1.-When did Huitzilopochtli die ? ___________ 2.- Who continued the pilgrimage ?
____________ 3.- When did the Mexicas settle in Chapultepec ? __________ 4.-Later,
did they live in Culhuacan ? __________ 5.- Were those lands infested of snakes ? ____
________ 6.-Who led them to an area with many lakes ? ___________ 7.-Where did
Tenoch discover the sacred symbol of an eagle eating a snake ? __________ 8.- What did
they build, first ? _ ______________________ 9.- Who founded the Great City ?
_________ 10.- In how many cities was divided it ? ______ 11.-Which were they ?
_____________________________ 12.- When did he die ?___________________
13.- Was he the oldest and last of Huitzilopochtli's priests ? ____________.
I.-ACAMAPICHTLI
After the death of Tenoch, the Mexicas didn't know who to choose as
their ruler. Since then they lacked a royal bloodline, they asked the
Lord of Culhuacan for one of his relatives; he gave the Mexicas
Acamapichtli, his grandson.
Despite having an emperor of royal blood and living on an island, the Mexicas continued to be
hated by their neighbors, particularly the Azcapotzalco overlords. These rulers demanded
tribute, which Acamapichtli respectfully paid.
Mexico-Tenochtitlan continued to grow by artificial means; the growth eventually caused the
city to divide into four distinct regions. During Acamapichtli's reign, the people moved out of
huts made of reeds and hay into shelters made of plaster and stone.
14.-Who was chose as their ruler, after the death of Tenoch ? _______________ 15.- Did
they lack a royal bloodline ? ______ 16.- Was Acamapichtki Lord of Culhuacan’s grandson ?
17.- Whom were they hates by ? __________________________ 18.- Did the Tepanecas
demand tribute ? ________ 19.-Did Acamapichtli pay it ? _______ 20.-What happened
during Acamapichtli's reign ?____________________________________________
II.-HUITZILIHUITL 2
21.- Was Huitzilihuitl a warrior ?_________ 22.-Was he the Third Tlatoani ?_______
23.- When did he become Tlatoani ? _________ 24.-Who does he marry to ? __________
___________ 25.- Why did he do that ? _______________________ 26.- Did Lord
Tezozomoc have children in Tlatelolco & Tenochtitlan ? __________ 27.- Were the Mexicas
favored by Tezozomoc ? ________ 28.-How ? _______________________________
29.- Did Huitzilihuitl spend the rest of his life in Acapulco ? ____________ 30.- Who helped
Tezozomoc to conquer the tribes of the valley ? _________________
III.-CHIMALPOPOCA
31.- When was he elected tlatoani ? -________ 32.-How old was he ? _______ 33.- Who
was one of the late Huitzilihuitl's sons ? _____________ 34.- Why did he become chief ?
___________________________ 35.- When had he constructed an aqueduct to send
clean water to Tenochtitlan ? _______ 36.-Who were infuriated by this construction ?
________ ________________ 37.-Diod they want to keep the Mexicas as their servants ?
_________ 38.- Who was teyatzin ? _______________________ 39.- Was Maxtla the
youngest son of Tezozomoc ? ____________ 40.-Did Chimalpopoca side with Teyatzin in a
plan to regain the throne ? __________ 41.- Who acted faster, Maxtla or Teyatzin ?
_________ 42.- Did Maxtla murder his brother? _________ 43.-What did he do to
Chimalpopoca ? __________ _______________ 44.-Why did Maxtla strangle him ?
________________________ 45.-What was he able to built, in spite of his short life ?
___________________________
3
IV.-IZCOATL
Izcoatl's reign brought many changes. The Mexicas not only gained
their independence, they became the most powerful tribe in the valley,
private property also arose, primarily as a form of payment to the warriors.
In addition, the workers and farmers agreed to serve the warriors who
liberated them as a form of gratitude. This caste system became important
because it began a separation between workers and a nobility composed of
warriors.
46.- Who chose Izcoatl as Tlatoani of the Mexicas ? ______________ 47.-Who was izcoatl ?
______________ 48.- Which reigns formed the Triple Alliance ? __________________
______________ _________________ 49.- What would they attempt ? __________
___________________ 50.- The Triple Alliance fought against Maxtla's forces, who won ?
____________ 51.-Was Azcapozalco laid siege ? ___________ 52.- During this offensive,
did Izcoalt kill Maxtla ? _________ 53.- Were Tecpanecs made prisoners and offered
as sacrifices ? _________ 54.- The campaign didn't end with Azcapotzalco, what else did the
Triple Aliance do ? ____________ ____________________ 55.-How many changes
did Izcoatl’s reign bring ? ________ 56.- Those changes were: Mexicas gained their
independence, became the most powerful tribe in the valley & private property arose, How
was this considered ? ___________________ ________________ 57.- And in addition,
did the workers and farmers agree to serve the warriors ? __________ 58.-Why ?
____________________________ 59.- Why this caste system became important ?
_________________________________________ 60.- Was Izcoatl a good Tlatoani ?
______________.
In 1447, a series of odd natural phenomena, which included floods, frosts, droughts, and
earthquakes, began. During the drought, He offered more human sacrifices in order to regain
favor with the gods. The Flower War was conceived during this period; meant to honor
the gods, the Flower War was a ceremony where the Mexicas and the tribes of central Mexico
would fight solely to obtain prisoners for sacrifice. The 1st. Flower War succeeded: rain
drenched the land immediately after it concluded. This tradition continued until the Spanish
arrived in 1519. In 1469, He became ill and died. He was cremated in the Main Temple.
Realizing death was near, he ordered his image to be sculpted onto stone,
the Great Sun Stone, also known as the Aztec Calendar. Upon completion
of the sculpture, Axayacatl went to see it; on his way back to the palace,
he died.
in the state of Mexico. He died in 1502 and was succeeded by his nephew, Moctezuma II.
111.- Who is the greatest military leader of Mesoamerica ? ____________ 112.-When did he begin his
leadership ?_______ 113.-Who expanded the Mexica domain ? ____________________ 114.-Were
the Chontales, Tolocan
, Malinalco
and Xilotepec rules defeated by him ? _____________ 115.- Where did he suppress a
rebellion ? ________________ 116.- Which peoples from Mexico's Pacific coast, he conquered ?
_______________________________ 117.- Did he go as far the western part of Guatemala ?
_________ 118.- What did he finish in 1487 ? ____________________________ 119.- Who were
invited to the ceremony of the enlarged Great Temple ? _________________________
_________________________________ 120 What vast territories did he conquer ? _______________
_________________________________ 121.-Where did he construct fortifications and garrisons ?
___________________________________________________________122.- Where do some
archaeological remains exist of these fortifications ? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
123.-When did he die ? ___________
7
IX.-MONTEZUMA II received education in religion & science;
becoming a priest. In 1502, he arrived to the throne; known for his pride and
superstition. He was influenced by omens and prophecies. He dismissed all
plebeians from his court and increased taxation of the merchants. Although his
advisers warned him that his measures would weaken the empire, he requested
heavier tribute from conquered tribes and launched numerous expeditions to
obtain sacrificial victims. His actions led to wars between Tenochtitlán and
several tribes.
Under these circumstances he knew of the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519.
Fearing that they were emissaries of the Quetzalcoatl, whose return was
believed to be imminent. Montezuma tried to appease the conquers, by sending gifts and offering
homage. This only whetted the appetite of the Spaniards. Cortés, allied with the Tlaxcalan Indians, who
had remained independent from the Aztecs, marched toward Tenochtitlán.
Many Indians welcomed Cortés as a liberator from Aztec control. Montezuma refused to fight
Quetzalcoatl emissaries and invited Cortés into the capital. Fearful that the Aztecs might rebel against
the Spanish presence, Cortés seized Montezuma, using him as his mouthpiece, he governed behind the
throne. Montezuma ordered all his chiefs to obey the Spaniards and to collect tribute and gold for the
Spanish monarch.
Spaniards remained in Tenochtitlán for several months. By then a new Spanish expedition from Cuba
had reached the Mexican shores with orders to limit Cortés's power. Leaving one of his lieutenants in
command, Cortés marched to the coast and persuaded his compatriots to join him.
In the meantime an Indian uprising occurred in Tenochtitlán as a result of the ruthless policies followed
by Cortés's lieutenants. Cortés hastened back only to find his men barricaded in the palace and
threatened by starvation. He ordered Montezuma to arrange for supplies, but the Emperor refused.
Cortés then released one of the Aztec chiefs, Cuitlahuac, with orders to open the markets and bring back
food. Instead, Cuitlahuac assumed the leadership of the revolt. There was furious fighting in the capital.
Cortés convinced him to address his people and to order them to obey the Spaniards. The angry Indians,
however, refused to listen to their captive emperor and showered him with stones. Montezuma died
several days later, in June 1520, either of wounds inflicted by the mob or at the hands of the Spaniards.
124.-Did he receive education in religion & science ? _______ 125.-What did he become ? _________
126.-Was he known for his pride and superstition ? ___________127.-For what was he influenced by ?
_____________________________ 128.-What did he increase taxation of the merchants ? _________
129.- How many expeditions did he launch to obtain sacrificial victims ? _______________ 130.-Did
he know of the arrival of the Spaniards ? ___________ 131.-Were they emissaries of the Quetzalcoatl ?
_____________ 132.- Why did Moctezuma send gifts to conquers ? ___________________________
133.- Who did Cortés ally with ? ______________ 134.- Who seized Montezuma ? ______________
135.-Who governed behind the throne ? ______________ 136.- What did Moctezuma order all his
chiefs ? _____________________________________________________________________________
137.- What happened by then ? __________________________________________________________
138.- Why did Cortés march to the cost ? _________________________________________________
139.- In thee meantime, what occurred in Tenochtitlán ? ___________________________________
140.- In the palace, were Spaniards threatened by starvation ? _______________ 141.-What did Cortés
order Moctezuma ? ___________ 142.-Cortés released one of the Aztec chiefs, with orders to open the
markets and bring back food. Instead, what did Cuitlahuac do ?______________________________
143.-Moctezuma died, of wounds inflicted by the mob or at the hands of the Spaniards. ?____________
________________________________
After Pedro de Alvarado had ordered a massacre in the Templo Mayor, the
Aztecs were very upset and started to fight and put a siege to the Spaniards.
Cortés freed Cuitlahuac so that he could convince indians to dispose of their
arms and not fight anymore. Cortés freed him and once Cuitlahuac was
free he led his people against the conquistadors. He succeeded and the
Spaniards were driven out of Tenochtitlan on June 30, 1520, it was
“ the Sad Night” for Cortés, who cried like a woman, under a tree.
Cuitláhuac was crowned on September 17, with a simple ceremony, and
followed normal life of the Great Tenochtitlan, During his four-month reign
Cuitláhuac tried to form a federation against the Spaniards, but his efforts
failed because of the hatred of other Indian peoples for the Aztec; until
reaching the month of December, it unleashed an epidemic of smallpox.
The disease, which brought to Tenochtitlán a sick soldier, of Pánfilo de
Nárvaez, attacked the unfortunate monarch, who died on 5 December 1520, to 44 years of age
Cuauhtémoc was tortured having his feet over a fire, along with Tetlepanquetzal
& Coanacoch . During the torture, Tetlepanquetzal asked
him to reveal the location of the treasures in order to stop the pain
given to them, and he said : "Do you think I am on a bed of roses ?"
Cortés recovered some gold from a noble's house.
Aztec gold is a myth, for the them, it had no intrinsic value; they did not have big solid pieces of gold.
In 1525, Cortés took Cuauhtémoc and other nobles on his expedition to Honduras, fearing that
Cuauhtémoc could have led an insurrection in his absence. The expedition was stopped in the Chontal
Maya (Tabasco state), Cuauhtémoc gave the following speech to Cortés, through his interpreter
Malinche: Oh Malinche [Cortés] ! Now I understand your said false promises; you had stored the
death for me. You are killing me unjustly. May God demand justice from you, Why do you kill me
without justice ? He was baptized, his baptismal name was " Cristobal ”.
On February 28, 1525, Cortés executed Cuauhtémoc for allegedly conspiring to kill him and the other
Spaniards. Finally, he was beheaded, and his head impaled on a ceiba tree in front of the temple at
Yaxdzan. Tetlepanquetzal was hanged, as well as eight others.
The executions were unjust and based on no evidence. Cortés invented the plot himself.
Cortés suffered from insomnia due to guilt, and badly injured himself while wandering at night.
Cuauhtémoc's remains are in Ixcateopan town in the state of Guerrero.
191.- Was Cuauhtémoc tortured having his feet over a fire ? __________ 192.-Who were the other
nobles, toetured too ? __________________ 193.- What did Tetlepanquetzal ask him ? ____________
____________________________ 194.-What did Cuauhtémoc say ? __________________________
_________________________________ 195..- for the Aztecs, had gold intrinsic value ? __________
196.- When did Cortés take Cuauhtémoc and other nobles on his expedition to Honduras ? ________
197.- Why did he take them ? _________________________________________ 198.- Where did the
expedition stop ? _________________ 199.- Cuauhtémoc gave the following speech to Cortés, through
his interpreter Malinche: Oh Malinche [Cortés] ! Now I understand your said false promises; you had
stored the death for me. You are killing me unjustly. May God demand justice from you, What did
Cuauhtémoc demand him ? __________________________ 200.- When was he execute ? __________
20|.-Was he beheaded ? __________ 202.- Where was his head impale ? ______________________
203.- Were Tetlepanquetzal and other eight nobles hanged ? __________ 204.-Were the executions
unjust ? ___________ 205.- Where are Cuauhtémoc's remains ? ______________________________
THE TLATOANI
It means “the one who speaks well”. The Aztecs gave
this title to their Supreme Rulers, their Great Speakers;
It was believed that the Tlatoani could speak with the gods