Reducing the power envelope uctuation of OFDM systems using

side information supported amplitude clipping approach

Montadar Abas Taher
1,
*
,
, JS Mandeep
1
, Mahamod Ismail
1
, Salina Abdul Samad
1
and MT Islam
2
1
Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Systems Engineering, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi,
Selangor D.E., Malaysia
2
Institude of Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
ABSTRACT
OFDM is an important modulation technique currently in development in the eld of communications
systems. OFDM signals can combat multipath propagation and fading channels and can support large data rates.
However, OFDM systems are multicarrier systems and experience problems due to the required summation of
sinusoids when the in-phase subcarriers are combined, which produces high power peaks. The large power enve-
lope uctuations that occur at the output cause in-band and out-of-band distortions that result in degraded BER
performance. The literature contains many qualied approaches to resolving the peak-to-average power ratio prob-
lem, including selected mapping, partial transmit sequence, and amplitude clipping techniques. The simplest tech-
nique is the amplitude clipping technique, and the selected mapping and partial transmit sequence techniques are
excessively complicated for real-time implementation. In this paper, we suggest a modication to the amplitude
clipping method to produce a novel clipping technique called the side information supported amplitude clipping
(SI-SAC) method. The SI-SAC technique involves sending certain bits of extra information so that the receiver
can recover all of the clipped data. The SI-SAC technique does not add computational complexity to the system,
and simulation results showthat the proposed method is superior to the conventional method. The peak-to-average
power ratio was reduced by %2.5 dB, and the magnitude of the mean squared error vector is the same as that of the
original signal that is not clipped. In contrast, the conventional amplitude clipping method produces a mean
squared error vector with a large magnitude. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received 5 June 2012; Revised 21 November 2012; Accepted 6 December 2012
KEY WORDS: amplitude clipping; complementary cumulative distribution function; error vector magnitude;
OFDM; peak-to-average power ratio reduction; side information
1. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORK
Single-carrier communications systems can be treated as simple systems. However, these systems do
present disadvantages including a low bit rate, and they require complicated equalizers to combat
multipath channels. Multicarrier systems may seem more complex than single-carrier systems, but
this description is incorrect because advanced technology makes such systems easy to implement,
for example, the OFDM systems examined in this work. OFDM systems can be easily implemented
with inverse/fast Fourier transform (IFFT/FFT) chips. OFDM signals outperform single-carrier
signals because they support high data rates. OFDM signals can pass through multipath channels
and reach receivers without requiring the complicated equalizers that single-carrier systems require.
As indicated earlier, OFDM signals can provide high data rates because they divide the available
channel into N-orthogonal subchannels or subcarriers.
*Correspondence to: Montadar Taher, Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Systems Engineering, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.

E-mail: montadar@ieee.org
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. (2012)
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/cta.1896
However, OFDM systems produce large output power envelope uctuations; that is, the peak output
power is large compared with the average output power. There are many techniques described in the
literature that aim to deal with this problem [1]. The selected mapping (SLM) technique [2] involves
copying the signal U times, and each copy is multiplied element-wise by a phase rotation vector.
The copy with the minimum peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is sent to the receiver, and the
phase rotation vector index is sent as extra information. This method requires the inverse discrete
fourier transform (IDFT) to be performed U times. In fact, the IFFT operation will be used if the
system is implemented practically because IFFT/FFT processes have lower computational
complexities than the traditional IDFT/DFT processes. Another study [3] suggested a method of
reducing the computational complexity at the cost of the BER. Another method for reducing the
PAPR is the partial transmit sequence approach [4]. This method provides the same performance as
the SLM method but is more complex. The complexity of this method has been reduced in select
studies [57] but always requires sacrices in the BER performance or other areas.
To reduce the complexity of a PAPR reduction scheme, sacrices such as a reduced bit rate must be
made. This reduction occurs when block coding is employed as a PAPR reduction technique [8]. In this
method, the zero cross-correlation zone must be wide to reduce the PAPR values to an acceptable level.
However, this method must send redundant bits, producing losses in the data bit rate. The reader may
refer to [911] for more information. Further, the tone reservation [1214] and tone injection [15]
techniques are other approaches to improving the PAPR values. These methods require more power
and complicated optimization methods to nd the optimal tones for reducing the PAPR. Another
method that addresses this problem is interleaving [16, 17], which involves sending side information
and is based on a principle similar to that of the SLM method. Furthermore, active constellation
extension [18, 19] is a useful method for reducing the PAPR by modifying the constellation
mapping. It is important to note that the minimum distance between the constellation points must not
be reduced, or the BER will be degraded; therefore, only the outer points can be shifted in the active
constellation extension technique. This shifting leads to an increased transmission power, which is
considered a drawback regardless of the optimization techniques used to nd the best points for shifting.
All of the aforementioned methods are frequency-domain techniques. There also exist certain time-
domain methods that are effective, such as the companding transform method [2022]. This method is
simple and does not increase the computational complexity but instead degrades the BER and
signicantly reduces the PAPR by increasing the average power. Another method in the time
domain is the all-pass lter technique [23, 24]. This technique is similar to the SLM technique but
replaces the phase rotation vectors with all-pass lters. Furthermore, this technique adjusts the lter
parameters to lower the PAPR and sends them to the receiver as side information.
The amplitude clipping method is the simplest technique in the time domain. The principle
underlying this method involves clipping the high peaks after the IDFT operation is performed. This
clipping utilizes a soft envelope limiter that must be in the baseband before transmission [2528].
The clip operation is a nonlinear action, so there will be discontinuities in the clipped samples.
Therefore, the bandwidth will theoretically be innite, so a low-pass lter should be implemented at
this step to keep the out-of-band (OOB) emission below an acceptable level. However, the in-band
amplitude will experience a re-growth that should be reduced using other methods [29, 30] to reduce
the BER to a low level. In this paper, we suggest a modication to the amplitude clipping method
such that the BER will be enhanced dramatically using a small amount of side information as
described in forthcoming sections. The analysis of the envelope is an important topic for the circuit
designer engineers, but we did not go deep in such analysis, and the reader can refer to [31, 32].
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 3 describes the OFDM system and denes the
PAPR; Section 4 presents the simple amplitude clipping method and the suggested modications;
the results and discussions are provided in Section 5; the conclusions are presented in Section 6.
2. OFDM SIGNAL AND PAPR DEFINITION
An N-orthogonal subcarrier, baseband, oversampled, discrete-time OFDM symbol is represented
mathematically using the expression
M. A. TAHER ET AL.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
x k
1

N
p

N1
n0
X n e
j 2 p
kn
N
(1)
where the time and frequency indices are k and n, respectively, and range from 0 to N1. The symbols
represented by X(n) are selected randomly from M quadrature amplitude modulation or M phase
shift keying mapping constellations. The last expression describes a simple IDFT that produces
N-orthogonal sinusoidal outputs; these sinusoidal outputs should be carried (after the guard
interval insertion) on a radio frequency. The radio frequency signal can be generated using a
low-cost circuitry such as that developed by Oliveira [33]. Parts of these sinusoids may be in
phase, which leads to constructive summations. Thus, the peak power and the average power can
be compared. This comparison is called the PAPR, as indicated previously, and is mathematically
represented as
z
x k k
1
P
avg
(2)
where P
avg
is the average power and ||x||
1
=max(|x
1
|,. . ., |x
n
|). The output samples, x(k), are statistically
independent identically distributed samples, and because N64, they have a Gaussian distribution with
zero mean and variance s
2
according to the Central Limit Theorem [34]. Thus, the complementary
cumulative distribution function of the PAPR is
CCDF z Pr z > g (3)
where g is the clipping level. The oversampling factor must be at least 4 [34]. As mentioned in the
previous section, many techniques can be used to reduce these high PAPR values. For the remainder
of this paper, the conventional amplitude clipping method will be denoted as CAC, and the proposed
method will be denoted as SI-SAC as dened previously for convenience.
3. CAC TECHNIQUE
Amplitude clipping is a simple technique used to reduce the PAPR. The CAC can reduce the
PAPR to an extent but at the expense of degrading the BER performance [35, 36]. The literature
contains many studies aiming to enhance the BER performance of the CAC [3742]. Most of
these studies employed coding techniques [37, 38], but as indicated previously, these techniques
reduce the bit rate. The other studies utilized iterative clipping and ltering [3942] by placing
IDFT and the DFT blocks many times in different locations within the OFDM system, hence,
increasing the computational complexity. As examples of the lters, see [43, 44]. The
performance of the CAC technique has been analyzed in the literature [29, 30, 40, 45, 46], so
we will not concentrate on re-producing such analysis in this paper. The BER and a recent
inuential metric called the error vector magnitude (EVM) will be used to measure the
performance of an OFDM system [45]. This gure of merit, EVM, is especially important when
employing clipping techniques. The soft envelop limiter was discussed in [29]. Suppose that the
input signal x(k) is expressed in polar form as
x k r
k
e
j
k
(4)
The soft envelope limiter function is f(r
k
), which produces output amplitudes of ~r
k
. Thus, the output
samples are ~x k ~r
k
e
j
k
with
~r
k
f r
k

r
k
for r
k
A
A for r
k
> A
_
(5)
where A is the maximum allowable amplitude, which is related to the average power by the clipping
ratio e, dened as
REDUCING THE POWER ENVELOPE FLUCTUATION OF OFDM SYSTEMS
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
e
A

P
avg
_ (6)
It is well known that the clipping operation causes OOB radiation, so a band pass lter (BPF) [29]
should be used to remove as much OOB emission as possible. In this work, we are interested in the
clipping function itself, rather than other operations such as the BPF, to remove the additional
complexity cause by the other operations. However, we are aiming to recover the clipped portions
of the clipped samples without using a lter. This goal will be described further in the next section.
4. SI-SAC TECHNIQUE
As described in the previous section, the CAC technique does not provide the receiver (blind) with any
information about the clipped samples or the clipped amplitudes. This lack of information increases the
BER. The SI-SAC-based PAPR reduction method is proposed to overcome this problem. In Equation 5,
the number of samples that are clipped is unknown, and the original amplitudes of the clipped samples
are also unknown. For this reason, we do not expect accurate values to be recovered at the receiver side
without the use of expensive components. We propose a method to determine the number of samples that
are clipped, the location of each clipped sample, and the original amplitude of each clipped sample, and
to send this information as side information to the receiver, such that the receiver could recover the
original signals samples.
The reader may believe that these data represent a large amount of side information and that this method
is thus not credible. However, not all of these data will be sent, as we will dene a function for the clipping
operation at both the transmitter and the receiver sides, such that there will be no need to send the clipped
portions as side information. Thus, the side information is only a simple vector that is exactly equal in
length to the side information vector provided by the SLM method. However, any clipping function can
be used, for example, dividing by an integer constant greater than zero (B) at the transmitter and then
multiplying by the same factor, B, at the receiver, but in this work, we will use the following function
^r
k

r
k
for r
k
A

r
k
p
B
for r
k
> A
_

_
(7)
and the amount of amplitude clipped is
a
k
r
k

r
k
p
B
(8)
The factor B can be any positive real number as its role is to determine the level of reduction. Note
that in the last equation, if r
k
is greater than A, the new magnitude will be the square root of r
k
divided
by the factor B. During our simulations, this factor chosen as B= 4. For the CAC method, the output
power can be expressed as [29]
P
out
1 e
e
2
_ _
P
avg
(9)
where the clipping ratio, e, is dened in Equation (6). Now, the SI-SAC output power is upper-bounded
by (using Equation (9))
lim
e!0
^r j j

P
out
p lim
e!0
max r
k

P
out
p

lim
e!0
max r
k

1 e
e
2
P
avg
_
(10)
since,
max r
k
e

P
avg
_
(11)
then,
M. A. TAHER ET AL.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
lim
e!0
^r j j

P
out
p lim
e!0
e

P
avg
_

1 e
e
2
P
avg
_

lim
e!0
e

1 e
e
2

_
1
(12)
from which, the output power of the SI-SAC is the same as that of the CAC method (Equation (9)):
P
out-SISAC
1 e
e
2
_ _
P
avg
(13)
However, we do not need to send a
k
(as dened in Equation (8)) as side information because it is a
predened function at the receiver side. Thus, the side information only consists of the indices of the
clipped samples. These indices can be sent to the receiver as follows: assume that the clipped sample
indices are [0, 3, 5, and 7]
T
for an OFDM symbol of eight subcarriers; then, the side information will be
a vector of binary data, and a 1 will be inserted to indicate any clipped samples. Thus, for the
aforementioned example, the side information vector is [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1] or 95
h
(where h
represents hexadecimal). Now, the receiver can identify the samples that have been clipped and
because the receiver has a reduction function, it can completely recover all of the original
amplitudes without additional complexity at both the transmitter and the receiver. To demonstrate
the performance of the SI-SAC method, the BER performance will be represented using the EVM,
which is dened as [45, 47]
EVM
i

E r ^r j j
2
_ _
NE ^r j j
2
_ _

_ (14)
where E{} is the expectation operation and i is the index of the OFDM symbol. The long-term EVM
(LT-EVM) as described in [42] is a more quantitative metric. By representing the root mean square of
R single OFDM symbols EVM (not the entire signal), we can dene the LT-EVM as
LT-EVM

1
R

R
i1
EVM
2
i

_
(15)
where R is the total number of OFDM symbols. Thus, if the LT-EVM is small, the distortion is small
and the BER performance is strong. On the other hand, ^r
k
will be fed to a solid state power amplier
(SSPA). There are many works on the power amplier for OFDM applications [4852] where low-cost
and small-size Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) implementations can be achieved
[53, 54]. For simulation purposes, the SSPA can be represented as [48]
g ^r
k

v
l
^r
k
1
v
l
^r
k
A
o
_ _
2p
l
_ _
1=2p
l
(16)
where v
l
is the small signal amplication, p
l
is the model parameter, and A
o
is the output amplitude at
the saturation region (A
o
0). In our simulation, p
l
= 2 and v
l
= 1.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this section, the PAPRs, BERs, and EVMs of the CAC and the SI-SAC with and without AWGN are
presented. A clipping ratio for more than R= 45,000 randomly generated OFDM symbols was chosen
randomly. This clipping ratio is e = 0.28 with N= 256 subcarriers modulated by 16 quadrature
REDUCING THE POWER ENVELOPE FLUCTUATION OF OFDM SYSTEMS
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
amplitude modulation as a constellation mapping as shown in Table I. Figure 1 presents the PAPR
simulation results for B= 4, and an additional case with a clipping ratio e = 0.7 is also presented for
comparison with the proposed method.
Figure 1 demonstrates that when e = 0.28, the PAPR is reduced by 2.5 dB with LT-EVM%2.7 for
the SI-SAC and by 2.75 dB with LT-EVM%3.3 for the CAC method at a probability of 10
4
. For
e = 0.7, the PAPR has only been reduced by 0.25 dB when considering the same probability with
LT-EVM%2.8.
The LT-EVM values for the original case and the SI-SAC are equal (%2.7). This equality suggests
that all of the data has been recovered at the expense of the transmitted power. However, the power of
the SI-SAC approach is still lower than that of the CAC approach, as demonstrated in Figure 2. This
gure includes a comparison between the original and modied methods without the AWGN
channel. All the data were recovered; the BER is high for the CAC method.
Another comparison including the presence of the AWGN channel is presented in Figure 3. The
BER of the CAC is higher than that of the SI-SAC for both clipping ratios, e = 0.28 and 0.7. The
data were completely recovered with some side information and without the need for block coding
methods, which are described in [8, 37] and in which redundant bits must be sent to the receivers.
The amount of side information required for block coding methods is greater than that of the SI-
SAC method. However, if the CAC were used with a coding technique, it is likely that not all of the
transmitted data would be recovered, which is not the case for our suggested method. Furthermore,
ltering [35, 38] after clipping was not performed here, and our method still performs better, but at
the expense of increased power because the constellation will be changed little as a result of using
our clipping function. Another comparison, which is related to the error bits, is the EVM
comparison. Figure 4 is a logarithmic plot that presents 100 OFDM symbols from all of the
scenarios simulated earlier and demonstrates that the errors of the CAC are larger than those of
the SI-SAC for both e values. This difference in the errors means that the BER performance of the
SI-SAC is better than that of the CAC, as demonstrated previously in Figure 3.
Table I. Simulation conditions for the original and the SI-SAC systems.
N Baseband modulation Clipping ratio e B # OFDM symbols
256 16 QAM 0.28 and 0.7 4 50,000
QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation.
Figure 1. Peak-to-average power ratio simulation results for the conventional amplitude clipping and side
information supported amplitude clipping methods with different clipping ratios. LT-EVM, long-term error
vector magnitude; CCDF, complementary cumulative distribution function.
M. A. TAHER ET AL.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
Figure 2. BER comparison between the conventional amplitude clipping and side information supported
amplitude clipping approaches. SNR, signal-to-noise ratio.
Figure 3. Comparison of BER simulation results for all cases. PAPR, peak-to-average power ratio; SI-SAC, side
information supported amplitude clipping; CAC, conventional amplitude clipping; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio.
Figure 4. Error vector magnitudes (EVMs) of side information supported amplitude clipping (SI-SAC) and
conventional amplitude clipping (CAC) for both e values.
REDUCING THE POWER ENVELOPE FLUCTUATION OF OFDM SYSTEMS
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
The SSPAwas utilized in this work to determine the power spectral densities before and after the SSPA.
Figure 5 presents the power spectral density of the aforementioned cases before the SSPA. Clearly, the
better clipping ratio is e =0.7, but this value does not reduce the PAPR (0.25 dB; Figure 1). In the other
case, the CAC performs well at the expense of the BER, and the LT-EVM was 3.3, which corresponds
to a PAPR reduction of only 0.25 dB. The SI-SAC produces a lower OOB radiation level and a better
BER value, and its LT-EVM was 2.7. The same analysis was repeated after applying the SSPA, and the
results are presented in Figure 6. The SI-SAC technique clearly performs better than the CAC.
6. CONCLUSIONS
A novel technique called SI-SAC is proposed, which involves a modication to the CAC technique in
which the clipped samples indices are sent to the receiver as side information to allow complete
recovery of all data at the receiver. The clipping function is dened at both the transmitter and the
receiver sides to prevent additional complexity in recovering all of the data. Using these procedures,
Figure 5. Power spectral densities of all cases before the solid state power amplier. LT-EVM, long-term error
vector magnitude; SI-SAC, side information supported amplitude clipping; CAC, conventional amplitude clipping.
Figure 6. Power spectral densities of the simulated cases after the solid state power amplier. LT-EVM,
long-term error vector magnitude.
M. A. TAHER ET AL.
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2012
DOI: 10.1002/cta
the BER performance is improved dramatically, and the PAPR was reduced to levels that are similar to
those of the CAC method. The only cost of this method is the small increment in the transmitted power.
This method is not restricted to a specied modulation mapping, so it can be used with any
constellation mapping technique.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to
improve the quality of the paper.
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REDUCING THE POWER ENVELOPE FLUCTUATION OF OFDM SYSTEMS
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