Questioning the Domain of the Business Ethics Curriculum Author(s): Andrew Crane and Dirk Matten Source: Journal

of Business Ethics, Vol. 54, No. 4, Business Ethics in the Curriculum: Of Strategies Deliberate and Emergent (Nov., 2004), pp. 357-369 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25123356 . Accessed: 09/07/2013 11:08
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Business Ethics.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

the Domain of the Questioning Business Ethics Curriculum

Andrew

Crane

Dirk Matten

ABSTRACT.
business ethics the business

This

paper reassesses the domain

and, maps on drawing some out recent suggestions

of the
shifts in for

KEY

WORDS:

business

ethics,

civil

society,

curriculum, law,

curriculum environment,

Europe, scandals

globaUzation,

government,

institutions,

extending
assessing language domain ends' paper cipline that the

the core ground of the discipline.

the key elements ethics by the those of textbooks the dominant and business

It starts by
English the the this, the law the dis

identifying as 'where on for

as reflected and 'beyond

Introduction This emerges from our attempt to define the 'appropriate' domain of the business ethics curric a business ethics ulum for the purposes of writing paper textbook (see Crane in English relevant and Matten, ethics dissatisfied the market.1 purely
textbook

identifies by

potential on drawing of

publications legal minimum'. gaps and new four main

Based areas

aspects.

First,

it argues extensions

domain on

business

ethics

requires

the particular the region where dependent geographic is A factor for the second scope subject taught. broadening is the impact of recent direct the scandals, which arguably nature of ethical the focus towards the of business inquiry in which individuals and systems operate. corporations on its result the of and Third, globalization impact is in involvement processes corporate growing regulatory discussed. yond holders' ethical suggesting ethics, the Fourth traditional as new decision actors and be business ethics reaches finally, constituencies of 'economic stake from in civil society enter We the domain but ethics the stage of by

to European

audiences

teaching had become rently reasons

business

business

been 2004). Having for a number of years, we texts cur with the main of of
accom

on was

one Although the U.S. dominance

market, this was

these the

ethics

making that a reconsideration in Europe, challenge

business. of

conclude of business that to do educators.

especially a represents major

is timely, to business

so

that the available texts by a deeper concern simply did not cover in any real depth many of the areas of business that we felt were activity to the and indeed relevant, central, increasingly business ethics curriculum. This included relatively panied
new concepts and issues such as globalization, sus

tainability, specific relations

non-economic' Andrew Crane is a Senior Centre for Lecturer Corporate in Business Social Ethics at the

corporate about questions to government,

stakeholders.

and

citizenship, the ethics civil society,

as weU of and

as

business other

International

Responsibility

(ICCSR) at the University ofNottingham, UK He has a PhD from theUniversity of Nottingham and a BScfrom the His Warwick. textbook 'Business Ethics: A University of European Perspective' (co-authoredwith Dirk Matten) has been published by Oxford University Press in 2004. Dirk Matten is a Professor of Business Ethics at the School of
Management, Royal Holloway, University of London. He

significant about our attempts to introduce such concepts into our teaching, and then into the textbook, was that they actuaUy drove us to the very domain of the business begin reconsidering What ethics curriculum. Whereas the we idea relatively happy with began where always been that business ethics had

was most

holds a PhD from D?sseldorf University and has taught

business ties ethics and corporate social responsibility Belgium and at universi the Czech in Britain, France, Germany,

the law ended, consideration effectively of these further issues and concepts increasingly turned our attention to the role of business in shaping and defining activity. So, issues where forms of regulatory than just being concerned with the law could not, or had yet to, define rather the law and other

Republic.

^* r*

Journal of Business Ethics 54: 357-369, 2004. ? 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

358 Andrew

Crane

and Dirk Matten review 1990). contain and the main textbooks on the market (Furman, are generaUy to Textbooks considered on a subject the core stock of knowledge

? if you like, the classic ethical di right and wrong ? we lemma situation had begun to think of business in terms as also ethics of how businesses (as well and civil society organizations) governments tributed to the institutionalisation of certain con laws, rules and rule-making in society. processes This paper stakes out our view of the potential of the business domain in this ethics curriculum
context, and further examines the theoretical, cul

are usuaUy expressly encour writers to their editors the aged by align their material with content on and approach typicaUy adopted major textbook
courses.

tural and practical arguments that might support or contest particular views of the 'appropriate' domain of domain subject. In particular, we first set out the of business ethics as represented in the main textbooks used in Europe, and then go on to explore a number of interweaving forces that appear to be the shaping our of what might be conceptions domain of business ethics, namely: an

If we look to the books currently available, the first thing that becomes is that apparent immediately there is a significant dominance texts. Books of U.S. and Bowie by Beauchamp (2004), De George et al. (2002), Trevi?o and Nelson cur and others, (2004), (2002), among Velasquez course in terms dominate the market of rently and not only in the U.S., but also in adoptions and elsewhere. the U.S. mar Europe Significantly, ket has also seen something of a cleavage between (1999), FerreU dedicated towards Carroll et al. 'business ethics' books and those oriented 'business and society' courses, with books by and Buchholtz (2002), Thorne McAUister (2003), or Baron (2003) representing key

appropriate (i) different of the conceptions regional appropriate business ethics curriculum, focusing particularly on US and European (ii) the effect of recent approaches; on our ideas of what scandals should be corporate taught on business ethics courses; quences of globalization of the business ethics for implications institutional ongoing ernment for defining (iv) the subject; and finally ethics curriculum the business of (iii) the conse the boundaries

examples of the latter. This 'hiving off of societal issues from the business ethics curriculum has rein forced an emphasis in the business ethics subject on individual values and dilemmas and the management of internal decision-making that is symptomatic of the Anglo-American tradition of the subject (End erle, 1996). We wiU examine the significance of this and other regional approaches in the next section, focus of U.S.
coUection of U.K.

shifts between business, gov and civil society. We conclude by assessing the overall prospects and pitfalls for an extension of the business ethics domain. domain of business about ethics

to business but
texts

ethics

in more

detail

The

it is evident
that have

that the micro in the growing

the mar

texts is also manifested

Questions and focus

of a subject of discussion been amongst business long ethics scholars (Furman, 1990; Kaler, 1999; Macl 2002; Prodhan, 1997; Sims

the appropriate domain, purpose, ethics curriculum the business have

entered

ket. The U.K. With

last few years have seen a number of new those by Fisher and LoveU books, including

(2003)McEwan
titles such

Wood (2001),MeUahi and

as Managing values

(2002).

agan,

2003a; Stark, have debates

and Brinkmann, these 1994; Zsolnai, 1998). Although been with surveys complemented

and Business organizations (McEwan) micro and the focus (Fisher LoveU), fairly explicit.

and beliefs in ethics and values here is made

in ethics teaching assessing the extent of business universities Collins and 2003; (e.g. Aspen/WRI, and Cummins, 1995; Cowton Wartick, 2003; and Moon, Cummins, 1999; Enderle, 1997; Matten in this issue) such surveys have not sought to an
swer the questions posed above, namely what ex

to the domain of business ethics defined Looking such there are actuaUy few formal defi books, by nitions in evidence. Probably the clearest example is and Nelson (2004, p. 16) in their by Trevi?o Business Ethics where textbook Managing popular state that the law "the domain of ethics includes they posited but extends relationship, ethics and it."3 In order beyond Trevi?o and Nelson the law as two to represent this (2004) depict circles, as

actly do business ethics courses the absence of such evidence, effective teachers way define of

cover

and how?

In

ascertaining the domain of

probably how business their

the most ethics is to

subject

intersecting

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Questioning

theDomain

of the Business Ethics Curriculum 359 bilities as those that are above and beyond 'legal'

(Carroll, 1991).4 responsibilities is all very well, and such a view certainly This seems to be a good starting place for locating the all, once matters have passed into law, there is certainly less obvious reason to consider them as part of a business ethics domain of business ethics. After course ethics rather than in a law course. Defining business to our on in this way attention tends focus such as high pressure sales typical ethical dilemmas to children, advertising techniques, whistleblowing,

Figure

1. The

relationship

between

ethics

and

the

law.

shown definition
behaviour. sues,

in Figure 1. The law might be of the minimum acceptable

However, in many business morally or elsewhere,

said to be a standards of
is not are

the law does privacy, or gift giving where employee not and define these However, wrong. right dilemmas, put important as they are, automatically or the organization in the position of a the manager Postage problems there will ernment that 'the to will fortune'; continue i.e., ethical to confront a grey dilemmas them area unless and because

contestable

whether

in many by the law. For example, there is no law preventing businesses from testing their products on animals, selling landmines to oppressive their employees regimes, or preventing ? from joining a union yet these are issues which explicitly countries covered many feel very strongly about from an ethical point of view. Similarly, it is possible to think of issues that are covered are not really by the law, but which about ethics. For example, the law prescribes whe ther we should drive on the right or the left side of the road. Although this prevents chaos on the roads, the decision about which side we should drive on is an not ethical decision as such. In one sense then, the domain of business ethics can be said to begin 'where the law ends'. Business ethics is primarily concerned with those issues not there is no definite by the law, or where consensus on whether is right or wrong. something Discussion about the ethics of particular business once lead to legislation practices may eventually ? as some kind of consensus is reached Beauchamp and Bowie is "law the public's contend, p. 4) (2004, covered into explicit social translating morality ? most and but the issues for of practices" guidelines of interest to business ethics, the law typically does us with not currently provide For this guidance. agency for reason, it is often said that business ethics is about the 'grey areas' of business, or about going 'beyond the Another illustration of this legal minimum'. good view is the well-known, and widely cited Carroll pyramid, which describes four elements of corporate social responsibility and depicts 'ethical' responsi

continue

to be

intervenes with rules What of

the basis of determined.

a change the classic Friedman the

gov of the law. This is (1970) argument,

game' have already been this seems to exclude, or at least

ignore, is the potential for businesses to participate in the making of the law, or more generally in defining rules and rule-making processes. This is particularly an issue in an increasingly business globalizing where environment, the boundaries shifting business of what can participate in is legal or ethical, in of the grey areas to

the hue essentially lightening wards greater clarity and certainty. Should such considerations be part of the business ethics curriculum? of Is such extension, curriculum even what the domain of

a definition, or even the business ethics

or appropriate? Is it indeed warranted or is this what many business ethics new, scholars already teach their students about? And exactly does, or would, it imply in terms of In the following, we shall explore

teaching practice? a number of interweaving forces that should help to throw some light on some of these issues, namely: to business ethics, corporate regional approaches and institutional scandals, impacts of globalization, shifts (see Figure Regional curriculum 2). to the business ethics

approaches

about the 'appropriate' domain First, any questions have to consider of the business ethics curriculum

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

360Andrew

Crane

and Dirk Matten original ideas have been, and stiU are, very useful in the European there are definite limits to the context, transfer of North American approaches. The Euro different ques poses some distinctly are not necessarily on the agenda from tions, which an American perspective (Spence, 2002). Likewise, a has distinct historical, philosophical, Europe quite and religious ap legacy, giving rise to a different pean proach business to the ethics as the practice, of study, as weU in Europe Weltzien Hoivik, (von of the main
and U.S.

context

Figure business

2.

Forces ethics

shaping curriculum.

the

'appropriate'

domain

of

the

2002; Zsolnai, 1998). a summary I provides Table

ences between continental

differ
ap

European

the region with many within what well

the subject is being taught. As business ethics teaching occurs subjects, an academic and cultural tradition that shapes essential theoretical Given or relevant or for inclusion, as the pedagogical approach our particular interests in of business ethics in Eur

in which

proaches to the subject, authors such as Enderle

is deemed as

by (1996), Van Luijk (2001), and Vogel (1992, 1998). Perhaps the key issue here is that continental the proposition business European on the choice ethics has tended to focus more of for ethical decision-making compared the Anglo-American approach of focusing on choice within constraints 1996). The (Enderle, source of this contention is that in most European countries there has been quite a dense network of on most of the ethicaUy important issues workers' social and rights, contributions community constraints

that have been

identified

typically adopted. the domain determining ope, the starting point here was clearly the long a specifically debates about standing European to business ethics, and analysis of 'conti approach versus nental European' 'American' (or 'Anglo

with

to business ethics (Enderle, American') approaches 1996; Spence, 2002; Vogel, 1992). The formal academic subject of business ethics is invention and has most of its largely an American roots and a large part of its traditions in the U.S. The reception of business ethics in Europe is fairly young, and only became visible from the beginning of the In assessing the European (Van Luijk, 2001). it is evident that although many of these perspective, 1980s TABLE
Differences between approaches to business ethics

regulation for business, including medical and care,

corporate taxation). European managers (through could be said therefore to have traditionaUy not had so very much to consider the moral values which their decisions since these questions guide at in least been tackled by the gov have, principle, ernment in setting up a tight institutional framework
for businesses. Therefore, in Europe, governments,

should

trade I

unions

and

corporate

associations

have

in continental

Europe

and

the United

States

United Who
conduct

States

Continental

Europe

is responsible for ethical

in business?

The
The

individual

Social control by the collective

Government, associations trade unions, corporate

is the key actor in business Who ethics? What are the key guidelines for ethical behaviour?
What business What are the ethics? is the dominant approach? stakeholder key issues in

corporation

Corporate

codes

of

ethics

Negotiated
in Social issues

legal framework
in organizing of business approach

of business
the

Misconduct single Focus decision on

and

immorality situations value

framework Multiple

shareholder

stakeholder

management

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Questioning

theDomain

of the Business Ethics Curriculum

ostensibly micro problem,

361
executive to

typically been key actors in the business ethics cur in the U.S., in most riculum, whereas (but not aU) of business ethics areas, the institutional framework significantly looser, and so the key actor has or the individual to be the corporation at least partly explains the more This, manager. in the practical approach to business ethics evident has been tended U.S. 1996; Vogel, 1992), and (Enderle, approach to busi the ethical dUemma approach underscores ness ethics that we identified earlier. on business From a teaching oriented perspective have ethics, these differences the context of the fundamental between North American to be understood philosophical continental Euro in divide

pay,

argue

as a purely that although approached micro problem, "any answers produced will pre answers to other macro and distinctly suppose questions"
as executive

this can be

(2000, p. 261),
accountability,

namely

about

issues such
governance,

corporate

and ultimately the stakeholders, responsibility social role of business. The same could be said for a whole host of apparently micro such as problems or are which labour conditions, downsizing,

to

bribery, at once immediately relevant to individual managers, in macro structures. "What embedded yet deeply this demonstrates "is that while without

and

to business ethics (Palazzo, 2002). pean approaches In a narrow philosophical confine sense, one might to a stronger these differences per ideological versus a more dominant spective in North America role for deontological approaches on the other side of gues ted weU the Atlantic. (2002) ar broadly, Palazzo are predominantly roo that these differences in the different of both religious legacies More
In the U.S., the Protestant-Calvinist as

then", Kaler (2000, p. 261) argues, can be discussed micro questions as a whole, the system any questioning

answers to those same micro questions might only be as good as answers to the macro issues which they will very often entail."

Corporate A

scandals can be made said have in relation

corporate

countries.

similar argument
issue of

to our
scandals,

as the Jewish legacy support the assumption to that there is a moral (if not spiritual) dimension as as economic role This well the view, activity. companies

second

consideration,

which

it might discussion about ethics education.

in developing the played historicaUy on to moral leads country, expectations higher themselves of and faith in the potential companies to be an agent of moral In business improvement. on the other feudal has the hand, Europe, heritage towards expectations with the dominant on morality, Catholic and Lutheran has debates ? or subsequently ? delegated authority to religious authorities. political shifts in the European model With of capitalism towards a more Anglo-American (Hunt, approach business and Whittington, 2000; Mayer contended that the business
move towards a more micro

the typical U.S. vidual actions of the manager has received further from of the scandals spate corporate impetus such as Enron, Worldcom, companies involving
Andersen, and others. To many, these are incidents

prompted the scope and purpose of business In one sense, it could be said that approach of focusing on the indi

be

renewed

rather

moral discouraged and in combination

of personal greed and misconduct that need to be of individual decision analysed from the perspective
making. However, in a closer analysis it becomes rather

that individual immorality, or even criminal can hardly be understood an without behaviour, evident of the ethical presuppositions of the appreciation broader systems in which these scandals occur. To continue with the example of recent scandals in the
U.S., a closer analysis seems to expose quite a close

it could be 2002), ethics curriculum wiU

focus. However, our

analysis suggests that in fact, this exposes a need to and insti corporate, increasingly broach individual, in to tutional levels of analysis order provide a critical specific context practice. 'micro' dilemmas and broader 'macro' are interrelated - or as Kaler (2000) puts it, their relationship is one of "epistemological depen
For instance, he uses the example of an

a micro-perspective link between ? or a 'narrow' (Sorrell and ing on economic macro stakeholders

on decision

mak

lens on

current

business

This

is because

1994) focus Hendry, and their actions and a

on the broader economic system perspective in which act. Though those individuals acknowl

dence".

of the edging a plethora of possible interpretations we scandal (Boje and Rosile, would that argue 2003),

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

362Andrew the gradual slide into what

Crane

and Dirk Matten the case of Parmalat ferences centrated financial and
reaction

fraud corporate Enron, Worldcom by a specific business model sation of shareholder within applied value

ended up being of assets at and misappropriation et al. was substantially influenced ultimately that raises the maximi

quite visibly. share ownership, markets,

of Italian

in Italy illustrates these dif levels of con With high low levels
was not

and of

underdeveloped of transparency the

to

to pre-eminence. Initially tricks the accounting the legal boundaries, at Enron could be argued to be the rational to the American model of cap on
as

accountability

corporations,

crucial
an

regulators

improve

response managerial italism (Sims and Brinkmann, 2003b). to the damage same applies The
employees in these companies,

existing market but towards the creation for corporate one

to start making of basic

some first steps elements of a market

inflicted
another

to name

pect over

of the

these

scandals.

In a welfare has

last few

decades

system which shifted increasingly

2004). Being just (Murphy, capital the entire two thirds of all among example that are owned Italian companies by single share the owners of Parmalat were able to abuse holders, this absence and control mechanisms, transparency to bring about a scandal of similar to the fall of Enron?but that seems to go. The same would also of market

for pensions away from the state to the responsibility lost their individual, the fact that so many employees is another result not only of individual pensions on the part of managers, but of a unethical behaviour system that entrusted administration of their nomic welfare these individuals social with the employees' in the first place. the same cultural and institutional American debate and eco bias about

dimensions be as far as the similarities

Arguably, is reflected

such as East Asia, apply to other parts of the world, can only be of forms where corruption specific or disincentivized let alone prevented understood nature of the the ethical by understanding context broader economic (Kidd and Richter,

in the North

2002).

of such unethical practices. The potential prevention measures basic thrust of such as the Sarbanes-Oxley is to improve Act of 2002 governance corporate structures executive through directors, stronger independence the incentive adjusting or increasing disclosure of non struc levels

Impact This

of globalization

for misconduct (Ribstein, in principle do however, 2002). All these measures, trust in the ability not challenge a typically American and private actors to produce morally of markets let alone a funda for society, desirable outcomes mental questioning of Anglo-Saxon that this ethical
is by no

tures for executives, and liability of managers

leads to our third area of consideration, namely on the role and relevance the impact of globalization of business of national and transnational regulation a has tradition government activity. The power of to a certain ally been confined French laws are only binding territory, for example on French territory,
and so on. As soon as a

U.K.

laws

on U.K.

territory,

style capitalism link between

confined

(Stelzer, 2004). could argue One

microand macro-issues

company territory and moves part of a third world its production chain to, for example, becomes the legal framework very differ country, leaves its home
ent. Consequently, managers can no longer simply

means

in conti forms of capitalism: to Anglo-American of the the scandals of nental Europe many major Scandal in France such as the Elf-Thyssen past and and Germany Matten, 2004, pp. 431 (Crane in dubious business practices 443) or Berlusconi's - are 2004, pp. 403-404) Italy (Crane and Matten, a capitalist system which is in embedded usually governed patterns of by deep interlocking in and relations friendships ship, long-term as close and as well governmental The recent in the economy. involvement fraud and misappropriation owner business political

on deciding rely on a single legal framework when of certain business the right or wrong practices the law essentially begins where the increase such of forces ends, globalization demand for business ethics because deterritorialized or transnational spaces such as global financial mar then kets or the ozone layer are beyond the control of national 2000).
regulation

(Donaldson, If business

1996). ethics

governments (see (territorial) in the absence of effective However,

and governance by governments,

Sch?lte, global
what

of corporate

example of assets in

we

have

also increasingly

witnessed

is business

itself

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Questioning

theDomain

of the Business Ethics Curriculum 363 reach by which subscribe to corporations voluntarily for and assume responsibility ethical principles their ment wide implementation et al, 2003). (Mclntosh These efforts on the international company interesting
of actors,

more in standard setting and involved becoming enforcement, self-regulation, global codes through so on of conduct, and ethical sourcing (Cashore, 2002; Ronit, 2001). This businesses actually pertains the company levels, from industry level, to national (see Crane At the and Matten, of function regulatory to the broadest array of level and through international to the levels

nine

and enforce level are par var

acting

ticularly
ious

because
sectors,

they often
and

involve there

patterns

institutions

2004, pp. 387-434) operate company level, most companies a about of codes variety of practice company-wide ethical issues such as the usage of PCs or email for private of gifts and hospi the acceptance purposes, or corporate policies on child tality from suppliers, labour or human rights in general. These company
and policies, in a sense, substitute for, or rein

alone

and

in concert. room

To

begin with,

is stiU

considerable

for governments in regulation as such (Taplin, 2002), through intergovernmental Good cooperation. examples are laws issued by the

for instance in the area of indus European Union, trial relations (Martinez Lucio andWeston, 2000), or global initiatives in the area of climate change (Levy, 1997; Levy and Egan, 2000). Second, as mentioned above, there are initiatives chiefly initiated by busi Care Programme of the ness, such as the Responsible 2000; (King and Lenox, industry A is similar effect 1997). Tapper, regulatory brought to certain link their decisions about by investors who criteria ethical 1999; 2001; (Cowton, Sparkes, global
Taylor, tions tory 2001). between efforts Furthermore, and industry that are a result there governments, of corporate are also or co-opera regula

codes

force, At

legal or regulatory instruments of government. that in some the industry level, it is evident
these company-specific codes are

circumstances

chemical

a that maintain supplanted by industry-wide or maintain a level playing field for all competitors an An entire for industry. example good reputation codes by the sporting goods industry to ensure compliance with labour standards and Kolk, 2001), (Van Tulder an example while of the second would be the Care of the chemical programme Responsible and Lenox, 2000). As these exam industry (King of category be the ples At show, industry
in scope.

the first

would

efforts

negotiations

with

bodies. These efforts, moreover, governmental often include the active involvement of civil society For instance, nearly aU large (CSO). organizations

codes

vary

from

national of

to ini to a

international

the national

level, there

are a number

and multipartite global governmental organizations, such as the UN, the OECD, the ILO (International Labour Organisation), the FAO (Food and Agri culture Organization) and theWHO (World Health have issued codes intended to provide Organization) some degree of rule-setting in areas for corporations the control of the nation state (Christmann beyond and Taylor, 2002; Kolk et al, 1999). The main implication of our argument here then is that the earlier cited narrow view of business ethics the law ends') does not correspond with the are quite business reality today. Corporations ? more accounts involved and aU and heavily by more so - in setting and shaping the law and it is issues are increasingly moral exactly here where evaluated and ethical decision-making enacted. We can conclude from this that business ethics in fact is ('where of an important issue far earlier and is highly relevant as it 'where the law begins' and conse were, also, can no longer quently, business ethics as a discipline exclude inquiry this area from and instruction. its core body of academic

industry self-regulation pertains include, for exam particular country. These would (FSA) in the ple, the Financial Services Authority
U.K., industry. which self-regulates the area the of country's environmental financial issues In Europe,

tiatives where

has frequently been addressed by national initiatives which have anticipated ulatory
mental acts by setting up sectoral and

self-reg govern (Ten

cross-sectoral

programmes

of

corporate

self-commitment

Brink, 2002). At the international orglobal level, there have been a few initiatives of global self-regulation (or at least have substi non-governmental regulation), which tuted for direct the codes notable are legislative action. Most set up by the International Standard in the area of quality (ISO 9000) and

Organization the environment

recent (ISO 14000). The most United would be initiative the Nation's of example as a voluntary the Global Compact scheme of global

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

364Andrew

Crane

and Dirk Matten These business section, mentioned in concert discussed with in the efforts the previous at

Critics,
acter, status,

however,
and

might

contend,
antecedents

that the char

of regulation

developments,

processual

made

can hardly be compared to laws issued by governments. While we agree in principle to this point we would argue that this only exposes by business

of shift in the ramifications important in gen business ethics today. Laws, and regulation alone eral, are increasingly not made by governments ? or actors matter social for that other individual by another
but rather are products of multi-actor coalitions.

society partnerships to a growing above, have contributed in actually shaping and enforcing role for business 'the rules of the game' that amicro focus on business ethics

self-regulation and business-civil

largely accepts as given. Quite simply, the rules of the game are no longer a strictly govern and mental but are also influenced responsibility, a business and civil enacted society through by variety of processes and mechanisms. shift surfaces particular is Third, this institutional sues in the relation between business and politics cor Closer (Getz, 1997; Lord, 2000; Vogel, 1996). not in involvement the porate regulatory process only questions about the legitimacy of business on political but also decision-making, and the relations between business exposes politics to new demands for accountability. This is an area of influence raises new

in legislating 'privatised' processes stiU have a would which, admit, governments in close key role to play, laws come into existence Amidst these we a broad array of and interaction with cooperation other but also actors, including business, involving
governmental and non-governmental actors.

of

Institutional This

shifts our final main area, namely ethics curriculum the

leads onto for

tension because there can be significant particular and govern differentials between business power ments. national Moreover, it has been a argued that multi power corporations gain significant in that they are advantage over national governments not confined to a particular territorial basis, as they are able to invest and produce globally (Matten, 2004). From the perspective of a teaching agenda in business
ethics, these issues certainly warrant an extension of

of implications in of the institutions the of role and power changes we and It civil is, business, government, society. to address would contend, increasingly myopic and govern business ethics in isolation from CSO the business mental volved activities. here. business ethics
because

There

are

two main decisions

of

factors

in

First, many tions have become

society action,

significantly

in corpora influenced by civil

direct action on

the debate. Ultimately,

include issues such as

such
the

institutional

shifts also

'race-to-the-bottom'

whether

and corporations through protest by civil society of the and/or because increasing propensity boycott, to develop civil society business partnerships with to deal with ethical organizations problems as diverse as labour standards, practices (for examples, led to the development regulation' of organizations that gesting and sustainability corruption, see BendeU, 2000a). This has of the idea of the 'civil

issues involved with and the ethical hypothesis Direct Investment decisions Foreign by multinational and Smid, Scherer 1999; (Porter, corporations 2000). What business
either macro

this means ethics

context

is that whereas primarily

such as

has been

the past concerned with

the regulatory

in

issues,

environment European
the U.S.

by non-government corporations sug 2001), (BendeU, 2000b; Zadek, are relations business-civil society in of the processes setting the intrinsicaUy caught up standards for evaluating business ethics. just as business has to address society
problems, so too

(in by government provided dilemmas tradition), or specific micro

tradition), what we see now is that

the (in
cor

porate and civil society efforts to address ethical dilemmas have had impacts on the regulatory envi ronment let us take the problem itself. For example, of labour we cient
country for a

Second, civil with

environmental

increasingly worked and social, ethical,

have corporations

standards consider

could

in developing countries. Whilst a this either as matter of insuffi (or weak

or as there,

legislation
concerned, company

enforcement)
of what ethical we have

in

the
seen

organizations, joined governmental such as the UN ernmental organizations OECD, to develop solutions to such

and

intergov and the problems.

a matter

choice

operating

happening

here

in recent

years

is a new

system

of

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Questioning regulation from emerging criticism ments those of softer or 'ethical institution to

theDomain

of the Business Ethics Curriculum 365 Kitson to and Campbell, and Wood, 1996; Mellahi De (2002), pp. 83-147), theory-based George, (e.g., and stakeholder-based 1999, pp. 33-131), (e.g. Crane and Matten, 2004, pp. 181-448). An issue-based model will structure the curricu to specific ethical issues, so that each lum according class will deal with a different business ethics prob to lem including bribery, discrimination, advertising children, and so on. In such instances, the domain extension sion discussed issues
were

building'

attempts respond their practices. This includes develop such as industry programmes and codes like

business

from the sporting goods emerging industry Tulder and Van multiactor Kolk, (see part 2001), such as the Ethical Trading Initiative and nerships or certification the UN Global Compact, schemes such as the fair trade labeUing scheme.

here would

involve such

into new

Discussion

and

conclusions of these

level dilemmas),
existing issues traverse

(i.e., beyond as well as a shift in the way

addressed. the Hence, micro and

an expan individual that

instructors macro

our assessment FoUowing we contend that questions business necessary, conclusive.

to move

about

developments, the domain of the and

would

between

dimensions
one level.

of the issue, rather than focus

For instance, say that one class

solely on
was dedi

ethics

curriculum

are both

but for all that cannot Waking

business of managers

timely and should not be

from as reactive an

up

to these
ethics and

shifts could

be said

education corporations

assumption

cated to bribery issues focus here, attention would not just on the individual dilemmas faced by man agers in dealing with bribery, but on the social, economic and political factors that sustained bribery, and the impacts of accords and agreements on the OECD for multinationals guidelines such as shaping the regulatory framework for controlling the prac tice. As argued above, not only be there might a diverse of constitutes what regionally perceptions makers about
such

'victims

of circumstance'

towards

as 'masters of destiny', potentiaUy rules and norms against which We ther recommend certainly would on the part consideration about with these other roles

seen their being to able shape the they are judged. and support fur of business ethics and their at

educators

of business

institutional actors, but relationships the same time, it is important to recognise that this water takes the subject into relatively uncharted where to make
some

'bribe', but future decision from a classroom discussion

regulatory approaches to

might potential
issues.

benefit (self-)

tackle

the academic

literature to

inroads, in particular have

management

and where yet

scholars

business reaUy
from

has only just started ethics scholars engage.

the

in a function follow implications would based model, where the subject is broken down into to different business ethical issues as they pertain Similar
functions, such as marketing, procurement, opera

Indeed,
area of

outside

business

ethics have been critical about the subject's to issues of political engage with economy ability on institutional and adopt a critical perspective such char (especiaUy ethics), we
issues may

and accounting. A wider range of functions to need be and arguably, it accommodated, may even to be warranted discuss the of emergence might
new functions in corporations or the re-interpreta

tions

(Parker, 2003). Although ges may perhaps be unfairly negative tradition of business given the European
do agree that greater attention to such

arrangements

tion of existing ones, such as the changing 'PA' (public affairs) experts (van Schendelen, the broader macro dimensions Moreover, functions would education cover not also the on need to be considered. issues ethical

role of 2002). of all

weU
business

be

necessary
ethics courses.

in

designing

and

delivering

extension exactly could such a domain the contribution? This, to some strengthen teaching on wiU structure the and of the extent, depend shape curriculum ethics educators, taught by business faU into one (or more) of which, by our reckoning So how
four main models issue-based (e.g., Boatright,

For instance, in accounting would and fraud, but just 'creative' accounting broader of and governance systems as that accounting is located within, of the Enron and Parmalat cases above

accountability our discussion

has shown.

In a ories

structured

2003;

FerreU

et

al,

2002),

function-based

(e.g.,

the curriculum is model, around the different business ethics the such as rights, In this and justice. duties

theories-based

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

366 Andrew context, appropriate the main

Crane

and Dirk Matten stance, masters for quaUty benchmarks in the UK level business degrees (QAA, state "the ad that the is of such purpose 2002) ... and the vanced of study organisations changing context in which where external they operate,"
"external context encompasses a wide range of

be to develop challenge would for business theoretical underpinnings

the most

recent

and institutional with other actors, engagement in the processes of rule setting. business involvement traditional ethical theories could still have a Whilst part to play here, the curriculum might focus less on such absolutist of norm theories
approaches

(see Furman,
that concentrate

1990)
on

and
the

factors

including

economic,

environmental,

accommodate

process

(Habermas, acknowledge and bespoke (Gustafson, institutional seems with to be

generating, 1983; Preuss, the necessity solutions,

such as discourse ethics 1999), or on those that for incremental as postmodern in the context learning ethics of the

legal, political, benchmarks also to acquire and "recognising ethical

Although sociological...." indicate the necessity for students in skills "ethics and value management"

ethical, these

such

2000). Particularly shifts mentioned need

a growing a robust theoretical ethical

in this paper, there to provide managers of collective, as it typically regulatory ef

ethical situations [and] applying to situations and and organisational values one we this is have that choices," argued just and al ethics curriculum, aspect of the business a move to this is the past major though chaUenge it is also a timely and exciting serve to maintain the ultimately one, revelatory potential into the future. of the business one ethics relevance that may and subject

understanding

decision-making, processual occurs in the context of multipartite

forts.

the cur in a stakeholder-based model, Finally, the different around riculum is organized parties cus a stake in the firm, such as employees, with one impact of a tomers and shareholders. Here, to would be greater attention extension domain actors such often-neglected ernment and other businesses. also need to take account as civil This of the gov would approach and interactions society, network of

Acknowledgements We would Uke to thank Jem BendeU, Malcom? Parker for their critical, but to our thoughts about the

Mclntosh valuable business

and Martin contributions ethics

among interdependencies on individual rather than focusing stakeholders, be achieved, relations. This might firm-stakeholder use case studies that the of for example, through highlight
gencies. Clearly then, these developments offer a con

would also like to subject. We at the reviewers the and participants acknowledge and 2003 U.K. Teaching Business Ethics conference, two anonymous Journal of Business Ethics reviewers, for their feedback on earlier versions of this paper.

multiple

stakeholder

impacts

and contin Notes

We debate that French, in should in the add that our draws are well languages domains of on the

siderable

regardless business subjects could with the responsibility outlined developments social science business international this does teachers relations, not address students

for business challenge favoured. of the model also be of

ethics Of

educators, course, other charged the non

paper

chiefly We

reasonably

English

Language.

aware, such business as

accommodating in this paper, as could disciplines and sociology. the such

other, Spanish,

European particularly or German, the

and

argument ethics of business

as politics, However, that many are cur

ethics
different our tions different

(or its corresponding

from the discussion acquaintance our arguments in these

concepts)
in English. some with are partly

are significantly
In fact, of the as far contribu by the as

(limited) reaches, accents

informed

literatures.

these broader questions anyway, rently discussing of the and therefore a redefinition (or refinement)
domain is underway regardless. Moreover, to ar

Interestingly,
intention of

probably
to business and

the first U.K.

'the social

book with
subject from in Britain

the
the and

explict perspective

approach

practice

outside of the gue that such issues are dealt with of the expectations school business ignores many on For in education. business placed typically

Western
leaves and

Europe'

by Sorrell

and Hendry
tradition and

(1994: p.ix)
above business

the Anglo-American into differentiates

as described 'broad'

'narrow'

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Questioning
ethics wh?e the 'narrow' view the at includes sections

theDomain
th? entitled beyond traditional 'broad' these,

of the Business Ethics Curriculum

Carroll, Society: A. B. Ethics and A. and K.

367
Buchholtz: Business 5th and ed.

2002, Management,

economic business such countries Although rather discussion and such specific 4 More a more the fact the can than as

stakeholders, ethics the and this look state, the

Stakeholder

constituencies general, environment. about in

(South-Western Cashore, B.: 2002,

College, 'Legitimacy Governance:

Cincinnati). and How the Privatization Market Gain 503?529. 'Globalization International Volun and Rule of

society

developing

ecological comment ethics 'the

Environmental driven making Christmann, as the the (NSMD)

Non-state Systems

is made specificaUy,

business about

ethics generaUy in a it is couched business p. 16), to apply ethics and at

Governance Governance Taylor: Strategies Initiatives',

relationship and Nelson, to be

between 2004:

Authority', P. and G

15(4), 2002, for

law' be as well recently

(Trevi?o assumed as the CarroU view aspects

Environment:

intended level.

tary Environmental

Academy

ofManagement

general has which

Executive 16(3), 121?137.

his concept towards Collins, D. and S. L. Wartick: Ethics Business Courses: and Society 1995, 'Business Years 51-89. and at soci the acknowledges often overlap ety/Business Crossroads', Twenty 34(1),

extended

integrated that these

of CSR

particularly in reality

and result inmultilayered motivations for CSR (Schwartz and CarroU, 2003). 5 Given to it is always difficult its heterogeneity,
generalise associated edge typicaUy about with Europe. 'continental European elements These differences and we such as are Europe', countries, of both models. largely acknowl the UK,

Cowton,
Criteria

C. J.:

1999,

'Playing by
Investment

the Rules:
Business

Ethical
Ethics:

at an Ethical

Fund',

A European Review 8(1), 60-69.

Cowton, ness C. Ethics J. and J. Cummins: in UK Higher 2003, Education: 'Teaching Progress Busi and

that many share

Business Ethics 7, 37-54. Prospects', Teaching A. Business and D. Matten: Ethics: Crane, 2004, pean Cummins, Perspective J.: 1999, (Oxford 'The University teaching of Press, Oxford).

a Euro

We

are indebted to Jem BendeU for this phrasing.

business

Ethics Levels

at

Undergraduate, in the UK'.

and Professional Postgraduate Institute of Business London. Ethics, T.: 1999, Business Ethics, 5th ed.

References Aspen/WRI.:
paring MBAs

De

George,

R.

(Pre

ntice-Hall, 2003, Beyond

for social and

Englewood
T.: 1996, Harvard

Cliffs, NJ).
'Values in Tension: Review Ethics Away Business (September

grey pinstripes 2003. Pre

environmental stewardship

Donaldson, From October), Enderle, North G:

Home', 48-62. 1996, America

[accessed on 5March
the World Pinstripes.org). D. P.: Resource

2004]

(The Aspen

Institute and

Institute,

www.BeyondGrey

'A Comparison and Continental

of Business Europe',

Ethics Business

in

Baron,

2003,

Business

and

its Environment,

4th

ed.

(Prentice-HaU, Englewood
T. Beauchamp, and Business, L. 7th and N. ed.

Cliffs, NJ).
2004, Ethical Theory Cliffs, Englewood

E. Bowie: (Prentice-HaU,

Ethics: A European Review 5(1), 33?46. 1997, 'AWorldwide Enderle, G: Survey of Business Ethics in 1990s', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 1475 1483.
Ferrell, O. C, J. Fraedrich and L. Ferrell: 2002, Business

NJ).
BendeU, NGOs J. (ed.): and 2000a, Terms for Endearment: (Greenleaf, Business, Shef Sustainable Development

Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Boston, Mifflin, MA). (Houghton
Fisher, C. and A. Education M.: is to 1970. Increase Lovell: Ltd., 2003, Business ethics (Pearson Friedman, Business Harlow). Social

5th
and

ed.

field). BendeU, J.: 2000b,

Democratic J. BendeU (ed.),

values

'Civ? Regulation:
for Terms for Endearment:

A New
Business,

Form of
in

Governance

the Global

Economy?' NGOs

'The

its profits',

Responsibility York The New

of Times

and Sustainable Development

239-254.

(Greenleaf, Sheffield),

pp.

Magazine
Furman, tioning

(13th September).
1990, 'Teaching Business Seeking New Ethics: Ques the Assumptions, Directions',

F. K.:

Boatright, J. R.: 2003, Ethics and the Conduct of Business, 4th ed. (Prentice HaU, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
Boje, D. M. and G. A. Ros?e: 2003, 'Enron Whodunit?'

Journal of Business Ethics 9, 31-38.

Getz, K. tion: A.: 1997, 'Research in Corporate Business Political and Ac Society Integration and Assessment',

Ephemera 2(4), 315-327. CarroU, A. B.: 1991, 'The Pyramid of Corporate Social of Toward the Moral Management Responsib?ity:
Aug), Organizational 39-48. Stakeholders', Business Horizons (Jul

36(1), 32-72.
Gustafson, A.: 2000, 'Making Sense of Postmodern

Business Ethics', Business Ethics Quarterly 10(3), 645

658.

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

368 Andrew
1983. 'Diskursethik-Notizen in J. Habermas Handeln zu

Crane
einem

and Dirk Matten

in M. D. Matten and K. Williams

Habermas,

J.:

Science',

Geppert,

Begr?ndungsprogramm', und kommunikatives bewusstsein Frankfurt Hunt, B.: Main), 2000. Times, pp. 53-125.

(ed.), Moral (Suhrkamp,

(eds.), Challenges for European Management

Context McEwan, (Palgrave, T.: 2001, (Pearson M., D. Basingstoke), Managing Education, and pp. Values 19?41. and

in a Global
in Or

Beliefs

'The New Mastering

Battleground Management

for

capitalism', (9th

ganisations Mclntosh,

Harlow). R. Shah (eds.): 2003,

Financial

Supplement

Murphy

12-13 October), Kaler, J.: 1999, 'What's the Good of Ethical Theory?' Business Ethics: A European Review 8(4), 206-213. Kaler, J.: 2000, 'Positioning Business Ethics in Relation to Management and Political Philosophy', Journal of
Business Kidd, J. B. Ethics and 24, F.-J. in Asia 257-272. Richter (Palgrave (eds.): 2002, Corruption Basingstoke, and

Compact', Journal of Corporate Citizenship 11 (Autumn 2003), 34-142. 2002, The Ethical Business Mellahi, K. and G Wood:
Murphy, Restore (Palgrave, Basingstoke). M.: 'Life 2004, Confidence', after Parmalat: Financial to Italy Acts Law Review

'The United

Nations

Global

International

23(2),
Palazzo, Ethics:

17-20.
B.: An 2002, 'U.S.-American and German Journal Business of Busi Intercultural 41, 2003, Theory and H. 2nd ed. 1999, 'Race 195-216. 'Business, Ethics, and Business Ethics: in M. Management Al

Governance

Macmillan,

UK).
King, A. lation A. and M. J. Lenox: Sanctions: Care Program', 2000, The 'Industry Chemical Self-regu Industry's of Management without

Comparison',

ness Ethics Parker, M.:

Responsible

Academy

Critical vesson

and Negative Willmott (Sage, 'Trade to the

Dialectics', (eds.), Critical

Journal 43(4), 698-716. Kitson, A. and R. Campbell:

zation Kolk, A., (MacMillan, London). van Tulder R. and Codes of Can themselves?' Conduct

1996, The Ethical Organi

C. Welters: and 1999, 'Inter Social

Studies, Porter, G:

London). Competition Bottom' or and Pollution at the

Standards:

'Stuck

national Responsibility: Regulate 143-180. Levy, D.:

Corporate

Bottom'?'
133-151. Preuss, Ethics L.:

Journal of Environment & Development

1999, 'Ethical Journal Theory of Business Ethics in German Ethics 18,

8(2),

Transnational Transnational

Corporations Corporations 8(1),

Business 407-419. Edu

Research', B.: 1997,

1997,

'Business

and International Change',

Climate California

Treaties: Man

Prodhan,

'Delivering

in Business

Ozone

Depletion agement Review D. and D. in

and Climate (3), 54-71.

cation', Teaching Business Ethics 1(3), 269-281.

QAA: 2002, subject c. uk/ Ribstein, to 'Masters Benchmark Awards in Business Statement'; and Management http://wwrw.qaa.a A. htm. Regulatory of the Responses Sarbanes-Oxley

Levy,

Change',

2000, Egan: A. Bieler

'Corporate Non-state (ed.),

Politics

and Climate Actors and

crntwork/b L. E.: 2002,

enchmark/mast/MB 'Market A Critique vs.

Authority
pp. Lord, 138-153. M. D.:

in the Global System (Routledge,

2000, Decision 'Corporate Making', Political Business

London),
and Society

Corporate

Fraud:

Strategy and

Act of 2002', Journal of Corporation Law 28(1),

Ronit, K.: 2001, 'Institutions of Private Authority

1?67.
in

Legislative

39(1), 76-93.
Maclagan, Ethics agement P.: 2002, 'Reflections into a British on the Integration Man Ethics of Teaching Degree Undergraduate Business Teaching

Global
555-578. Scherer, A.

Governance',
G and M.

Administration & Society 33(5),

Smid: 2000, 'The Downward

Programme',

6(3), 297-318.
Martinez Works tics of Lucio, Councils M. and and S. Weston: 'Flexible European 2000, 'European The of poli Regulation': Journal

Why Spiral and the U.S. Model Business Principles MNEs Should takeResponsibility for Improvement of
Social and Environmental Review 40, Conditions', 351-371. International

World-wide Management

Intervention',

Industrial

Sch?lte, J. A.: 2000, Globalization. A Critical Introduction

(Palgrave, Schwartz, a M. Basingstoke). S. and A. B. Carroll: 2003, 'Corporate

Matten,
on

Relations 6(2), 203-216. D.: 2004, 'The Impact of theRisk

Environmental Politics and Globalizing Economy-Principles,

Society Thesis
in Per

Management Proficiency,

Social Responsibility: A three Domain Business Ethics Quarterly 13(4), 503-530.

Sims, R. R. and J. Brinkmann: Suggestions 2003a, and Curriculum Design:

Approach',
Ethics

spectives', Journal ofRisk Research 7(4), 377-398.

Matten, D. and J. Moon: 2004, 'Corporate Social

'Business

Illustrations',

Responsibility
Ethics, Mayer, M. in this

Education
issue. Whittington:

in Europe', Journal ofBusiness

2002, 'The Evolving and Social

Teaching Business Ethics 7(1), 69?86.

Sims, R. R. Culture Matters and J. Brinkmann: more than 2003b, Codes)', 'Enron Journal ethics (or: of Business

and R.

European

Corporation:

Strategy,

Structure

Ethics 45, 243-256.

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Questioning
Sorrell, worth Sparkes, Which T. and J. Hendry: 1994, Business

theDomain
Ethics

of the Business Ethics Curriculum

369

(Butter

Heinemann, R.: 2001, Investment?'

Oxford). 'Ethical Business Investment: Ethics: Whose A European ethics, Review

van Schendelen, R.: 2002, 'The Ideal Profile of the PA Expert at the EU Level', Journal of Public Affairs 2(2),
85-89.

10(3), 194-205. Spence, L.: 2002,

An Overview

'Is Europe Distinctive

over Business Ethics

from America?
in Europe', in H.

Van Tulder, R. and A. Kolk: 2001, 'MultinationaUty and Corporate Ethics: Codes of Conduct in the Sporting Goods Industry', Journal of International Business Studies 32(2), 267-283.
Velasquez, M. G.: 2002, Business Ethics: Concepts and

von Weltzien Building

(Edward Stark, A.:

(ed.), Moral Leadership inAction: and Sustaining Moral Competence in Europe Hoivik
Ethics?'

pp. 9-25. Cheltenham), Elgar, Business 1994. 'What's the Matter with Business Review, May-June, 38-48. Scandals

Cases, 5th ed. (Prentice-HaU, Englewood Cliffs, NJ). Vogel, D. J.: 1992, 'The Globalization of Business Ethics:
Why America Remains Different', California Manage

Harvard Stelzer,

I.M.:

2004,

'The Corporate

and Ameri

can Capitalism', Public Interest Winter (154), 19-31. on I.: of Globalization 'The Effects 2002, Taplin,
State-business relationships: in a Global A Conceptual Frame

the

ment Review 35(1), 30-49. Vogel, D. J.: 1996, 'The Study of Business and Politics, California Management Review 38(3), 146-165. Vogel, D. J.: 1998. 'Is U.S. Business Obsessed with
Ethics?' Across the board, November/December, 31

work',

in K. Williams

(ed.), Challenges for European

Context (Palgrave, Basingstoke),

Management pp. 239-259. Tapper, mental Chemical Business Taylor, R.: R.:

1997,

'Voluntary

Agreements

for

Environ on the

33.Von Weltzien Hoivick 2002 von Weltzien Hoivik, H. (ed.): 2002, Moral Leadership in Action (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham). Zadek, S.: 2001, The Civil Corporation: The New Economy of Corporate Citizenship
Zsolnai, L. (ed.): 1998,

Performance Industry's Strategy 2001, and

Improvement: Responsible the Environment ethics into

Perspectives Care

(Earthscan, London).
The European Difference. Business

Programme', 8, 287-292. Busi

Ethics
(Kluwer,

in the Community
Boston, Dordrecht,

of European Business Schools

London).

'Putting

investment',

ness Ethics: A European Review 10(1), 53-60. Ten Brink, P. (ed.): 2002, Voluntary Environmental Agreements (Greenleaf, Sheffield).
Thorne 2003, McAlister, Business D., and O. Society. C. A Ferrell and L. Ferrell: to Strategic Approach

Corporate Citizenship
New Trevi?o, York). L. K.

(Houghton
2004,

Mifflin,
Managing

Boston,
Business

International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility,

Nottingham University Business School,

and K. A. Nelson:

Ethics: Straight Talk aboutHow to do it Right, 3rd ed. (Wiley, New York). Van Luijk, H. J. L.: 2001, 'Business Ethics in Europe: A
Tale of Two Efforts', in R. Frederick (ed.), A Com E-mail:

Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Rd, IBB, Nottingham NG8

U.K. andrew.crane@nottingham.ac.uk

panion
Oxford),

to Business Ethics (Blackwell, Cambridge/MA,

pp. 643-658.

This content downloaded from 121.54.54.59 on Tue, 9 Jul 2013 11:08:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions