436-353-1 Mechanics-2 Stress Analysis Tutorial sheet 4: Energy methods #2 Question 1 Steam pipes are often equipped with

a loop (figure 1) to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the pipe. If the pipe has a second moment of area, I and is made from material with Youngs modulus, E and thermal expansion coefficient, calculate the loads on the supports at the ends of the pipe due to a rise in temperature, T. Only the strain energy due to bending of the pipe need be considered.

Figure 1: Steam pipe with central loop schematic

EIL"#T ( L + 4 $R) 4 FR(l + 2"R) and FA = 2 ( L + 4 "R) 2 R 2 8(2$R + l) + (11$R + 8l)( L + 4 $R)

Answers: M A =

Question 2 !

A pipe carrying a hot liquid is constrained over a portion of its length (figure 2). At location A, the pope is fixed in a concrete block. At location B, the pipe is restrained so that only axial motion (i.e in the x-direction) is possible. If the differential temperature between the hot liquid and the environment is T, find the resulting moments and forces at locations A and B. Additional information: Youngs modulus of pipe material, E second moment of area of pipe, I thermal expansion coefficient,

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Figure 2: 90 bend in partially constrained pipe Question 3 Figure 3 shows a beam with a uniform cross-section with second moment of area, I and is made from material with Youngs modulus, E. 3a. 3b. Use the Rayleigh-Ritz method to find an appropriate deflection curve. Calculate the maximum bending moment in the beam from the deflection curve obtained. Compare this result to that available from basic statics.
L

Bending strain energy can be found using: U =

"
0

2 EI # d 2 y & % ( dx 2 $ dx 2 '

Use y = A sin(2"x L) but check that it is suitable for the given boundary conditions.
! # 2 "x & PL3 sin% Answers: 3a. y = ( 4 " 4 EI $ L '

3b. M max = "

PL #2

Figure 3: Simply loaded beam with uniform section

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Question 4 Figure 4 shows an assembly with the following components: AB: a long, thin rod BC: a short, thin bar CD: a short thick post At room temperature: AB is fixed at location A but just makes contact with BC at location B, where horizontal sliding can occur BC is firmly attached (bolted) to the top of post CD If the temperature of the assembly is raised by T : 4a. Sketch a diagram of the displacements occurring at locations B and C due to: free thermal expansion, and the forces created as a result of the expansions due to free thermal expansion being resisted by the structure itself. Derive a constraint equation connecting all these displacements. Derive an equation for the contact force, P generated at location B.

4b. 4c.

Additional information: Youngs modulus of all components is E second moment of area of component BC is I2 cross-sectional area of component AB is A1 cross-sectional area of component CD is A3 assume that no bending occurs in component AB or CD axial deflection: " a = PL AE and cantilever beam deflection: "b = PL3 3EI deflection due to change in temperature: " t = #L$T where = thermal expansion coefficient

!
!

Figure 4: Assembly with three components, AB, BC, CD

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Question 5 The cantilever beam in figure 5 is fixed at location A and loaded with a single vertical force, P at location B. Use the Rayleigh-Ritz method to: 5a. Derive an expression for the vertical deflection of the beam y = y(x) , assuming a deflected shape based on a correct trigonometric function. The function must satisfy the boundary conditions of the cantilever. Suggested functions (a is a constant):

$ "x ' y = a&sin # 1) % ( L

5b.

y = a sin

"x L

$ #x ' y = a&1 " cos ) % 2L (

Show that the maximum deflection of the beam at location B can be written in the form: PL3 y= ! ! !nEI

Beam properties: second moment of area, I ! material of manufacture has Youngs modulus, E Useful formulae:
U= M2 dx 2 EI

"

M = EI

d2y dx 2

"=

$ UdV # $ pi%i ds # $ Fi%i dV # &k =1 Pk%k

Figure 5: Simple cantilever beam Question 6 A column fixed between two rigid horizontal surfaces and is subject to a vertical load, P (figure 6). Using the theory of minimum potential energy, derive an expression for the displacement, B that occurs at location B, where a load P is applied. The cross-section areas for the column: A1 for section-AB and A2 for section-BC. The column is made from a common material with Youngs modulus, E.

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Useful formula: " = $ UdV #& j =1 Pj% j

Figure 6: Column with two different sections, AB and BC. Question 7 The cantilever beam shown in figure 7 is loaded at its free end, C with a vertical force, PC and a moment MC . Use an appropriate energy method to find expressions for: 7a. 7b. 7c. The vertical deflection at location C The vertical deflection at location B Beam rotation at location C.

Assume that the beam has constant EI. Useful formulae: " =
#U #P

and " =

#U #M

Figure 7: Cantilever beam with a load and moment applied at its free end, C.

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