TOTAL STATION SURVEYING: Surveying may be defined as an art of making measurements in the horizontal plane and vertical plane

to determine the relative positions of points and objects on the surface of the earth, that on drawing them to scale. Generally it consists of taking measurements on above or below the surface of the earth. The measurements may be linear or angular or both. Sometimes at necessary to take measurements in vertical plane also. LINEAR MESUREMENT: To measure the distance between two points is called linear measurements. Measuring tapes or chains are used for linear measurements. ANGULAR MEASUREMENT: Horizontal angles and vertical angles are measured by using Theodolite. LEVELLING: To determine the elevation difference between various points called leveling. Auto Levels and Dumpy Levels are used for leveling. PURPOSE OF SURVEYING: Purpose of any surveying is to prepare a map. The basic requirements for preparation of maps are control points. These are several methods like triangulation method, traverse method, GPS etc to provide these control points. The main purpose of surveying is to prepare a plan or map with the help of field measurement surveying may be done for following purpose. 1. To prepare a map of a Country or State showing the detailed location of cities, towns, villages, major roads, boundaries etc. 2. To prepare a contour map to determine the capacity of reservoirs and slopes of land. 3. To find the economical route in alignment of roads and railways. 4. To prepare Engineering detailed plans and sections of various works such as roads, railways, bridges, dams, canals etc. ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION A total station integrates the functions of a theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder. Examples of total stations are the Sokkia, leica, Horizon and Geomax. All total stations have similar

constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perform basically the same functions.

Fig.1 Parts and accessories of the Total Station instrument

Fig.1a Parts and accessories of the Total Station instrument

TOTAL STATION CAN BE USED FOR: General purpose angle measurement. General purpose distance measurement. Provision of control surveys. Contour and detail mapping. Setting out and construction work.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF TOTAL STATIONS: A clear line of sight between the instrument and the measured points is essential. The precision of the instrument is dependent on the raw repeatabilities of the direction and distance measurements. A well-defined measurement point or target/prism is required to obtain optimal precision and accuracy. The accuracy of direction and distance measurement is subject to a number of instrumental errors and the correct field procedures. TRIPOD SETUP 1. First setup tripod roughly on top of the station point, Make sure the legs are spaced at equal intervals and the head is approximately level. Set the tripod so that the head is positioned over the surveying point. Make sure the tripod shoes are firmly fixed in the ground.

2. Second place the instrument on the tripod head. Supporting it with one hand, tighten the centering screw on the bottom of the unit to make sure it is secured to the tripod. Insert battery in the instrument before leveling. 3. Focus on survey point by peeping through eye piece if the instrument is optical plummet, If the instrument is laser plummet turn on the instrument, and, if tilt correction is set to 1- or 2-axis, the laser plummet will be activated

automatically, and the Level & Plummet screen appears. Otherwise, press FNC from within any application and select 4. Position one leg of the tripod on the ground approximately 2 to 3 feet from the setup point. Looking through the optical plumb lens, align the crosshairs directly over the center of the setup point by moving the two free legs of the tripod. CENTERING Centering refers to the precise alignment of the instruments central axis over the station point. This can be accomplished in three ways, through the use of a plumb, the optical plummet or laser plummet. USING PLUMB BOB 1. Place the instrument on the tripod head. Insert the tripod mounting screw into the center hole of the instruments base plate and tighten. 2. Hang the plumb line on the hook of the tripod mounting screw and adjust the length of the plumb line to the position the tip of the plumb bob at the height approximately level with the station point. 3. Slightly loosen the tripod mounting screw. Supporting the outer side of the leveling base with both hands, carefully slide the instrument about on the tripod head until the tip of the plumb bob is perfectly positioned over the center of the station point. Confirm precise alignment by viewing from two directions at right angles to each other.

KEY:

Adjust the base of the tripod by lengthening or shortening each tripod leg, until the circular level is even. Check the optical or laser plumb. If the crosshairs or laser beam has moved from the setup point during the leg adjustment, bring them back over the point using the three leveling screws near the base of the total station. Readjust the height of the legs of the tripod until the leveling bubble is exactly in the center and the optical plummet crosshairs or laser beam are directly over the setup point. You may need to repeat this entire step until the centering bubble and the optical plumb or laser beam are centered. USING OPTICAL PLUMMET 1. Place the instrument on the tripod head. Insert the tripod mounting screw

into the center hole of the instruments base plate and tighten. 2. Looking through the optical plummet, align the station point image with the center mark of the reticle by turning the leveling screws. 3. While supporting the tripod head with one hand, loosen the tripod leg clamps and adjust the circular bubble. USING LASER PLUMMET 1. Turn on the instrument, and, if tilt correction is set to 1- or 2- axis, the laser plummet will be activated automatically, and the Level/ Plummet screen appears. Otherwise, press FNC from within any application and select Level/Plummet. 2. Move the tripod legs and use the tribrach foot screw to center the plummet over the ground point. 3. Adjust the tripod legs to level the circular level. 4. By using the electronic level, turn the tribrach footscrews to precisely level the instrument. 5. Center the instrument precisely over the ground point by shifting the tribrach on the tripod plate. LEVELING Leveling refers to the precise vertical alignment of the instruments vertical axis. The procedure for leveling by means of the plate level is described below. When you level the instrument, you make the vertical axis of the instrument exactly vertical. To level the instrument, use the plate or tubular level.

1. Rotate the alidade until the plate level is parallel with any two of the leveling screws (B and C). 2. Centre bubble by turning the two foot screws (B and C) in equal and opposite directions. 3. Turn the instrument approximately 90 and Use leveling screw A to move the bubble into the center of the level. 4. Repeat steps (1) trough (3) to center the bubble in both positions shown by the figures.

5. Furthermore, rotate the alidade 1800. If the bubble in the plate level remains centered, leveling is completed.

LEVELLING WITH ELECTRONIC VIAL OR ELECTRIC LEVEL The electronic level can be used to precisely level up the instrument using the footscrews of the tribrach.

1. Turn on the instrument, if tilt correction is set to 1- or 2-axis, the laser plummet will be activated automatically, and the Level & Plummet screen appears. Otherwise, press FNC button in LEICA, GEOMAX models then press LEVEL & PLUMMET (F1) or choose ELECTRIC LEVEL (TRIMBLE), TILT (HORIZON, TOPCON, SOOKIA). 2. Rotate the alidade until the plate level is parallel with any two of the leveling screws (B and C). 3. Centre bubble by turning the two foot screws (B and C) in equal and opposite directions for Y axis to set Y axis to 00-0-0. 4. Centre bubble by turning the one foot screws opposite directions for X axis to set X axis to 00-0-0. SIGHTING Sighting refers to the aiming of the telescope at the target, bringing the target into focus, and aligning it with the center crosshairs of the reticle. 1. Diopter Adjustment: Direct the telescope towards a blank area, such as the sky or a piece of paper. Looking through the eye piece, rotate the diopter ring to bring the reticle crosshairs into sharp focus. 2. Elimination of Parallax: Rotate the focusing ring to bring the target image into focus on the reticle crosshairs. Move your eye vertically and laterally to see if the target image moves in relation to the reticle crosshairs. If the target image does not move, there is no parallax. If it moves, rotate the telescope focusing ring to eliminate the parallax. Warning: Never view the sun through the telescope. Doing so may cause the loss of your eyesight. (A) in equal and