THERMODYNAMICS

Courtesy of lab-initio.com

Definitions #1
Energy: The capacity to do work or produce heat

Potential Energy: Energy due to position or composition

Kinetic Energy: Energy due to the motion of the object

1 2 KE mv 2

Definitions #2
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted between forms The First Law of Thermodynamics: The total energy content of the universe is constant

State Functions depend ONLY on the present state of the system

ENERGY IS A STATE FUNCTION A person standing at the top of Mt. Everest has the same potential energy whether they got there by hiking up, or by falling down from a plane

WORK IS NOT A STATE FUNCTION

WHY NOT???

E = q + w
E = change in internal energy of a system

q = heat flowing into or out of the system

-q if energy is leaving to the surroundings +q if energy is entering from the surroundings w = work done by, or on, the system -w if work is done by the system on the surroundings +w if work is done on the system by the surroundings

Work, Pressure, and Volume

w PV

+V (increase)

Expansion
-w results

Compression
-V (decrease)

+w results

Esystem decreases
Work has been done by the system on the surroundings

Esystem increases
Work has been done on the system by the surroundings

Energy Change in Chemical Processes

Endothermic: Reactions in which energy flows into the system as the reaction proceeds. + qsystem - qsurroundings

Energy Change in Chemical Processes

Exothermic: Reactions in which energy flows out of the system as the reaction proceeds. - qsystem + qsurroundings

Calorimetry
The amount of heat absorbed or released during a physical or chemical change can be measured, usually by the change in temperature of a known quantity of water in a calorimeter.

Units for Measuring Heat

The Joule is the SI system unit for measuring 2 heat: 1 kg m

1 Joule 1 newton meter

The calorie is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree

1calorie 4.18 Joules

1 BTU is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 F

Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius.
Substance
Water (liquid)
Ethanol (liquid) Water (solid) Water (vapor)

Specific Heat (J/gK)

4.18
2.44 2.06 1.87

Aluminum (solid)
Carbon (graphite,solid) Iron (solid) Copper (solid) Mercury (liquid) Lead (solid) Gold (solid)

0.897
0.709 0.449 0.385 0.140 0.129 0.129

Calculations Involving Specific Heat

q s m T
q = Heat lost or gained

s = Specific Heat Capacity

T = Temperature change