271 Mensuration Notes OH1

Mensuration
Introduction
Mensuration is the process of measuring and calculating with measurements. Mensuration deals with the determination of length, area, or volume
Measurement Types
The basic measurement types include: distances (including perimeters and circumferences) areas volumes Quantities such as area and volume are often calculated from measured distances such as length, width, height, diameter, circumference, perimeter or other distances.
Measured Shapes
Measured shapes can be classified in various ways, including: two-dimensional (flat) surfaces, such as rectangles, triangles, trapezoids and other polygons circles, sectors and segments of circles. three-dimensional (solid) shapes, such as prisms and cylinders spheres cones and pyramids Another classification of shapes is: regular shapes (such as the shapes identified above) irregular shapes, which are shapes bound by irregular edges such as a pond, or trench.
Two Dimensional Shapes - Perimeter and Area

Many problems in architecture, construction, surveying, mechanical design and civil engineering involve two dimensional shapes. Mensuration calculations for two dimensional shapes include: distances and areas.
Distance - Units
Distance calculations result in linear units. Typical units for distances include:
cm km m ft
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centimetres kilometres metres feet

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Area - Units Area calculations result in square units. Typical units for areas include:
cm2 square centimetres m2 in2 ft 2 square metres square inches square feet
This section considers perimeter and area for: triangles, quadrilaterals, and circular shapes
Polygons
Polygons are closed plane figures bound by three or more line segments. Common polygons include those with:
Three sides Four sides Five sides: Six sides: Eight sides:
Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Octagon
Twelve sides: Dodecagon
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Do not copy into your notes Source: regular polygons - Wikipedia
For regular polygons with side s=1 this produces the following table: Name Approximate area 3 equilateral triangle 0.433 4 square 1.000 5 regular pentagon 1.720 6 regular hexagon 2.598 7 regular heptagon 3.634 4.828 8 regular octagon 9 regular nonagon 6.182 10 regular decagon 7.694 11 regular hendecagon 9.366 12 regular dodecagon 11.196 13.186 13 regular triskaidecagon 14 regular tetradecagon 15.335 15 regular pentadecagon 17.642 16 regular hexadecagon 20.109 17 regular heptadecagon 22.735 25.521 18 regular octadecagon 19 regular enneadecagon 28.465 31.569 20 regular icosagon 100 regular hectagon 795.513 79577.210 1000 regular chiliagon 7957746.893 10000 regular myriagon 1,000,000 regular megagon 79,577,471,545.685 Sides
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Definition A general polygon may have unequal side lengths and unequal angles. Definition A regular polygon has equal side lengths and equal angles.
regular polygons
This section considers mainly triangles and quadrilaterals.
Triangles
Definition A triangle is a closed three sided figure, in which each side is a straight line segment and includes the following types:
Right Triangles - contains a 90 degree angle
Oblique Triangles contains no 90 degree angle
Acute Triangles all angles are less than 90 degrees
Equilateral Triangles all sides and angles are of equal length
Isosceles Triangles two angles and two sides are equal
Obtuse Triangles contains one angle greater than 90 degrees
Scalene Triangles no equal sides and no equal angles 4 16/01/2010
Quadrilaterals
Definition A quadrilateral is a closed geometric figure (two dimensional) with four straight sides, and includes the following types: Rectangles and Squares all angles are 90 degrees
Parallelograms - each pair of opposite sides are parallel
Rhombuses
Every rhombus has two diagonals connecting opposite pairs of vertices and two pairs of parallel sides. It follows that any rhombus has the following two properties: 1. Opposite angles of a rhombus have equal measure. 2. The two diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
Trapezoids - one pair of opposite sides are parallel
General Quadrilaterals sides are of unequal length
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Triangles
Definition A triangle is a closed 3 sided figure, in which each side is a straight line segment.
Notation
a one side of the triangle b base side of the triangle c third side of the triangle h height of the triangle s one half the perimeter of the triangle P perimeter of the triangle A area of the triangle
The height h is the perpendicular distance from any vertex to the opposite side. Any side may be considered the base of the triangle. Triangles are commonly labelled with the sides in lower case and each angle in upper case of the same letter as the opposite side (e.g. angle A opposite side a ).
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Formulas
The perimeter of a triangle is the sum of the lengths of the sides.
P abc
The area of a triangle is one half the base times the height:
A 1 bh 2
Knowing the length of the 3 sides of the triangle, the area can be obtained from Heron's Formula:
ss as bs c
where s 1 a b c 2
Knowing the length of 2 sides the area is:
a and b
and the included angle C of a triangle,
A 1 ab sin C 2
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Perimeter Problems Example 1

Determine the perimeter of a triangular structure with sides of 2. 5 m , 4. 7 m , and 3. 1 m.
Solution Analysis:
Calculation: For P :
P abc
P = 4.7 + 2.5 + 3.1 = 10.3
Conclusion: The perimeter of a triangular structure is 10.3m.
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Example 2 Determine the perimeter of the triangular steel plate.
Solution Analysis:
Calculations: For a :
For P :
Its a right angle triangle, so use Pythagoras to solve for the length of the missing side
r 2 = x2 + y 2 542 = x 2 + 462 x = 542 462 = 28.284
P = 28 + 54 + 46 = 128.28
Conclusion:
The perimeter of the steel plate is 128.28cm.
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Example 3 Determine the perimeter of the fabricated truss.
Solution Analysis:
Calculations: For a (the third side):
For P :
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bcCosA
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bcCosA = 22.42 + 14.52 2 ( 22.4 )(14.5 ) cos130 = 1129.5648 a = 1129.5648 = 33.6
P = 22.4 + 14.5 + 33.6 = 70.51

Conclusion:
The perimeter of the fabricated truss is 70.51m.
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Area Problems Example 1 Determine the triangular section area of an industrial building wall.
Solution 1 Analysis: Calculation:
1 Area = bh 2
1 Area = (28.5)(6.0) = 85.5 2

Conclusion:
The area of the wall is 85.5 m2.
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Example 2 Determine the area of the illustrated triangular structure.
Solution 2 Analysis: Calculations: For s : For A :
s=
1 ( 3.1 + 4.7 + 2.5) = 5.15m 2
Area = s ( s a )( s b )( s c ) = 5.15 ( 5.15 3.1)( 5.15 4.7 )( 5.15 2.5 ) = 3.548
Conclusion:
The area of the triangular structure is 3.548 m2. 271 Mensuration Notes OH1 12 16/01/2010
Example 3 Calculate the enclosed floor area.
Solution 3 Analysis:
Calculations:
1 Area = ab sin C 2
1 Area = (163)(178 ) sin125o = 11883 2
Conclusion:
The enclosed floor area is 1.188 104 cm2
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Example 4 Determine the floor area of a commercial display.
Analysis : A 1 bh (requires the base and height) 2 A ss as bs c (requires three sides) A 1 ab sinC (requires two sides and the included angle) 2 Which formula can be used in this example? For C:
4.83 6.25 = sin38.4 sin C sin C = 0.080376 C = sin 1 0.080376 C = 53.49o

For B:
B = 180 (38.4 + 53.49) = 88.109o
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For the area A :
Area = =
1 ac sin B 2
1 ( 4.83)( 6.25) sin 88.109 = 15.086 2
Conclusion: The floor area of a commercial display is 15.086 m2.
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Quadrilaterals
The next sections explore mensuration calculations involving the following quadrilateral shapes.
Rectangle and Square
Definition A rectangle is a quadrilateral where each interior angle is 90 and the opposite sides are equal in length. Definition A square is a rectangle where all sides are equal in length.
Parallelogram and Rhombus
Definition A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides that are equal and parallel. Definition A rhombus is a parallelogram where all sides are of equal length. The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.
Trapezoid
Definition A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides .
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General Quadrilateral
Definition A general quadrilateral is a closed geometric figure with four straight sides.
Rectangles and Squares
Rectangles and squares are quadrilaterals with specific characteristics.
Rectangles
Definition A rectangle is a quadrilateral where each interior angle is 90 and the opposite sides are equal in length.
Squares
Definition A square is a rectangle where all sides are equal in length.
Notation
l length of the rectangle w width of the rectangle or square d diagonal distance P perimeter of the square or rectangle A area of the square or rectangle
Note that the length and width for a square are equal and are both labelled w.
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Formulas
With reference to the diagram: The perimeter is the sum of the lengths of the sides.
rectangle P 2l 2w P 2l w
square P 2w 2w P 4w
The area is the length times the width.
rectangle A lw
square A w2
The diagonal can be determined from the Pythagorean Theorem:
rectangle d2 l 2 w2 d l2 w2
square d2 w 2 w2 d 2w 2
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Example 1 Determine the perimeter and area of a rectangular garden plot of width 12. 4 m and length 5. 2 m .
Solution Analysis
Calculations: For P :
P = 2 12.4 + 2 5.2 = 35.2

For A :
A = (12.4 )( 5.2 ) = 64.48
Conclusion: The rectangular garden plot has a perimeter of 35.2 m and an area of 64.48 m2. 271 Mensuration Notes OH1 19 16/01/2010
Example 2 Determine the perimeter of the foundation layout as shown.
Analysis:
Calculations: For a and b :
9.2 2.1 4.8 = 2.3m
9.5 7.25 = 2.25m

For P :
P = 2.1 + 7.25 + 9.2 + 14.5 + 4.8 + 9.5 + 2.3 + 2.25 = 51.9
Conclusion: The perimeter of the foundation layout is 51.9 m. Stopped Tuesday Jan 12 271 Mensuration Notes OH1 20 16/01/2010
Example 3 Determine the area of the steel plate.
Solution
c + 4.5 + 7.2 = 15.1

A1 = 1 ( 3.4 )( 5.2 ) 2 = 8.84cm 2
c = 3.4cm
A3 = 1 ( 7.2 )( 5.2 ) 2 = 18.72cm 2
A2 = ( 4.5 )( 5.2 ) = 23.4cm 2
A = 8.84 + 23.4 + 18.72 = 50.96

Conclusion: The area of the steel plate is 50.96 cm2.
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Example 4 Determine the perimeter and the area of the retail floor display space. The floor area is square with a diagonal of 48.5 m.
Analysis:
Calculation: From the Pythagorean Theorem:
w2 + w2 = 48.52 2 w2 = 48.52 48.52 w = = 1176.125 2 w = 34.29

2
perimeter = 4 34.29 = 137.18 area = 34.29 34.29 = 1176.1
Conclusion: The retail floor display space has a perimeter 137.2 m of and an area of 1176.1 m2.
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Parallelograms and Rhombuses

Parallelograms and rhombuses are quadrilaterals with specific characteristics.
Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides that are equal and parallel.
Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram where all sides are of equal length. The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.
Parallelograms Rhombus
a and b are the lengths of the sides. h height (the perpendicular distance between a pair of parallel sides). A area P perimeter
Formulas
The perimeter is the sum of the edge lengths.
parallelogram P 2a 2b
The area is the base length times the height.
rhombus P 4b
parallelogram A bh
rhombus A bh
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Example 1 A parallelogram shaped building lot which covers an area of 500 m2. Determine the perimeter of the lot.
For h :
= 130 90 = 40o
cos 40o = h 24.8 h = 18.998m
For b :
Area = bh 500 = b (18.998 ) b= 500 = 26.319m 18.998
For P :
P = 2 ( 26.319 ) + 2 ( 24.8 ) = 102.24m
Conclusion: The perimeter of the lot is 102.24 m. 271 Mensuration Notes OH1 24 16/01/2010
Example 2 Determine the perimeter of the rhombus shaped pendant.
For b :
w2 = 1.252 + 2.02 = 5.5625 w = 5.5625 = 2.3585

For P :
P = 4 ( 2.3585 ) = 9.434
Conclusion: The perimeter of the pendant is 9.434 cm.
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Trapezoids
Trapezoid
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides .
a and b are the two parallel sides c and d are the other sides h height of the trapezoid (perpendicular distance between the parallel sides). A area P perimeter
The perimeter is the sum of the lengths of the sides.
P abcd
The area is the average of the lengths of the two parallel sides times the height .
A
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ab h 2
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Example 1 Determine the area of the steel plate.
Analysis:
Calculations:
a+b A= h 2 4.5 + 15.1 A= 5.2 = 50.96 2
Conclusion: The area of the steel plate is 50.96 cm2.
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Example 2 Calculate the perimeter and area for this cross section of an industrial building roof structure.
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Calculations: For e : Consider the similar triangles:
2 1 = 10 e 2e = 10 e=5
c 2 = 10.02 + 5.02 c = 11.18m

For f : Consider the similar triangles:
2 3 = 10 f f = 15
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d 2 = 10.02 + 15.02 d = 18.028m

For P :
b = 5 + 8.2 + 15 = 28.2
For A :
a+b A= h 2
8.2 + 28.2 A= 10 = 182 2
P = 11.18 + 8.2 + 18.0 + 28.2 = 65.58

Conclusion: The industrial building roof structure has a perimeter of 65.6 m and an area of 182 m 2. 271 Mensuration Notes OH1 30 16/01/2010
Example 3 Calculate the area of the trapezoid shaped panel with dimensions as indicated.
Solution 3 Analysis: Consider combining the two triangles into a single triangle.
Knowing all three sides of the triangle provides different alternatives.
formula A lw
an algebraic alternative Calculate A triangle from Heron's

A 1 bh Calculate h from 2 Calculate A rectangle from
a trigonometric alternative Calculate an angle by the cosine law Calculate h by right trigonometry Calculate A trap. from ab h 2
Sum the two areas
Calculations: Calculations are shown for both alternatives.
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The trigonometric alternative: For angle C (by the cosine law) :
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C 11.12 = 15.42 + 17.02 2 (15.4 )(17.0 ) cos C cos C = 0.76958 C = 39.684o
For h (by right triangle trigonometry) :
sin 39.684o =
h 15.4
h = 15.4sin 39.684 = 9.8337cm
For A trapezoid
21.5 + 38.5 2 Area = 9.8337 = 295.0cm 2

The area of the trapezoid is 295.0 cm2. Stopped Tuesday Jan 13 271 Mensuration Notes OH1 32 16/01/2010

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Mensuration

Two Dimensional Shapes - Perimeter and Area

centimetres kilometres metres feet

Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Octagon

Twelve sides: Dodecagon