in time, and the
y-value changes by 6 for each unit change in time. Also, the tangent line must pass through the point where the particle
is at time t = 2
(t
3
3t, t
2
2t)
t=2
= (2, 8).
Therefore, parametric equations for the tangent line are
x = 2 + 9(t + 2)
y = 8 6(t + 2).
(Other parameterizations of the line are possible.) See Figure 17.70.
4 2 2 4
2
2
4
6
8
x
y
Figure 17.70: The motion given by
x = t
3
3t, y = t
2
2t
49. Note that uniform circular motion is possible with the given conditions, since v a = 0 shows that the velocity and
acceleration vectors are perpendicular.
For uniform circular motion in an orbit of radius R, we have a = v
2
/R. Thus R = v
2
/a = 52/
13
for both parts (a) and (b).
The center of the orbit is at distance R in the direction of the acceleration vector from the point P on the orbit. The
vector
R
a
a
=
52
13
2
i + 3
13
= 8
i + 12
j
thus extends from the point P to the center of the orbit.
(a) The center of the orbit is at the point (0 + 8, 0 + 12) = (8, 12)
(b) The center of the orbit is at the point (10 + 8, 50 + 12) = (18, 62)
50. The displacement from the point (1, 2, 3) to the point (3, 5, 7) is 3
i +5
j +7
k (
i +2
j +3
k ) = 2
i +3
j +4
k . So
the equation of the line is
x
i +y
j +z
k = 1
i + 2
j + 3
k +t(2
i + 3
j + 4
k )
or
x
i +y
j +z
k = (1 + 2t)
i + (2 + 3t)
j + (3 + 4t)
k .
The square of the distance from a point (x, y, z) on the line to the origin, denoted by D(t) is
D(t) = (x 0)
2
+ (y 0)
2
+ (z 0)
2
= (1 + 2t)
2
+ (2 + 3t)
2
+ (3 + 4t)
2
= 1 + 4t + 4t
2
+ 4 + 12t + 9t
2
+ 9 + 24t + 16t
2
= 14 + 40t + 29t
2
= 29
_
t
2
+
40
29
t +
14
29
_
= 29
_
_
t +
20
29
_
2
_
20
29
_
2
+
14
29
_
.
Clearly, D(t) is minimum when t = 20/29, and
D(20/29) = 29
_
_
20
29
_
2
+
14
29
_
=
6
29
.
So the shortest distance is
_
6
29
=
174
29
.
51. All of the points lie on the unit circle. (You can check this since x
2
+ y
2
= 1.) The problem is that there is no value of t
that gives the point x = 0, y = 1. This is because
y =
t
2
1
t
2
+ 1
= 1
has no real solution. Only when t approaches positive or negative innity does the point get close to (0, 1). Technically, it
is not a circle.
52. (a) Since there is no horizontal acceleration, if x measures horizontal displacement of the center in meters
d
2
x
dt
2
= 0.
Since the initial velocity is 8 m/sec, integrating gives:
dx
dt
= 8,
and since x = 0 when t = 0,
x = 8t.
The vertical acceleration is due to gravity. So, if y is vertical displacement of the center in meters:
d
2
y
dt
2
= g.
So
dy
dt
= gt + 10,
and
y =
gt
2
2
+ 10t + 1.5.
Thus, the parametric equations for the center of the baton are
x = 8t, y =
gt
2
2
+ 10t + 1.5.
(b) We put a new origin at the center of the baton. Suppose (h, k) are the coordinates of the end of the baton relative to
the center. Since the radius of the circular motion is 0.2 m and the angular velocity is 2(2) = 4 radians/sec and
since x = 0.2 and y = 0 when t = 0, we have
h = 0.2 cos(4t) k = 0.2 sin(4t).
(c) To nd the coordinates of the end of the baton, we add the results from parts (a) and (b), so if x and y represent the
position of the end of the baton relative to the ground, we have
x = 8t + 0.2 cos(4t) y =
gt
2
2
+ 10t + 1.5 + 0.2 sin(4t).
(d) To sketch this, use g = 9.8 meters/sec
2
.
0.2 5 10 15
1.5
5
x
y
Figure 17.71
53. At time t the particle has polar coordinates r = r (t) = at and = t. At time t, the ray from the origin to the
particle is at angle t radians from the positive x-axis. The ray is therefore rotating at a rate of radians per unit time.
The parameter is the rate of change of the polar angle of the particle measured in radians per unit time. The larger
is, the quicker the particle completes a complete revolution (a 360
trip) around the origin. At time t, the particle is at

distance at from the origin. Thus a equals the rate of change of the particles distance from the origin. The larger a is, the
faster the particle moves away from the origin.
54. Suppose that the line goes through the point P = (a, b, c) and is parallel to the vector u . The position vector of the
moving object at time t is then given by the formula r (t) = a
i + b
j + c
k + f(t)u where f(t) is a function so that

f(t)u is the displacement vector from the point P to the object at time t.
(a) The velocity vector is given by the derivative r

(t) = f
(t)u , which is parallel to the line because it is a multiple of

the vector u .
(b) The acceleration vector is given by the second derivative r

(t) = f
(t)u which is parallel to the line because it is

a multiple of the vector u .
55. (a) Since

F =
r
r
3
, the magnitude of

F is given by
F =
r
r
3
=
1
r
2
.
Now r = x
i +y
j +z
k , so the magnitude of r is given by

r =
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
.
Thus,
F =
1
r
2
=
1
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
.
(b)

F r =
r
r
3
r =
r
2
r
3
=
1
r
=
1
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
.
(c) A unit vector parallel to

F and pointing in the same direction is given by

U =

F
F
.
F =
r
r
3
, and
F =
1
r
2
. Putting these into the expression for

U we have
U =
F
=
r
r
3
1
r
2
=
r
r
=
x
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
i +
y
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
j +
z
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
k .
(d) A unit vector parallel to

F and pointing in the opposite direction is given by:
V =
F
=
r
r
=
x
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
i +
y
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
j +
z
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
k .
(e) If r = cos t
i + sin t
j +
k , then r =
_
cos
2
t + sin
2
t + 1 =
2.
So,

F =
r
r
3
=
cos t
i +
sin t
j +
1
k =
cos t
2
i +
sin t
2
j +
1
2
k .
(f) We know that

F r =
1
r
, so if r = cos t
i + sin t
j +
k ,

F r =
1
2
.
56. We use spherical coordinates and as the two parameters. The parameterization of the sphere center at the origin and
radius 5 is:
x = 5 sin cos , y = 5 sin sin , z = 5 cos .
We have to shift the center of the sphere from the origin to the point (2, 1, 3). This gives
x = 2 + 5 sin cos , y = 1 + 5 sin sin , z = 3 + 5 cos .
57. (a) The cone of height h, maximum radius a, vertex at the origin and opening upward is shown in Figure 17.72.
y
x
z
h
a
Figure 17.72
By similar triangles, we have
r
z
=
a
h
,
so
z =
hr
a
.
Therefore, one parameterization is
x = r cos , 0 r a,
y = r sin , 0 < 2,
z =
hr
a
.
(b) Since r = az/h, we can write the parameterization in part (a) as
x =
az
h
cos , 0 z h,
y =
az
h
sin , 0 < 2,
z = z.
58. (a) The surface is the cylinder x
2
+y
2
= 1 of radius 1 centered on the z-axis.
(b) The parameter curves with constant s and varying t are helices that wind clockwise around the cylinder as they
advance up the cylinder with increasing t. See Figure 17.73.
The parameter curves with constant t and varying s are helices that wind counterclockwise up the cylinder. See
Figure 17.74.
x y
z
Figure 17.73: Constant s, varying t
x y
z
Figure 17.74: Constant t, varying s
59. (a) The current, and path that the iceberg would travel, would look like Figure 17.75.
Path of iceberg
E
Figure 17.75
To determine the location of the iceberg at time t = 7, we must rst determine the velocity in the x and y
direction. In this current, Vx = 1, and Vy = 0. To obtain the position, we must integrate the velocity in terms of t.
For this current we get
dx
dt
= 1
Hence
x(7) = x(0) +
_
7
0
1 dt
= 1 + 7
= 8.
Since Vy = dy/dt = 0, y is a constant. Thus at t = 7, x has moved from x = 1 to x = 8 and y has stayed at y = 3.
Therefore the location at t = 7 is (8, 3).
(b) The current and path that the iceberg would travel, would look like Figure 17.76.
*
s
Path of iceberg
x
y
Figure 17.76
Path of iceberg
x
y
Figure 17.77
Assuming that the iceberg follows the current exactly, we nd the position of the iceberg at time t = 7 by
recognizing that the velocity must be equal to the given vector eld.
dx
dt
= 2x
dy
dt
= y
These are separable equations that are solved for x and y as follows:
dx
dt
= 2x
_
dx
2x
=
_
1 dt
ln x
2
= t +C
x = kxe
2t
and for y
dy
dt
= y
_
dy
y
=
_
1 dt
ln y = t +C
y = kye
t
We can solve for kx and ky, the arbitrary constants, because we know the position of the iceberg at t = 0.
1 = x(0) = kx
3 = y(0) = ky
so
x = e
2t
, y = 3e
t
.
We now substitute t = 7:
x = e
27
= e
14
and y = 3e
7
(c) The current, and path that the iceberg would travel, would look like Figure 17.77.
Since
v = y
i +x
j ,
the system of differential equations satised by x(t) and y(t) is
dx
dt
= y,
dy
dt
= x.
We differentiate one of the equations and substitute into the other, giving a second order equation
dx
dt
= y
d
2
x
dt
2
=
dy
dt
d
2
x
dt
2
= x
d
2
x
dt
2
x = 0
This differential equation has a solution of this form :
x = Acos t +Bsin t
By taking the derivative and using the fact that y = dx/dt, we get:
y = Asin t Bcos t
We know the initial position of the iceberg, so we can nd the constants A and B with the simultaneous equations:
1 = x(0) = Acos 0 +Bsin 0
3 = y(0) = Asin 0 Bcos 0
Thus, A = 1 and B = 3. Now we evaluate the two expressions for t = 7:
x = cos 7 3 sin 7 = 1.217
y = sin 7 + 3 cos 7 = 2.919
and nd the position of the iceberg, (1.217, 2.919).
60. The plane through (1, 3, 4) and orthogonal to n = 2
i +
k is given by 2(x 1) + (y 3) (z 4) = 0, that is,

2x +y z 1 = 0.
Thus, thinking of the plane as z = 2x +y 1, one possible parameterization is
x = u, y = v, z = 2u +v 1.
61. The parameterization for a sphere of radius a using spherical coordinates is
x = a sin cos , y = a sin sin , z = a cos .
Think of the ellipsoid as a sphere whose radius is different along each axis and you get the parameterization:
_
_
x = a sin cos , 0 ,
y = b sin sin , 0 2,
z = c cos .
To check this parameterization, substitute into the equation for the ellipsoid:
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
=
a
2
sin
2
cos
2
a
2
+
b
2
sin
2
sin
2
b
2
+
c
2
cos
2
c
2
= sin
2
(cos
2
+ sin
2
) + cos
2
= 1.
62. The sphere x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1 is shown in Figure 17.78.
x
y
z
(x, y, z)
(p, q)
(0, 0, 1)
(0, 0, 1)
Figure 17.78
(a) The origin corresponds to the south pole.
(b) The circle x
2
+y
2
= 1 corresponds to the equator.
(c) We get all the points of the sphere by this parameterization except the north pole itself.
(d) x
2
+y
2
> 1 corresponds to the upper hemisphere.
(e) x
2
+y
2
< 1 corresponds to the lower hemisphere.
63. Consider the lines in the directions
PQ = 9
i 15
j +12
k and
RS = 57
i 15
j +24
k , respectively. If the distance

between these lines is always greater than 16 then the beads can always pass without touching. If the distance is less than
16, and if that occurs at a point along the segment from P to Q and from R to S, then the beads will touch at that point.
Vectors in the directions of the two lines are u = 3
i 5
j + 4
k and v = 19
i 5
j + 8
k . Parametric equations
for the lines are:
x(t) = 7 3t, y(t) = 12 5t, z(t) = 10 + 4t,
and
x(s) = 20 + 19s, y(s) = 17 5s, z(s) = 1 + 8s.
(Youll see why we used different parameters for the two lines in a moment.)
The distance between variable points on the lines is a function of s and t; we want the minimum of this function. It
is easier to work with the square of the distance. Thus we want to nd the minimum of
D(s, t) = (27 + 19s + 3t)
2
+ (5 5s + 5t)
2
+ (11 + 8s 4t)
2
.
Computing D/s and D/t and simplifying we nd that
D
s
= 900(1 +s),
D
t
= 100(2 +t).
The unique critical point of D(s, t) is (s, t) = (1, 2) and the value of D at that point is D(1, 2) = 225. This must be the
minimum value of D(s, t), because D(s, t) is a paraboloid opening upward. (We can also check that this is the minimum
with the test for local max and local min.) The distance between the lines is therefore
225 = 15.
The points on the two lines where s = 1 and t = 2 are A = (1, 12, 9) and B = (1, 2, 2); these are the points
where the lines are closest. The only question now is whether Aand B are along the segments fromR to S and fromP to
Q. In the parameterizations of the lines, R and P correspond to s = 0 and t = 0, respectively, and S and Q correspond
to to s = 3 and t = 3. So A and B do lie on the given segments. If the beads are centered at these points they will hit
because they each have diameter 8 cm, whereas the lines are only 15 cm apart there.
(The solution also shows why we needed different parameters, s and t, for the two lines. The points where the lines
are closest together occur at different values of the two parameters: t = 1 for one line and s = 2 for the other.)
CAS Challenge Problems
64. (a) Since e 1 and e 2 are perpendicular, we have e 1 e 2 = 0. The normal vector to the plane is
i +
j +
k , and since e 1
and e 2 are parallel to the plane, we have e 1 (
i +
j +
k ) = 0 and e 2 (
i +
j +
k ) = 0. Also, since e 1 and e 2

are unit vectors, we have e1 e1 = 1 and e2 e2 = 1.
(b) We have
ac +bd = 0, a +b = 0, c +d +e = 0, a
2
+b
2
= 1, c
2
+d
2
+e
2
= 1
By solving these equations, we can choose, for example,
e1 =
1
i
1
j , e2 =
1
i +
1
k .
The equations of the circle will then follow from the given formula, with r 0 =
i + 2
j + 3
k and R = 5.
65. (a)
r

F = (x
i +y
j ) (y(1 y
2
)
i +x(1 y
2
)
j )
= xy(1 y
2
) +yx(1 y
2
) = 0
This means that the tangent line to the ow line at a point is always perpendicular to the vector from the origin to that
point. Hence the ow lines are circles centered at the origin.
(b) The circle r (t) = cos t
i + sin t
j has velocity vector v (t) = sin t
i + cos t
j = y
i +x
j = (1 y
2
)
F . Thus
the velocity vector is a scalar multiple of

F , and hence parallel to

F . However, since v (t) is not equal to

F (r (t)),
it is not a ow line.
(c) Using a CAS, we nd
v (t) =
t
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
i +
_
t
2
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
+
1
1 +t
2
_
j =
t
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
i +
1
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
j
and
F (r (t)) =
_
_
t
_
1
t
2
1+t
2
_
1 +t
2
_
_
i +
1
t
2
1+t
2
1 +t
2
j =
t
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
i +
1
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
j = v (t).
Although the circle parameterized in part (b) has velocity vectors parallel to

F at each point of the circle, its speed
is not equal to the magnitude of the vector eld. The circle in part (c) is parameterized at the correct speed to be the
ow line.
66. (a) We have
r

(t) = (3ae
3t
be
t
)
i + (6ae
3t
+ 2be
t
)
j
and
F (r (t)) = ((ae
3t
+be
t
) + (2ae
3t
2be
t
))
i + ((4(ae
3t
+be
t
) + (2ae
3t
2be
t
))
j
= (3ae
3t
be
t
)
i + (6ae
3t
be
t
)
j = r

(t).
(b) We want r (0) =
i 2
j , so we solve
a +b = 1
2a 2b = 2
to get a = 0, b = 1. So the ow line is r (t) = e
t
i 2e
t
j , which approaches (0, 0) as t . For the second

ow line, we solve
a +b = 1
2a 2b = 1.99
to get a = 0.0025, b = 0.9975, so the ow line is
r (t) = (0.0025e
3t
+ 0.9975e
t
)
i + (0.005e
3t
1.995e
t
)
j ,
which approaches (, ) as t . For the third ow line we solve
a +b = 1
2a 2b = 2.01
which gives a = 0.0025, b = 1.0025, so the ow line is
r (t) = (0.0025e
3t
+ 1.0025e
t
)
i + (0.005e
3t
+ 2.005e
t
)
j ,
which approaches (, ) as t .
67. Answers may differ depending on the method and CAS used.
(a) Using a CAS to solve for x and y in terms of z and letting z = t, we get x =
20
13

6t
13
, y =
1
13

t
13
, z = t.
(b) Using a CAS to solve for y and z in terms of x and letting x = t, we get x = t, y =
1
6
(2 2t + 3t
2
), z =
1
6
(20 10t 3t
2
).
(c) Using a CAS to solve for x and z in terms of y, we get two solutions
x =
_
2 t
2
, y = t, z = 5 + 5t 3
_
2 t
2
and
x =
_
2 t
2
, y = t, z = 5 + 5t + 3
_
2 t
2
Each of these is a parameterization of one half of the intersection curve.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. False. The y coordinate is zero when t = 0, but when t = 0 we have x = 2 so the curve never passes through (0, 0).
2. True. Every point (x, y) on this curve satises y = (t
2
)
2
= x
2
.
3. False. For example, the graph of x = cos t, y = sin t for 0 t 2 is a circle. A circle is not the graph of a function,
since for some values of x there are two values of y.
4. True. Every y-coordinate is one less than every x-coordinate, so the equation of the line is y = x 1.
5. False. When t = 0, we have (x, y) = (0, 1). When t = /2, we have (x, y) = (1, 0). Thus the circle is being traced
out clockwise.
6. True. The functions e
t
and ln t are inverses, so ln e
t
= t. Thus if x = e
t
, y = t, we have y = t = ln e
t
= ln x.
7. True. Taking two values for t, say t = 0 and t = 1 give the points (1, 0) and (0, 2), which lie on a line with equation
y = 2x+2. The second parameterization describes the same set of points, since y = 4s+2 = 2(2s)+2 = 2x+2.
8. True. Adding the equations z = x +y and z = 1 x y gives 2z = 1 or z =
1
2
. Thus the line of intersection is parallel
to the xy-plane at height z =
1
2
. Letting x be the parameter t and z =
1
2
in the rst planes equation gives
1
2
= t + y or
y =
1
2
t. The same result is obtained by setting x = t and z =
1
2
in the second planes equation.
9. True. To nd an intersection point, we look for values of s and t that make the coordinates in the rst line the same as the
coordinates in the second. Setting x = t and x = 2s equal, we see that t = 2s. Setting y = 2 +t equal to y = 1 s, we
see that t = 1s. Solving both t = 2s and t = 1s yields t =
2
3
, s =
1
3
. These values of s and t will give equal
x and y coordinates on both lines. We need to check if the z coordinates are equal also. In the rst line, setting t =
2
3
gives z =
7
3
. In the second line, setting s =
1
3
gives z =
1
3
. As these are not the same, the lines do not intersect.
10. False. All points on this line lie in the plane x = 1, so the line is parallel to the yz-plane.
11. True. The
j component of r is always one more than twice the
i component, so the line is y = 2x + 1.

12. False. The line r 1(t) is in the direction of the vector
i 2
j , while the line r 2(t) is in the direction of the vector
2 i
j .
Since these vectors are not parallel (they are not scalar multiples of one another) the lines are not parallel.
13. False. The velocity vector is v (t) = r

(t) = 2t
j . Then v (1) = 2
j and v (1) = 2
j , which are not

equal.
14. True. The velocity vector is v (t) = r

(t) = 2t
j , so the speed is s(t) =
4t
2
+ 1. Then s(1) = s(1) =
5.
15. False. While this is true for motion in a circle with constant speed, it is not true in general. For a counterexample, consider
motion along a parabola r (t) = t
i + t
2
j . Then v (t) =

i + 2t
j and a (t) = 2
j . Taking the dot product gives

v (t) a (t) = 4t, which is not zero for all t. Thus the velocity and acceleration vectors are not always perpendicular.
16. False. If a particle is moving along a line with nonconstant speed, then the acceleration and velocity vectors are parallel.
For a counterexample, consider motion along the line r (t) = t
2
i +t
2
j . Then v (t) = 2t
i + 2t
j and a (t) = 2
i + 2
j ,
so v (t) = ta (t). Thus in this case the velocity vector and acceleration vectors are parallel at all points.
17. False. As a counterexample, consider the curve r (t) = t
2
i +t
2
j for 0 t 1. In this case, when t is replaced by t,

the parameterization is the same, and is not reversed.
18. True. The length of the curve C is given by
_
b
a
||v (t)|| dt =
_
b
a
1 dt = b a.
19. False. The velocity of the particle is given by v (t) = r

(t) = 3
i + 2
j +

k , so speed is constant: ||v (t)|| =
3
2
+ 2
2
+ 1
2
=
14. So the particle never stops.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 1423
20. False. As a counterexample, consider motion along the helix r (t) = cos t
i + sin t
j + t
k . In this case the speed is

||v (t)|| =
_
(sin t)
2
+ (cos t)
2
+ 1
2
=
2. Thus the particle has constant speed, but is traveling along a helix, not a
line.
21. True, since the vectors x
j are parallel to the y-axis.

22. False. The ow lines are circles centered at the origin.
23. False. The ow lines are lines parallel to the x-axis.
24. False. Each ow line stays in the quadrant in which it originates.
25. True. Any ow line which stays in the rst quadrant has x, y .
26. False. The ow lines for

F are perpendicular to the contours for f, since the ow lines follow f, which is perpendicular
to the contours of f.
27. True. Since a vector tangent to a circle centered at the origin is perpendicular to the radius vector r and

F (r ) is tangent
to its ow lines,

F (r ) must be perpendicular to r . Thus

F (r ) r = 0 for all r .
28. False. If the ow lines are all straight lines parallel to v , we need

F (x, y) to be parallel to v for all x and y. That
does not mean that

F (x, y) must be equal to v ; it only needs to be a scalar multiple v . For example, the vector eld
F (x, y) = 6
i + 10
j has all its ow lines parallel to v . Another example is

F (x, y) = 3e
xy
i + 5e
xy
j = e
xy
v ,
where the scalar multiplied times v varies as x and y vary.
29. True. If (x, y) were a point where the y-coordinate along a ow line reached a relative maximum, then the tangent vector
to the ow line, namely

F (x, y), there would have to be horizontal (or
0 ), that is its
j component would have to be 0.

But the
j component of

F is always 2.
30. False. At all points on the x-axis, y = 0, so the vector eld is a horizontal vector,

F (x, 0) = e
x
i , pointing to the right,

since it is a positive multiple of
i . Thus the x-axis itself is a ow line for

F . Since there can be only one ow line through
any point, no ow line can cross the x-axis.
31. False. Suppose that there were a function f such that

F = f = fx
i + fy
j . Then fx = y and fy = 1. But then

fxy = 1 and fyx = 0, which is impossible since we know fxy = fyx.
32. True
33. False. There is only one parameter, s. The equations parameterize a line.
34. True. The position vector of a point on the lower hemisphere is the negative of the position vector of the opposite point
on the upper hemisphere. As r ranges over all points in the upper hemisphere, r ranges over all points in the lower
hemisphere.
35. False
36. True. Adding a constant vector shifts the plane by a corresponding displacement, keeping it parallel to the original plane.
37. True. If the surface is parameterized by r (s, t) and the point has parameters (s0, t0) then the parameter curves r (s0, t)
and r (s, t0).
38. False. For example, the lines of longitude on a sphere correspond to different values of the parameter , but all pass
through the north and south poles.
39. True. We nd the tangent vector to a parametrically dened curve by differentiating r (t).
40. False. Suppose r (t) = (cos t)
i +(sin t)
j , so r (t) traces out the unit circle. Then r (t) lies along the radius of the circle
and
r

(t) = (sin t)
i + (cos t)
j
and r

(t) is tangent to the circle. Thus r (t) and r

(t) are perpendicular, so their cross product is not zero.
41. False. Suppose r (t) = t
i +t
j . Then r

(t) =
i +
j and
r

(t) r (t) = (t
i +t
j ) (
i +
j ) = 2t.
So r

(t) r (t) = 0 for t = 0.
42. False. This result is true for uniform circular motion, but is not true in general.
PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
1. Set up the coordinate system as shown in Figure 17.79.
(15, 0)
basket
(0, 10)
T
c
6
player
y
x
Figure 17.79
(a) We separate the initial velocity vector into its x and y components.
V
x
= V cos A
V
y
= V sin A.
Since there is no force acting in the x direction, the x-coordinate of the basketball is just
x = (V cos A)t 15.
For the y-coordinate, we know that
y
(t) = 32,
so
y
(t) = 32t + C
1
and
y(t) = 16t
2
+ C
1
t + C
2
.
We also know that y
(0) = V sinA and y(0) = 6. Substituting these values in, we get C

1
= V sin A,
C
2
= 6 and thus
y = 16t
2
+ (V sin A)t + 6.
(b) Use a graphing calculator or computer to plot the path of the basketball for various values of V and A.
Many pairs of V and A put the shot in the basket. For example, V = 26, A = 60
, V = 32, A = 30
.
(c) Now that we have the equations, we need to nd a relationship between V and A that ensures that the
basketball goes through the hoop (i.e., the curve passes through (0, 10)). So we set
x = (V cos A)t 15 = 0
y = 16t
2
+ (V sinA)t + 6 = 10.
From the rst equation, we get t =
15
V cos A
. Then we substitute that into the second equation:
16
_
15
V cos A
_
2
+ (V sin A)(
15
V cos A
) = 4
3600
V
2
cos
2
A
+ 15 tan A = 4
PROJECTS FOR CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 1425
V
2
=
3600
cos
2
A(15 tan A4)
Keeping in mind that tan
2
+ 1 =
1
cos
2
, we have:
V
2
=
3600(1 + tan
2
A)
15 tan A4
.
We can minimize V by minimizing V
2
(since V > 0).
d(V
2
)
dA
=
2 tan A(15 tan A4) 15(tan
2
A + 1)
(15 tan A4)
2

3600
cos
2
A
= 0
3600
cos
2
A
_
15 tan
2
A8 tan A15
(15 tan A4)
2
_
= 0
15 tan
2
A8 tan A15 = 0
tan A =
8 +
964
30
1.30
A 52
.
2. (a) The product rule gives
d
L
dt
=
d
dt
(r v ) =
dr
dt
v +r
dv
dt
= v v +r a .
But the cross product of any vector with itself is
0 . So v v =

0 . Hence
d
L
dt
= r a .
(b) The area swept out by the planet is approximately a triangle, with sides r , r + r , and r . Since
r r is the area of the parallelogram formed by r and r , and since the triangle is half the size of
the parallelogram, we have A
1
2
r r .
(c) Dividing by t gives
A
t

1
2
_
_
_
_
r
t
r
_
_
_
_
.
Taking the limit as t 0 and recalling that

L = r v , we get
dA
dt
=
1
2
L.
(d) Since a is directed from the earth to the sun, and r from the sun to the earth, we see that r and a are
parallel. So r a =

0 , as the cross product of parallel vectors is
0 . By part (a), this means d
L /dt =

0 .
So

L must be a constant.
(e) Since
L is a constant, part (c) implies that

area swept out between
t = t
0
and t = t
1
=
_
t1
t0
dA
dt
dt =
1
2
L
_
t1
t0
dt =
1
2
L(t
1
t
0
).
So the area swept out over a time interval t
1
t
0
only depends on t
1
t
0
, not t
0
and t
1
individually.
(f) Lets compare the triangles of are swept out by the planet when it is closest to and furthest from the sun,
for a given size time interval. Since the r and r + r sides are shorter when the planet is closest to the
sun, the central angle and the third side must be larger then. So r , and hence v = r /t, are larger
when the planet is closest to the sun, compared to when the planet is furthest from the sun (for a xed t).
3.
x
y
(a)
Figure 17.80
x
y
(b)
Figure 17.81
x
y
(c)
Figure 17.82
x
y
(d)
Figure 17.83

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17.

j and the displacement vector

j , so the line has equation

k . The line through point (1, 5, 2) and

k is given by parametric equations

k . The line through point (3, 2, 1) and with direction vector v = 2

k . The line through point (3, 2, 2) and with direction

k is given by parametric equations

k . The line through point (3, 0, 0) and with direction vector v = 3

k . Since P0 has position vector

k , so a possible parameterization of the line is

t. To obtain the segment, we restrict t to 1 t 16. Thus one possible

j from the origin to the point P and the

PQ or, expressed in coordinates, r (t) = (2 + 10t)

j . To see that this is correct, note

OP, the vector from

OQ, the vector from the origin to Q.

j from the origin to the point P and the

j from the origin to the point P and the

j from the origin to the point P and the

j from the origin to the point P and the

P0P1 = (x1 x0)

OP1, 0 t 1 is the line segment from P1 to P0, the same line

k are not parallel, the line is

k is parallel to the line.

k . Other answers are possible.

k is parallel to the line; the normal vector n =

k is perpendicular to the plane.

k . Its equation can be written

k . We are given the point as (4, 2, 3).

k is parallel to the yz-plane and at an angle of 45

to both positive y- and z-axes. Thus, the direction

k . Parametric equations for this line are

k is parallel to the vector a

k is parallel to the line. A normal to the plane is a

k . We want the normal to

k must be perpendicular to the vector 2

b is parallel to the vector

b and through the point with position vector a .

b and satised by (0, 0, 0).

b . If k = ||a || = 0, the plane does not

b ) (r a ) = 0 is the equation of a plane which is satised by r =a , so the point with

b , the plane is parallel to the line, and therefore

= 425 km and y = 850 sin 60

DB joining Denver to Bismark, where

k , and the normal of the yellow plane,

k . This gives a vector 5

k as a vector parallel to the green

k points from P into the half-space where we see the

k to point into this half-space is

j . The speed of the particle is given by

k . The velocity vector v is

k . When t < 0 the absolute value |t| is

k ) points in the direction

k . The velocity vector v is

k when t < 0 and in the same

i direction is 0 and motion in

j direction is not 0. Motion in

i direction is not 0. Motion in

i direction is 0 and motion in

j direction is not 0. Motion in

j direction is not 0. The motion is horizontal when the component in the