Chapter 2 • Plane Figures and Proof

Solutions for Selected Problems 7. In ∆ABC and ∆ADC

AB
AD (given)
∠BAC
∠DAC (given)
Exercise 2.1 AC
AC
therefore ∆ABC  ∆ADC (side-angle-side)
4. a. In ∆ADC and ∆CBA therefore BC
DC
and ∠BCA
∠DCA
AD
CB
DC
BA
parallelogram therefore AC bisects ∠BCD.
AC is common
therefore ∆ADC  ∆CBA (side-side-side). 8. In ∆ABC and ∆DBE
AB
BE (given)
b. In ∆PST, PS
PT ∠ABC
∠DBE (opp. angles)
therefore ∠S
∠T (isosceles triangle) ∠CAB
∠DEB
90 (given)
and ∠PSQ
∠PTR (supp. to ∠S and ∠T). therefore ∆ABC ∆EBD (angle-side-angle)
Now in ∆PSQ and ∆PTR and AC
ED.
PS
PT (given)
∠PSQ
∠PTR (proven) 9. In ∆PQS and ∆PRS
SQ
TR (given) PQ
PR
therefore ∆PSQ  ∆PTR (side-angle-side). ∠QPS
∠RPS
PS is common.
c. In ∆ABC and ∆DCB, Therefore ∆PQS  ∆QRS (side-angle-side)
AB
DC (given) and ∠PQS
∠PRS
x.
∠ABC
∠DCB (given) In ∆PQR, PQ
PR
BC is common therefore ∠PQT
∠PRT
therefore ∆ABC  ∆DCB (side-angle-side). hence ∠PQT  x
∠PRT  x
and ∠SQT
∠SRT.
d. Diameters of a circle bisect each other. Hence In ∆AEB and ∆CED
OA
OB
OC
OD. AB
CD (given)
In ∆AOB and ∆COD ∠BAE
∠DCE (proven)
∠AEB
∠CED (opp. angles)
OA
OC
OB
OD
radii therefore ∆AEB  ∆CED
∠AOB
∠COD (vert. opp.) and AE
CE, BE
DE
therefore ∆AOB  ∆COD (side-angle-side). and diagonally bisect each other.

6. In ∆PQR, PQ
PR 10. Q
therefore ∠PQR
∠PRQ (isosceles)
and ∠SQR
∠TRQ (supp. angles)
Now PS
PT (given) P
PQ
PR (given)
therefore PS  PQ
PT  PR
and QS
RT. S R
In ∆QRS and ∆RQT : QS
RT
In ∆PQR and ∆SRQ
∠SQR
∠TRQ, QR is common.
PQ
SR
Therefore ∆QRS  RQT (side-angle-side)
and ∠QRS
∠RQT.
PR
SQ
QR is common
(given)
therefore ∆PQR  ∆SRQ (side-side-side)
and ∠PQR
∠SRQ.

8 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

11. A B b. Three angles and two corresponding sides.

x
E
D C

Given: Quadrilateral ABCD with AB
DC o

and AD
BC. Prove AC and DB bisect each other;
i.e., AE
EC and DE
BE.
y
Proof: In ∆ABC and ∆CDA
AB
CD
BC
DA
c. No similarity for sides only.
and AC
CA
therefore ∆ABC  ∆CDA (side-side-side)
15. Since A and B are the mid-points of equal sides SR
and ∠BAC
∠DCA.
and UV.
SA
AR
UB
BV
12. P
in ∆ASP and ∆BVW
SA
VB
W ∠ASP
∠BVW
90
PS
WV
Q R therefore ∆ASP  ∆BVW (side-angle-side)
S
T and AP
BW.
In ∆ASX and ∆BUP
AS
BU
In ∆QTS and ∆RWS SX
UP
∠QST
∠RSW (opp. angles) ∠ASX
∠BUP
90
QS
RS therefore ∆ASX  ∆BUP (side-angle-side)
∠QTS
∠RWS
90 therefore AX
BP.
therefore ∆QST  ∆RSW (angle-side-angle)
and QT
RW. 16. Since the faces are equilateral triangles,
∠ABX
∠ACY
60
13. Place vertex D of ∆DEF on vertex A of ∆ABC, and let and AB
AC.
DE coincide with AB. Since DE
AB, E will fall on Now in ∆ABX and ∆ACY
B. Since EDF
∠BAC, DF will fall along AC and AB
AC
since DF
AC, F falls on C. Therefore ∆DEF ∠ABX
∠ACY
60
coincides with ∆ABC and the triangles are congruent. BX
CY
therefore ∆ABX  ∆ACY (side-angle-side)
14. a. Two angles and three corresponding sides. and AX
AY.

Exercise 2.2

5. Since A and B are the midpoints of PQ and SR,

PA
AQ
SB
BR
a.
Let the distance between PQ and SR be h.
o x Now gm PQRS
2ah
gm ASBQ
ah
therefore gm PQRS
2gm ASBQ
1
or gm ASBQ
gm PQRS.
2

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 9

6. P Now in ∆PTS and ∆QTR
TS
TQ
PT
TR
∠PTS
∠QTR
h therefore ∆PTS ∆RTQ (side-angle-side)
therefore PS
RQ.
Q R Also ∠PST
∠TQR therefore PSQR (all ∠s).
S Since PS
QR and PSQR.
PS is a median therefore QS
SR
a. Therefore PSQR is a parallelogram.
Let height of ∆PQR be h.
1 11. P Q
Therefore ∆RQS
 ah
2
1
∆PSR
 ah X Y
2 T
and ∆PQS
∆PSR.
Therefore a median bisects the area of the triangle.
1 S R
7. Since AD is a median ∆ADC
 ∆ABC.
2
Construct a line through T that is parallel to PQ and
1 SR meeting PS at X and RQ at Y.
Since BE is a median ∆BEC
 ∆ABC.
2 Now PXYQ is a parallelogram
Therefore ∆ADC
∆BEC. 1
But quad DFEC is common to both triangles therefore and ∆PTQ
gm PXYQ.
2
∆ADC  quad DFEC
∆BEC  quad DFEC 1
Similarly ∆TSR
gm XSRY.
Therefore ∆AEF
∆BFD. 2
But gm PSRQ
gm PXYQ  gm XSRY.
8. AD is a median of ∆ABC
therefore ∆ABD
∆ADC Therefore
similarly ∆BED
∆DEC 1 1
∆PTQ  ∆TSR
gm PXYQ  gm XSRY
therefore ∆ABD  ∆BED
∆ADC  ∆DEC 2 2
and ∆ABE
∆ACE.
1

gm PSRQ.
2
9. Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other, PT
TR.
12. D
Therefore ∆PTQ
∆RTQ
a
A
and ∆PST
∆TSR
b.
Also ST
TQ therefore ∆STP
∆TQP
Y
hence a
b and
∆PQT
∆PTS
∆TSR
∆TRQ. T
X
10. S
P B C

Since ∆ADC
∆ABC and AC is common, the

T altitudes of ∆ADC and ∆ABC are equal, i.e., DX
BY.
But DX and BY are both perpendicular to AC therefore
DXBY. Hence BYDX is a parallelogram and the
Q R diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Therefore BT
DT, i.e., AC bisects BD.
Since ∆PTS
∆STR and both have the same height
then the bases are equal. Then PT
RT. Similarly
∆PTS
∆PTQ and both have the same height.
Therefore ST
QT.

10 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

13. C 16. E

E
D
O
A
A B
F
CF is a median of ∆ABC therefore
1
∆CFB
∆ABC
2 B C
1 Given quad ABCD construct through A a line parallel
 ∆BCE
∆ABC.
gm
2 to BD meeting CD extended at E. Join EB.
Therefore ∆CFB
∆BCE. But ∆COB is common Then ∆EBC
quad ABCD.
therefore ∆CFB  ∆COB
∆BEC  ∆COB Proof: ∆BDC is common to both ∆BEC and
and ∆EOC
∆FOB
a. quad ABCD.
OE is a median of ∆AOC ∆BDE
∆BDA (same base, same altitude).
therefore ∆EOC
∆OEA
a Therefore ∆BDE  ∆ADC
∆ABD  ∆ADC or
OF is a median of ∆AOB ∆BEC
quad ABCD.
therefore ∆AOF
∆OFB
a
and ∆AOE
∆AOF. 17. A

14. A D
D E

B C
B C
X Since AB
AC
x
AC bisects parallelogram ABCD. 1 1
∆ABC
 CD · x
 BE · x
Therefore ∆ABC
∆ACD. The base AC is common. 2 2
Therefore the height of each triangle is the same, say h. Therefore CD
BE.
1 In ∆DBC and ∆BEC, BC is common, CD
BE
Therefore ∆ADX
 Ax · h
2 ∠BDC
5BEC
90
1
∆ABX
 Ax · h. therefore ∆BDC  ∆CEB (hyp. side)
2 therefore ∆BDC
∆CEB
Therefore ∆ADX
∆ABX. now BC is common; therefore altitudes from D and E
are equal. Therefore DEBC.
15. A D
18. A

D
B O C
B C F
1
∆AOD
 gm ABCD G K
2
1
 ABCD  ∆AOD
 gm ABCD
gm
E
2
 gm ABCD  ∆AOD
∆AOB  ∆DOC Extend BC to F so that EF ⊥ BF.
Draw DG ⊥ BC.
1
therefore ∆AOB  ∆DOC
 gm ABCD.
2

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 11

 In ∆DGB and ∆EFC, Let the right bisectors of AB and AC intersect at O.
BD
CD (given) Then OB
OA and OC
OA therefore OB
OC.
∠DBG
∠ECF (∠ABC
∠ACB
∠ECF) Since O is equidistant from B and C, it lies on the right
∠DGB
∠EFC (90) bisector of BC. Therefore the right bisectors of the
∆DGB  ∆EFC sides of a triangle pass through a common point.
then DG
EF.
Now in ∆DGK, ∆EFK, 13. A
DG
EF
∠DGK
∠EFK (90)
∠DKG
∠EKF (vert. opp.)
then ∆DGK  ∆EFK (right-angled triangles) D T E
therefore DK
EK.

B C
Exercise 2.3
Let the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet at T. Draw a
6. Join S1 and S2. Construct the right bisector of S1S2 line through T parallel to BC meeting AB and AC at D
meeting the circle at two points, A and B. Gates are and E respectively. Now DTBC.
located at A and B. Since they lie on the right bisector Therefore ∠DTB
∠TBC
a, hence DT
DB.
of S1S2 they will be equidistant from S1 and S2. Similarly ET
CE.
Therefore DT  TE
DB  CE
7. Approximate the second road as a straight line and DE
DB  CE.
extend the roads to meet. The pumping station should
lie on the river at the point determined by the bisector 14. A
of the angle formed by the two roads.

8. Bisect the angle formed by the intersecting lines.

All points on this line are equidistant from the two
intersecting lines. Construct the right bisector of AB. D
All points on this line are equidistant from A and B. B X C
Then the intersection of these bisectors gives the
required point.
Let the midpoint of BC be X. The right bisector of AX
9. Since a circle can always be drawn through three non- meets AB at D. D is the required point.
collinear points, the fourth point is restricted to be on
the circle if the four points are to be concyclic. 15. If the angles form an arithmetic sequence, then let the
angles be a  d, a, a  d.
10. Construct the right bisector of YZ meeting the circle at Now a  d  a  a  d
180
X1 and X2. X1YZ and X2YZ are isosceles triangles. 3a
180
These two are always possible. If YZ is not a diameter a
60
there are two others, X3 found by YZ
YX3 and X4 by therefore one of the angles is 60.
ZY
ZX4. If one of the angles is 60 then one must be smaller
than 60 and the other larger than 60 (or else all
11. A are 60). Let the angles be (60  x), 60, and
(60  y).
Now 60  x  60  60  y
180
x y
0
X Y x
y
Therefore the angles are in arithmetic sequence.

O
B C

12 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

16. Let the roots be p1  p and q. 5. P
Now (x  p)(x  p)(x  q)
0
(x2  p2)(x  q)
0 Q
C D
x  qx2  p2x  p2q
0
3
R
E F
x3  ax2  bx  c
0
c
p2q, but p2
b A S B
and q
a.
Therefore c
ab.
Now if c
ab T
x3  ax2  bx  c
0
becomes Either CD is parallel to EF or CD is not parallel to
x3  ax2  bx  ab
0 EF. Assume that CD is not parallel to EF and let PT
x (x  a)  b(x  a)
0
2 intersect CD, EF, and AB as in the diagram at Q, R,
(x1  a)(x2  b)
0 and S. If CD is not parallel to EF then ∠DQR ≠
x  a
0 or x2  b
0 ∠FRS. Since CD parallels AB, then ∠DQR
∠BST.
x2
b Since EF parallels AB, then ∠FRS
∠BST. But then
x
 b
 ∠DQR
∠FRS and it is a contradiction that they are
Therefore one of the roots is the negative of the other. not equal. Then since ∠DQR
∠FRS, CDEF.

6. A
E
Exercise 2.4 a

1. Assume that ∠DBE
∠DEB.

Now ∠ACE
∠DEB (DEAC)
and AC
AB (isosceles triangle)
but AB > AC, therefore there is a contradiction, and
hence ∠DBE ≠ ∠DEB. a
b c b
B D
3. Either the line intersects the curve or it doesn’t. C
Assume that it does. Then Suppose that ∆ABC does not have two equal angles.
x4  3x2  2x
2x  1 Then ∠ABC ≠ ∠BAC. Since CEAB, ∠BAC
∠ACE
x4  3x2  1
0 (alt. angles) and ∠ABC
∠ECD (corr. angles).
Since the left side is always greater than 1, there are Therefore ∠ACE ≠ ∠ECD.
no values of x that satisfy the equation. We have a But this is a contradiction, because CE bisects ∠ACD.
contradiction. Therefore there is no intersection. Then ∠ABC
∠BAC and the triangle has two equal
angles.
4. Either a, b, c are consecutive terms of a geometric
sequence or they are not. Assume they are. Then we 7. A
can represent a, b, and c as a, ar, and ar2. The Y X
equation becomes
ax2  arx  ar2
0 E D
x2  rx  r2
0, since a ≠ 0
B C
r   r2  4
r2
then x

2 In ∆ADX and ∆CDB
XD
DB (given)
 r   3r2 ∠ADX
∠CDB (vert. opp.)

. AD
DC (median)
2
then ∆ADX  ∆CDB (side-angle-side)
This equation has no real roots. Then a, b, and c therefore ∠DAX
∠DCB
cannot form a geometric sequence. therefore AXBC (alt. angles).
Similarly AYBC.
Since AXBC and AYBC and the line AX and AY have
the common point A, then X, A, and Y are collinear.

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 13

8. Y Exercise 2.5
x
5. A

N x
T Q
x F

P x x
x M
x B C
D
X
In ∆BFC, FD is a median.
Since PXQY Therefore ∆BFD
∆DFC
x, say.
∠PXM
∠QYN
x (alt. angles). Similarly in ∆ABD and ∆ADC, BF and CF are
In ∆PMX, PX
PM (radii) medians, hence ∆ABF
∆BDF
x and ∆AFC

therefore ∠PMX
∠PXM
x (isosceles triangle). ∆DFC
x.
In ∆QNY, QY
QN (radii) ∆ABF x 1
a. Therefore 


therefore ∠QNY
∠QYN
x (isosceles triangle) ∆ABC 4x 4
hence ∠PMX
∠YNQ
x. ∆AFC x 1
Extend QN to T. b. 


∆ABC 4x 4
∠TNM
∠QNY
x (vert. opp.)
therefore ∠TNM
∠PMX c. and ∆ABF
∆AFC
x.
and TQPM (corr. angles)
a c
i.e., PMQN. 6. a. If 

b d
a c
9. A then   1
  1
l2 b d
ab cd

 .
l1 b d
a c
b. If 

b d
ma mc
B then 

C nb nd
ma mc
Let l1 be the right bisector of BC and l2 be the right and   1
  1
bisector of CA. Either l1 and l2 meet or they do not nb nd
meet. Assume that they do not meet. Then l1l ⊥2. ma  nb mc  nd
Therefore 

Since l1⊥BC and l2⊥CA if l1l2 then BCCA. nb nd
But this is impossible since BC and CA are sides of a ma  nb mc  nd
multiplying by n gives 
.
triangle. It is impossible for l1 to be parallel to l2, and b d
the lines must meet. 7. A

10. Originally there are 32 white and 32 coloured squares

on the checkerboard. Each domino tile will cover one 2
4k
white and one coloured square. By removing two
white squares we are left with 30 white and 32 black E D
squares. To cover the board we must have the same 2k
3k 1
number of each colour, so it is not possible.
C B
3
11. Either x < 1.1, or x  1.1.
If x  1.1, x9  2.357 and 7x  7.7. Then x9  7x >
∆ADE and ∆EDB have the same height ED and bases
10.057. This is a contradiction, since x9  7x < 10.
AD and DB.
Then x < 1.1.
∆ADE 2
Therefore 
.
∆EDB 1

14 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

 Since EDCB, ED⊥AB, and ∆ADE is isosceles, Let BX and DY meet AC at M and N. X and Y are the
so ED
2. midpoints of AD and BC hence
∆EDB and ∆ECB have the same height DB and bases AX
XD
BY
CY
ED
2 and CB
3. also XDBY
∆EDB 2 therefore XDYB is a parallelogram so BXYD.
Therefore 
. In ∆AND, MXND, AX
XD
∆ECB 3
therefore AM
MN.
Let ∆EDB
2k (to avoid fractions).
In ∆BMC, BMYN, BY
YC
Then ∆ADE
4k and ∆ECB
3k.
therefore MN
NC.
Therefore trapezoid DECB:∆ADE
5:4.
Therefore AM
MN
NC and AC is trisected by
BX and DY.
8. In ∆ABD, EGDB
AE AG
therefore 
. 12. A
EB GD
In ∆ADC, GFDC 9k
P
AG AF
therefore 
. R
GD FC 12k 3x
AE AF 14k 2x
Then in ∆ABC, 
 and EFBC.
EB FC B C Z

10. AP 3 ∆APR 3
Join BR. Since 
, then 
.
X P PB 4 ∆BPR 4
A Let ∆BPR
12k
Y Q then ∆APR
9k.
∆ABR 3
Z R Similarly 
, so ∆ABR
21k and ∆BRC

14k. ∆BRC 2

Join RX meeting YQ at A. Join AZ.

In ∆XZR, YAZR ∆AZR 3
XY XA 
.
therefore 
. ∆CZR 2
YZ AR Let ∆CZR
2x
then ∆AZR
3x.
In ∆XPR, XPAQ
∆APZ 3
XA PQ Now 

Therefore 
 ∆BPZ 4
AR QR
XY PQ 9k  3x 3
hence 
 therefore 

YZ QR 26k  2x 4
36k  12x
78k  6x
11. A X D 6x
42k
x
7k
therefore ∆RCZ
14k
∆BCR.
M Since both triangles have the same height their bases
will be equal hence BC
CZ and C is the midpoint
N of BZ.
B Y C

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 15

13. P Exercise 2.6

6. a. ∆ADE ~ ∆ABC (angles equal)

A B ∆ADE AD2 9
therefore 
 2

∆ABC AB 49
X Y
49
therefore ∆ABC
81  
9
D C ∆ABC
441.
Extend DA and CB to meet at P.
b. Quad DBCE
441  81
Let AX
XD
x

360.
BY
YC
y.
Let AP
a and BP
b.
8. A
In ∆PDC, ABDC
AP PB M D
therefore 

AD BC N
x x
a b a b B x C E x F
or 
 from which 
.
2x 2y x y
a b PA PB a. Given ∆ABC and ∆DEF with ∠A
∠D, ∠B
∠E
In ∆PXY, 
 or 
 and ∠C
∠F.
x y AX BY
Therefore ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF.
hence ABXY Now ∠C and ∠F are bisected.
therefore ABXY DC. Therefore ∠ACM
∠DFN and ∆AMC ~ ∆DNF
(angles equal)
14. A
CM CA
therefore 
.
FN FD
E D 9. Given ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF.
AB AC BC
Therefore 


k, say.
F DE DF EF
Now AB
k · DE
AC
k · DF
B C and BC
k · EF.
K Adding: AB  AC  BC
k (DE  DF  EF)
Join AD. AB  AC  BC
In ∆ABC, KEAB 
k
DE  DF  EF
CK CE
therefore 
 i.e., the perimeter of ∆ABC (AB  AC  BC)
KB EA to the perimeter of ∆DEF (DE  DF  EF) is equal
In ∆BDC, KFBD to k which in turn is equal to
AB AC BC
CK CF 

.
therefore 
 DC DF EF
KB FD
CE CF OA OB
now in ∆CAD, 
 10. In ∆PQO, ABPQ so 
.
EA FD AP BQ
therefore EFAD. OB OC
In ∆OQR, BCQR so 
 and
BQ CR
OC OD
in ∆ORS, CDRS therefore 

CR OS
OA OD
therefore 
 hence in ∆OPS, ADPS.
AP OS

16 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

11. a. ∆ABD ~ ∆ACD ~ ∆BCA. 13. P
A

x y A C
B

y x
B C Q R
D S

b. (i) ∆ABD ~ ∆ADC ∆PAB ~ ∆PQS ∆EDF ~ ∆BCD

BD AD PA AB PC BC
Therefore 
 and (AD)2
BD · DC. Therefore 
 Therefore 

AD DC PQ QS PR SR
(ii) ∆ABC ~ ∆ADC
PA PC AC
and ∆PAC ~ ∆PQR therefore 


BC AC PQ PR QR
Therefore 
 and (AC)2
BC · DC.
AC DC
AB BC AB QS
(iii) ∆ABC ~ ∆ABD therefore 
 and 
.
QS SR BC SR
AB BC
Therefore 
 and (AB)2
BC · BD.
BD AB
14. A

c. From parts (ii) and (iii) adding

B
AC  AB
BC · DC  BC · BD
2 2 E
F

BC [DC  BD]

BC · BC
AC2  AB2
BC2.
D C H G
12. A
Since quad ABCD ~ quad EFGH,
AD AB BC CD




E y x
D EH EF FG GH

F and ∠A
∠E, ∠B
∠F, ∠C
∠G, ∠D
∠H.

x AB AD
B y C In ∆ABD, ∆EFH, 
 and ∠A
∠E
EF EH
Join ED. therefore ∆ABD ~ ∆EFH.
Since E and D are midpoints of AB and AC, EDBC. Similarly ∆BCD ~ ∆FGH.
Now ∆AED ~ ∆ABC
∆ABC AB2
Then 
2
k
AE ED 1
therefore 

. ∆EFH EF
AB BC 2
∆BCD BC2
and 

k
Now ∆EDF ~ ∆BCD (angles equal) ∆FGH EF2
EF FD ED 1 ∆ABC
k ∆EFH and ∆BCD
k ∆FGH
therefore 


.
FC BF BC 2 ∆ABC  ∆BCD
k (∆EFH  ∆FGH)
quad ABCD
k quad EFGH
Therefore FC
2EF and BF
2FD.
quad ABCD DC2
or 
k
.
quad EFGH GH2

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 17

15. The proof is similar to question 14. Divide the 8. a. Since XD
BY and XDBY, XDYB is a
pentagons into one triangle and a quadrilateral and use parallelogram therefore BXYD and BX
YD.
the result from question 14.
b. Since AX
XD and XHDM (from a.), therefore
16. A AX AH

.
XD HM
D E c. Since AX
XD and XHDM, therefore AH
HM.
d. Exactly the same reasoning as in previous parts.
e. Using c. and d., AH
HM
CM, BX and DY
trisect AC.

9. 3.6
B C
2.2 k

24 a b
Trap DBCE
 ∆ABC
25 6.6 3k
therefore if ∆ABC
25 then ∆ADE
1.
Now ∆ADE ~ ∆ABC (angles equal)
∆ADE
 
AD 2 1 13.2
therefore 

.
∆ABC AB 25
2.2 a 3 b

 and 

AD 1 AD 1 8.8 13.2 4 3.6
Therefore 
 and 
.
AB 5 DB 4 Therefore 13.2
4a 4b
10.8
a
3.3 b
2.7
thus a  b
3.3  2.7
6.0
Review Exercise therefore y
6.0.

1 10. a. 1:2
7. a. ∆BED
 ∆ABD
5
b. All areas are equal.
2
∆ABD
 ∆ABC ∆ADE 1
5 c. 

rect ABCD 8
1 2
5 5  2
25 
Therefore ∆BED
  ∆ABC
 ∆ABC. ∆ABF


1
rect ABCD 6
b. Using the fact that areas of triangles are
proportional to bases with constant heights, we
assign areas to various triangles as shown. 12. A B
x
A
E

4x D x C
7.5x
E
Since ∆ABE ~ ∆CDE (angles equal)
x
B C
D AB AE BE 1
therefore 



CD CE DE 2
∆BED x
Therefore 
, x ≠ 0.
∆ADC 7.5x thus, CE
2AE and DE
2BE.
Therefore the diagonals of the trapezoid trisect each
other.

18 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

 AP EP
13. In ∆ABD, 
. 17. A
AD BD
AP PF
In ∆ADC, 
.
AD DC F y z
E
EP PF
Therefore 
 y z
BD DC G
x x
or (EP)(DC)
(BD)(PF) B C
D
but DC
BD, therefore EP
PF.
∆GBD
∆GDC
x (equal bases, same height)
15. (i) If the three altitudes are equal then the triangle is and ∆GAF
∆GBF
y (equal bases, same height)
equilateral. Let the three altitudes be h, and let the and ∆GAE
∆GCE
z (equal bases, same height).
three sides be a, b, and c as shown. Since ∆ADB
∆ADC and ∆GBD
∆GCD
therefore ∆ADB  ∆GBD
∆ADC  ∆GCD
A
or ∆AGB
∆AGC
therefore 2y
2z
b
y
z.
c Similarly, x
y and x
y
z. Each of the smaller
triangles have equal areas.
h
18. Let AE
k and ED
2k
therefore BC
3k.
B C Since ∆AEF ~ ∆CBF
a

1 1 1
∆ABC
 ha
 hb
 hc.
∆AEF
∆CBF  
k 2
therefore 

.
3k
1
9
2 2 2
Let ∆AEF
x and ∆CBF
9x.
Thus ah
hb
hc or a
b
c (h ≠ 0).
EF 1
Since 
, ∆AFB
3x.
(ii) If the triangle is equilateral then the three altitudes FB 3
are equal. Since diagonal AC divides parallelogram into two
Calculating the altitudes, if the sides are 2a in triangles of equal area, quad EFCD
11x.
length then the three altitudes must each be a3 . ∆ABF 3x 3
Therefore 

.
quad EFCD 11x 11
16. A D F
Thus ∆ABF:quad EFCD
3:11.

20. Let the area of parallelogram AHIE be P, the area of

parallelogram EIFB be Q, the area of parallelogram
HIDG be R, and the area of parallelogram IGCF be S.
B C
Let AI:IC
x:y.
E Since HIDC, then AH:HD
x:y and since IGAD,
then DG:GC
x:y. Now parallelogram AEGD and
Extend AD to meet the perpendicular from C at F.
parallelogram EGCB have the same height so
Draw the perpendicular from A to meet BC at E. AE is
x
the height of ∆ABC. CF is the height of ∆ACD. Since P  R
 (Q  S).
y
ADBC, AE
CF
h.
If AD
a and BC
b, Similarly using parallelogram AHFB and
x
1 1
then area trap ABCD
 ah   bh parallelogram HDCF, P  Q
 (R  S).
2 2 y
x
1 Then R  Q
 (Q  R)

 (a  b)h. y
2 or R(x  y)
Q(x  y)
R
Q (since (x  y ≠ 0) or parallelogram
HIDG
parallelogram EIFB.

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 19

 1 1
21. C c. ∆APB  ∆CPD
(10)(8  x)  10x
2 2
4m
5 [(8  x)  x]

40.
E A B
x
3m
p

A x B (8–x)
D 2x

∆BDE 3 D
Since 
 and ∆BDE
6, ∆CDE
8. 10
C
∆CDE 4
∆CAD 1
Since 
 and ∆CBD
14, ∆CAD
7.
∆CBD 2 8 2 12
d. 120
d 

The total area is 14  7
21. d
12.

22. A B 1
z x y 3. AM
 AB therefore AM
5
2
E F ∆AMY ~ ∆ACB
y
x
D AM AY MY
C G 


AC AB CB
Using parallelogram properties, mark equal angles
5 AY MY
as shown 

.
∆ADE ~ ∆FBE (equal angles) 26 10 24
Therefore 26AY
50 and 26MY
120.
AE AD
then 
.
EF BF 12 8
AY
1 MY
4 
Also ∆ABF ~ ∆GDA (equal angles) 13 13

AG AD
then 
 4. A
AF BF
a
AE AG E
therefore 
.
EF AF

3a
Chapter 2 Test
B
1. a. Converse of Theorem If AD is a median then D C
∆ADC
∆ADB.
b. If AD is a median then ∆ADC and ∆ADB have the ∆AEC
36
same bases and equal heights. therefore ∆CED
108
Thus, ∆ADC
∆ADB. then ∆ADC
144
c. ∆ABC
∆ADB if and only if AD is a median. therefore ∆ABC
288.
12  20 A
2. a. A

120.
2
b. ∆ABC
24
∆ADB
12
Therefore ∆DEB
6. E

C D B

20 Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof

5. A 7. Either the line from A to D is parallel to BC or it is
B not. Assume that AD is not parallel to BC. There must
Q P be a point G on BD or BD extended so that AGBC.
D
A
D C G

Draw PQ parallel to AB.

Then ABPQ is a parallelogram and AP is a diagonal.
Therefore ∆APQ
∆ABP.
Also QPCD is a parallelogram with DP as a diagonal. B C
Therefore ∆QPD
∆PCD.
Then ∆APQ  ∆QPD
∆APD
∆ABP  ∆PCD. If AGBC then ∆ABC
∆GBC (same base, equal
height).
6. Q
Since we are given ∆ABC
∆DBC, therefore ∆GBC
P
y x
∆DBC. This is clearly not possible so the
assumption that AD is not parallel to BC must be
false. Then ADBC.
A

x y
B C

Mark angles as shown.

Then ∆APD ~ ∆CBA
∆PQA PQ2
therefore 

∆PBA CB2
∆PQA 4


36 9
therefore ∆PQA
16.
AQ 2
Also, 
 (from above)
AB 3
∆PQA 2
therefore 

∆PBA 3
16 2
therefore 

∆PBA 3
therefore ∆PBA
24.
Therefore trap BCQ has an area of
16  36  24  24
100.

Chapter 2: Plane Figures and Proof 21