DW ModelValidation v01

Power System Oscillations
Validation of Dynamic Models using WAMS
Dr Douglas Wilson
Chief Technical Officer
douglas.wilson@psymetrix.com 0131 5100 703
CONFIDENTIAL
Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited
Topics
x x
Purpose & goals of model validation System view of dynamics

x x
Baselining the normal system dynamic behaviour Identifying and prioritising dynamic issues
Generator, plant & load view

x x
Identifying generator models Line & load modelling
About WAMS
Conclusions
About Psymetrix
CONFIDENTIAL Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited 2
Conclusions
WAMS is a key tool for validating dynamic models Dynamics analysis tools identify the problems Generator modelling needs WAMS + local monitoring
CONFIDENTIAL
Thank you
www.psymetrix.com
Dr Douglas Wilson
Chief Technical Officer
douglas.wilson@psymetrix.com 0131 5100 703
CONFIDENTIAL
About Psymetrix Wide-Area Solutions

Data Management - PDCs Visualisation Monitoring/Alarming Advanced/Control Apps EMS Integration PhasorPoint
Dynamic Performance Improvement

Real-time DP Assessment Transmission optimisation System stability Islanding response, blackstart Renewables Applications Solutions Research Published Papers
Consulting Services
PSS / Governor tuning Constraint relaxation Model validation Dynamics baselining WAMS design & deployment XM, Colombia Landsnet, Iceland
CONFIDENTIAL
Purpose & Goals of Model Validation

x
An accurate model helps...

x x x x
Design control systems Determine limits - use assets effectively Distinguish correct / incorrect generator operation Understand root causes of dynamics problems
Goals of model validation

x x x x
Usefulness, NOT perfection! Main risk issues are reproduced Dynamic behaviour over time is reproduced Practical tool to understand and resolve problems
CONFIDENTIAL
Dynamic Model Uncertainty

x x x
Approximations e.g. model reduction, choosing system states Unknowns e.g. load models Inaccuracy e.g. insufficient validation, plant malfunction
Uncertainty ALWAYS present in dynamic modelling

US Western Interconnection, August 1996: 32GW Load Lost
Power (MW) 4600 4400 4200 4000
Model Simulation
0
4600 Power (MW) 4400 4200 4000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Actual Behaviour
10
20
30
40 50 Time (sec)
60
70
80
90
WAMS & Damping Monitoring used for dynamic model validation

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited 7
CONFIDENTIAL

x
Unrepresented dynamics threaten grid security

x x x
Colombian 0.07Hz mode instability - difficult to model Observed everywhere Model did not help find the cause
61Hz
System Frequency
60Hz Cycle 15 sec 59Hz 22 Minutes
CONFIDENTIAL

x
Good representation helpful for improving control design

Modelled response switching at 61MW & 90MW
69 67
Measured response switching at 75MW

PSS Enabled
Active power [pu]
65 63 61 59 AVR 57 55 0 2 4 6 Time [s] 8 10 12 14 AVR_b
91 AVR Active power [pu] 90.5 AVR_b
0.5Hz oscillations measured & modelled Key features captured Similar level of damping Proposed AVR change improves response Confidence that change has desired effect
90
89.5
89 0 5 10 Time [s] 15 20 25
CONFIDENTIAL

x
Poor representation better than nothing!

Modelled response
4 3.5
Fre que ncy (Hz) Frequency (Hz) 51
Measured response
Low Frequency Os c illa tions in Fre que ncy a t BLA, KRA, FLJ
51Hz
3 2.5
~0.03Hz Influenced by governor droop
50.5
Gain
2 1.5 1 0.5
50
1. 18 1. 16 1. 14 1. 12 1. 1
49.5
Cycle 30 sec
49
0 -2 10
10
-1
10
17 min
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Time (s econds from 07-Ma y-2010 20:04:40)
49Hz
2000
Generator Voltage (pu)
Frequency (Hz)
1. 08 1. 06 1. 04 1. 02 1
Mode frequency close Mode damping badly represented Model not ideal, but
0
25 sec
20
40
60
Useful for identifying improvements Useless for identifying operating limits

Time (sec)
CONFIDENTIAL
Practical Dynamic Modelling

x
Model validation requires

x x x
Initial effort to get match of high priority issues Generator model test programme Processes for model upkeep
x x x
Generator commissioning System enhancements System condition monitoring
WAMS + dynamics analysis tools complement dynamic modelling
CONFIDENTIAL
11
About WAMS
CONFIDENTIAL
12
Why WAMS?
Improve Security
EARLY WARNING OF INSTABILITY SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ISLANDING RECOVERY BLACKSTART SELF-HEALING GRID
Increase Transfer
RELIEVE DAMPING CONSTRAINTS STATE ESTIMATION & CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS IDENTIFY LINE PARAMETERS
System Analysis
PSS TUNING PLANT COMMISSIONING POST-EVENT ANALYSIS IMPACT OF RENEWABLES IDENTIFY DYNAMICS ISSUES
PSS ENABLED PSS DISABLED
CONFIDENTIAL
13
Typical Wide-Area Monitoring

Client Applications
C37.118 PMU/PDC Data Stream
EMS Integration
SCADA Protocol
eg IEC 60870-101/4
Phasor Measurement Units

x x x x x synchronised V&I measurement time stamping < 1us calculates phasors (50/60 /sec) system frequency C37.118 (stream) data protocol
Phasor Data Concentrator

x x x x receives multiple PMU streams stream rate conversion stream time alignment repacks PMU streams as one stream
CONFIDENTIAL
Scalability
x x
5000 phasors @ 60Hz tested for PDC tasks Scaling issues for large systems
x x x
Comms bottleneck Processing for applications

(can be distributed across servers)
Visualisation for practical operator/analyst use
Energinet.dk deployment, Denmark, scaled for 4800 phasors We like the PhasorPoint user interface, because it shows our System Operator just the relevant headline data, giving him critical information exactly when he needs it, but avoiding information overload.
Martin Lund-Nielsen, Project Manager, Energinet.dk
CONFIDENTIAL
15
High Availability and Security Options
CONFIDENTIAL
16
PhasorPoint User Interface Overview Screen
CONFIDENTIAL
17
PhasorPoint User Interface Drill Down
CONFIDENTIAL
18
PhasorPoint User Interface Historic Data Navigator
CONFIDENTIAL
19
PhasorPoint User Interface Custom Graphs
CONFIDENTIAL
20
PhasorPoint User Interface Oscillatory Stability
CONFIDENTIAL
21
System View of Dynamic Model Validation
CONFIDENTIAL
22
WA Application: Oscillatory Stability - Our Approach

Measured P / f /
x x
Real-time operation Direct from system measurements

x
single-point and wide-area coverage
Does not use system model

1/F
MODE FREQUENCY
Mode Frequency
MODE DECAY TIME Mode decay time EXP(-t/ ) Exp(-t/ )
MODE AMPLITUDE Mode Amplitude
MODE PHASE
Mode Phase
Identification of oscillation source/control location
CONFIDENTIAL
23
Transfer Constraint Relief - Oscillatory Stability
Angle: mode phase Length: relative amplitude Arrows indicate status in voltage angle difference Damping status: Green OK Yellow Alert Red Alarm
Time history of damping

PhasorPoint Voltage Angle Difference with PDX Damping and Mode Phase
CONFIDENTIAL
24
Security Management - WSCC

Early Warning of 10th August 1996 WSCC USA Blackout (a blackout that could have been avoided)
x x x
Active power signal from one transmission line, hour duration First alert 15:18 System collapse 15:49
1450
Raw Data
Power (MW)
1350
Raw data signals show no clear early evidence of instability
0.26Hz Mode Damping
1250 50 40 30 20 10 0
ALERT ON ALERT ON ALARM ON
Typical alarm level Typical alert level
PDX analysis clearly shows system is poorly damped well before system break-up
CONFIDENTIAL
Decay Time (secs)
25
Power System Positive and Negative Damping
CONFIDENTIAL
26
Small-signal modelling
x x
Describes dynamics about a specific operating point Enables use of linear system analysis tools
x x x x x
Mode frequency, damping Mode shape, coherency Frequency response Root locus etc.
Continuous control design based on small-signal analysis
CONFIDENTIAL
27
Small-signal model validation

x
Small-signal modelling provides

x
x for a given operating point
Eigenvalues Eigenvectors
Frequency & damping Mode shape
Linearised system described x' = Ax(t) + Bu(t) y(t) = Cx(t) + Du(t)

Eigenvalues/eigenvectors from A (state matrix) Amplitude and Phase (mode shape) from C (output matrix) and left eigenvector
Ampllitude defined by Eigenvalues eigenvector & initial condition real part imag part
Time-domain response
State variable
CONFIDENTIAL
Aperiodic modes (real eigenvalues)
Oscillatory modes (complex eigenvalues)
Phase defined by eigenvector
28
Small-signal model validation

x
Small-signal modelling provides

x x
Eigenvalues Eigenvectors
Frequency & damping Mode shape
for a given operating point
Eigenvalues Frequency & damping of modes
Mode Shape Relative Amplitude and Phase of oscillations of one mode

90 120 0.2 60 0.1
Frequency [Hz] 0.9820 0.7420 0.4019 0.2988 Etc..
Damping [1/s] 0.2757 0.3175 0.0818 0.1522
Time const. [s] 0.5651 0.6407 4.8271 3.4586
150
30
180
210
330 S IG BL2 BL1 KR2 KR1
240 270
300
CONFIDENTIAL
29
Examples of Modes Observed in Colombia

x x
Ecuador Mode 0.49Hz Governor Mode 0.06Hz

Inter-area mode at 0.49Hz (Colombia-Ecuador). Opposing phase in South
Governor common-mode: whole system oscillates in coherent phase
CONFIDENTIAL
30
Comparison of WAMS and Small Signal Studies

x x
Equivalent results obtained by two approaches Measurement approach validates the model
Power System
Phasor Measurements
Dynamics Analysis
Frequency Decay Time Amplitude Phase
Mode Shape
RTU Measurements
SCADA / EMS
Snapshot
COMPARE
Frequency Decay Time Amplitude Phase
System State
CONFIDENTIAL
Initialise
Dynamic Model
Eigenanalysis
Mode Shape
31
Example of good model / measurement alignment

x
0.6Hz mode record including PSS test Measured
Modelled
CONFIDENTIAL
32
If the match is not good...

x
Identify the behaviour of the mode

x x x
Observability Long-term performance Behaviour patterns
x x
Find most likely contributions Select plants for testing & model validation
CONFIDENTIAL
33
Baselining mode behaviour

x
Mode baseline reports
CONFIDENTIAL
34

x
CONFIDENTIAL
35

x
CONFIDENTIAL
36

x
Behaviour patterns - variations over time

Contrasting Daily Patterns of Local Modes Average Mode Amplitude (MW) Ave rag e Amplitude (MW)
0.5 100
0.5 100
Average Ave Mode Amplitude (MW) rag e Amplitude (MW)
0.45
1.1Hz Mode
90
0.45
1.4Hz Mode
90
Pe rc e ntag e Mo de Oc c ure nc e Mode Occurrence (%)
0.4
80
0.4
80
0.35
70
0.35
70
0.3
60
0.3
60
0.25
50
0.25
50
0.2
40
0.2
40
0.15
30
0.15
30
0.1
20
0.1
20
0.05
10
0.05
10
10
15
20
0 25
10
15
20
0 25
Time of Day (hour)
Time of Da y (hours )
Time of Day (hour)
Time of Da y (hours )
Only observed in daytime Local mode Thought to be due to Pumped Storage Hydro Plant
CONFIDENTIAL
Continuously observed Larger at night Thought to be due to Thermal Unit Pattern caused by night part-loading or more leading power factor
Mode Occurrence (%)
Pe rc e ntag e Mo de Oc c ure nc e
Locating Dynamic Problems

x
Two complementary approaches

x
WAMS-based Mode Power Path

x x
Generator or area contribution Can oscillation be controlled within the observed region?
Patent pending
WAMS & EMS identification - Dynamic Sensitivity Identification

x x
What plant contributing? What specific actions within observed region affect the oscillation?
Patent granted
WAMS
Dynamics Analysis
Identifying poorly damped oscillations
Mode Power Path (MPP)

Participating regions Passive or Active contribution
EMS
Slow-scan system state records, detailed for specific control area
Dynamics Sensitivity Identification

Sensitivity of damping to loadflow changes
Critical Controllable Element

E.g. Line flow Generator output
CONFIDENTIAL
38
Using PMUs to Locate Dynamic Problems

x
Inter-Area Mode - Generator Interpretation
Spring Magnetic Coupling between rotor & stator

STATOR FIELD STATOR FIELD
R TO RO
R TO RO
LD FIE
LD FIE
Oscillating power between generators / regions
Rotors = mass
CONFIDENTIAL
39

x
Inter-Area Mode - Generator Interpretation, neglecting damping
PE2
Freq =
(for multi-machine mode)
Decel Accel
Accel Decel
Freq F1
Export
Freq F2
Power PE1
Import
Power PE2
CONFIDENTIAL
40

x
Inter-Area Mode - Generator Interpretation, including damping

PD1 PE2
Freq =
(for multi-machine mode)
Decel Accel
Accel Decel
Freq F1
Export
Freq F2
Power PE1 Power PD1
Power PE2
Import
CONFIDENTIAL
41
Diagnosing Dynamics & Control Issues

x
Frequency Control Problem

x x x
x x x
Interconnector tripping Load-shed relay tripping Generator stress

61.5
Unknown source of problem Several recurrences Conventional measurement insufficient to diagnose
61
Frequency (Hz)
60.5
60
59.5
59
58.5 9:13
9:15
9:18
9:21
9:24
9:27
9:30
9:33
9:36
9:38
Time (hours:min)

x
WAMS with PMUs at key nodes
Poorly damped smallsignal oscillations diagnose without waiting for instability
Mode shape reveals common-mode oscillations
CONFIDENTIAL
43

x
WAMS records of oscillations help identify source

x x
Identify generator, if it is monitored Identify control area / region

Frq-Gen1 bus P-Gen1 P-circuit1 P-circuit2 Frq-Gen2 bus P-Gen2 P-circuit3 P-circuit4
66
Power (MW), Freq (mHz)
4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0
Power (MW), Freq (mHz)
44 22 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0
Generator 1
10 20 30 40
Generator 2
10 20 30 40
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Plant contributing strongly to grid oscillation identified Information to justify further investigation at plant Significant time, effort and cost saving to identify source
Parameter change
x
Change in phase relationship significantly affects system stability
Original Settings
0. 1
Fre qu enc y - Active P ower
0. 2
Target Settings
Fre qu enc y - Active P ower
0 .1 5
0. 1
0 .0 5
0 .0 5
-0 .0 5
-0 .0 5
-0. 1
-0. 1
P leads F by 90
Positive power excursion coincides with system acceleration, destabilising the system
-0 .1 5
-0. 2
-0 .1 5 2 .9 3 3.1 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8
-0 .2 5 3. 9 4 4.1 4 .2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4 .6 4. 7 4. 8
P leads F by 180 Power export from generator is positive

Net contibution of power to the oscillation is approximately zero
CONFIDENTIAL
45
Inter-Area Mode No Contribution to Damping

ie just passing through
~ 0.5Hz
Negative Contribution to Damping

ie causing grid oscillation
Positive Contribution to Damping

ie actively improving grid oscillation
Common Mode Positive Contribution to Damping

ie responding to grid oscillation
~ 0.05Hz
Negative Contribution to Damping

ie causing to grid oscillation
CONFIDENTIAL
47
Example
0.5Hz
CONFIDENTIAL
48
Statistical Methods to Identify Dynamics Issues

x x
Example 1: Iceland 0.45Hz mode Unit output correlates with poor damping of 0.45Hz mode
0.45Hz
60 P owe r (MW) & Deca y Time (s ) 50 40 30 20 10
6.5
7 7.5 Time from 12/08/07 00:00 (da ys )
CONFIDENTIAL
49

x
Example 2: 0.45Hz mode at South American hydro station

PDX1-3 Analysis - Betania-Gen Unit 3 - From 04/08/2009 15:01:24 GMT 100 Active Power (MW) 0 -100 -200 0 2 Amplitude (MW) 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 1 2 3 Time (Hours) 4 5 6
CONFIDENTIAL
50

x
Example: 0.45Hz mode at South American hydro station

Ac tive P owe r - Be ta nia -Ge n Unit 3 - From 04/08/2009 15:01:24 GMT -90
-100
-110 A ctive Pow er (M W )
-120
-130
-140
-150 5.29
5.3
5.31
5.32 5.33 Time (Hours )
5.34
5.35
5.36
CONFIDENTIAL
51

20
x x
Active Power (MW)
Example: 1.6Hz mode Wider application requires SCADA data for identifying generator(s)
Grootvlei -I1 Mulde rs vle i-Droe ri 2400A Mulde rs vle i-Ba cc hus P e gas us -I1
-20
-40
Power changes coinciding with appearance, start of Tau rise, & end of event
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
20
40
E S KOM - P HAS ORP OINT P DX2 - From 2009 OCT 28 08:00:00 Frequency (Hz) 2
60 Time (min)
80
100
120
20
40
60
80
100
120
Decay Time (s ec)
20 10 0 1
20
40
60
80
100
120
Amplitude (MW)
0.5
0 0.4
20
40
60
80
100
120
CONFIDENTIAL
52
Source Location Summary

x
Source location methods necessary

Required to understand observations and take actions Currently off-line processes, soon to be incorporated in PhasorPoint
Concepts applied practically in various power systems

Examples: Governor Mode Inter-Area Mode Common Mode
Two methods are complementary Psymetrix has unique experience in this field
Intellectual Property protected
CONFIDENTIAL
53
System Model Identification
CONFIDENTIAL
54
Plant View of Dynamic Model Validation
CONFIDENTIAL
55
Generator Stability Monitoring

PMU Signals Voltage phasors Current phasor Frequency Symmetrical components Dynamic response 50Hz sampling Continuous measurement
Governor/Prime Mover Mechanical/hydraulic dynamics Governor controller dynamics Prime mover dynamics Droop characteristics Typical frequency 0.01-0.1Hz
Generator/AVR/Exciter Electromechanical dynamics (0.2-2.0Hz) Power System Stabiliser effectiveness Control/Exciter modes Transient response
CONFIDENTIAL
56
Overview
x
Plant Performance Diagnostic Tests
Transfer Function Identification Tests

Bode Diagra m 0 Magnitude (dB) -5
-10
Mode Controllability Tests

Krafla
Phas e (de g)
-15 180
Sys tem: s ys Freque nc y (Hz): 0.051 Phas e (de g): 168
135
Inject
Blanda Fljtsdalur Measure Measure Sigalda
90 10
-1
Fre quency (Hz )
Sys te m: s ys 0 Frequency (Hz ): 0.989 10 Pha s e (de g): 96.7
PMU location 220kV 132kV 66kV
CONFIDENTIAL
57

x
Low impact tests of parameter sensitivity
Units 1&2 K & integrator Ti adjusted Mode amplitude & decay monitored 0.06Hz stability strongly influenced by governor controller time constant
CONFIDENTIAL
58

x
Low impact tests of parameter sensitivity

x x
Prior data review identifies when to test and when risk is heightened
CONFIDENTIAL
59
Generator Test Setup
CONFIDENTIAL
60
Instrumentation
x x
Data Acquisition: Test control:
gather measurements for analysis test controller observes generator operation

Generator Test Signal I/O and Visualisation Continuous read-out of key generator data (P, Q, V, )
WAMS observation of system stability
Controller under test
Isolation, amplification and manual over-ride of injected test signal
CONFIDENTIAL
61
Signal injection
Res pons e to S inus oidal Injection at AVR Input
Response to Sinusoidal Injection at AVR Input 49.6
Sinusoid frequency sweep

Active P ower (MW)
50.5 50 49.5 49 48.5 48 47.5

48.6 Ac tive P ower (MW) 49.4
Produce bode plots for transfer function measurement
49.2
49
48.8
47 46.5 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Time (s ecs ) 1200 1300 1400
660 662 664 666 668 670 Time (secs) 672 674 676
1500
Capacitanc e S WD 5.8uF S WL 1.1uF, s tep s ize 11.25 11.15 11.1 11.05 11 Voltage (kV) 10.95 10.9 10.85 10.8 10.75 10.7
22/02/07 13:10 to 13:15 0.5% 13:10 1% 13:13 2% 13:15
Step Response
x
11.2 11.15 11.1 Voltage (kV) 11.05 11 10.95 10.9 10.85 10.8
Various step sizes
3 Time(s ec)
3 Time(s ec)
CONFIDENTIAL
62
Generator Characterisation
x
Goals
x x
Process
x x x
Understand issues Tune and evaluate solution
Inject signal at input of controller
Inject at controller input Measure signals at key points Identify control blocks between measurement points
AVR circuit subsection
K1 Tx.s+1 Transfer Fcn1 K2 Gain1 T3.s+1 T4.s+1 Transfer Fcn 2
Vinject
AVR
VE
Vref
EXC
GEN
Vgen
1 In1
VERR
1 Out2
IF CONTROLLER NOT ACTIVE disconnect feedback for easier analysis

6
Time Response to AVR Step

Mode l Me as ure d
Original
3 2
Corrected
1
2
0
0
-1
-2
-2
-4
-3 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
CONFIDENTIAL
63
Controller Characterisation
x x x
Use physical model NOT standard form equivalent Model may require building from circuit diagrams Review block-by-block if necessary
SWL 1
SWFL
LV OP6
LV
1
1. 5
Measured response
OP5 1 D L FD 1
1
OP4
ERR
0. 5
F L
0
SWD SWFD
-0. 5
-1
50 0
1 0 00
1 5 00
2 0 00
2 50 0
3 00 0
3 50 0
4 00 0
Simulated response
VE VERR
1 In1
K1 Tx.s+1 Transfer Fcn1
K2 Gain1
T3.s+1 T4.s+1 Transfer Fcn 2
1 Out2
CONFIDENTIAL
64
x
Example of model fault-finding

Control circuit section identified
6 4

Mode l Me as ure d
VE
VERR
0
1 In1
K2 Gain1
1 Out2
-2
-4
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
Simulated
Bode Diagram 30
Observed
Output: AVR c ard point ERR / Input: AVR input to OP 6 24
20 Magnitude (dB)
23 Gain (dB)
10
22
21
3Hz peak
10
-1
-10
No 3Hz peak
20
10
10
-20 0
10 0 P has e (degre es )
Phase (deg)
-10 -20 -30 -40
-45
-45 phase shift at 1Hz

-90 10
-2
~ 0 phase shift to 1Hz

10
-1
10
-1
10
10
10
-50
Frequency (Hz)
10 Frequenc y (Hz)
10
CONFIDENTIAL
65
x
Example of model fault-finding

Control circuit section identified
3 2 1
VE
VERR
0 -1
1 In1
K2 Gain1
1 Out2
-2 -3
T4: 0.4s Corrected parameters

Bode Diagram 30 20 Magnitude (dB)
0.1s
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
Observed
Output: AVR c ard point ERR / Input: AVR input to OP 6 24
23 Gain (dB)
10 0 -10 -20 45
22
3Hz peak
21
3Hz peak
10
-1
20
10
10
-35 at 5Hz
P has e (degre es )
10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50
-40 at 5Hz
Phase (deg)
-45

-90 10
-1

10
-1
10
10
10
10
10 Frequenc y (Hz)
10
CONFIDENTIAL
Frequency (Hz)
66
Mode Controllability Tests

x
Instrumented generator / system tests

x
On-load sinusoidal AVR injection Plant on system System on plant

10 1.0 9
Assess influence
x x
Wide-Area Response to Blanda AVR Injection (System
Frequency measurement)
Controllability of oscillations
Krafla Mode
x 10
-4
Blanda Mode
SIGALDA BLANDAA BLANDAB KRAFLA KRAFLA
-Frequency -Frequency -Frequency -Frequency -Frequency
Amplitude (mHz)
0.88
7
AVR input probing
Max 0.8Hz observed
0.66
5
0.44
3
Krafla
Blanda Fljtsdalur
0.22
1
Sigalda
00
Swings seen 220kV 132kV 750km away 66kV

CONFIDENTIAL
PMU location
0.5
1 1
1.5
2 2
2.5
3 3
3.5
4 4
Frequency of AVR probing (Hz)

Outlook: Generator Modelling & Test

x
Commissioning, testing & tuning for

x x x
x x
AVR PSS Governor
Reduces generator downtime to commission changes Defined, automated test process, easy to follow procedure
Model Validation
CONFIDENTIAL
68
Future: Generator Model Parameter Identification

x
Use plant tests & external disturbances to

x x
x x x
Verify dynamic model of the plant Tune model parameters automatically
Accurate model needed by TSO for system stability Asset management, condition monitoring, diagnostics Reduce effort, downtime for MV
CONFIDENTIAL
69
Line Parameter Validation
CONFIDENTIAL
70
Line Parameters Estimation Methodology

x x
Use of voltage and current phasors from both line ends Quadripole long line model based
CONFIDENTIAL
71
Line Parameters Results
132 kV 100 km
37 s
Load Modelling
CONFIDENTIAL
73
Load modelling
x
Load models strongly affect stability

x x
Dynamics and oscillatory stability Voltage stability
Load models are aggregation of many devices

x x
Approximate Variable
CONFIDENTIAL
74
Voltage Stability & Load Models

x
Important factors
x x
Load recovery Generator limits
Source: Daniel Karlsson, Gothia Power, WAMPAC Zagreb, 2009

Voltage Stability & Load Models

x
Important factors
x x
Load recovery Generator limits
ACL: Armature Current Limiter FCL: Field Current Limiter
Source: Daniel Karlsson, Gothia Power, WAMPAC Zagreb, 2009

Load Models & Dynamic Performance

x x
Loads can be static or dynamic Load characteristics affect system dynamics
P loa d de pe nde nc y 0.85 0.8 0.75 Fre que nc y(Hz ) 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Da m ping Ra tio 0.06 0.07 0.08
Dynamic load
K 1 + sTr
P loa d=0 0% Dynamic load P loa d=1 100% Dynamic load

K=1 Tr=0.05
Increasing fraction of dynamic load
CONFIDENTIAL
77

x
Induction motor characteristics vary with unit size
f-P transfer function - motor templates
Source: Gerard Ledwich QUT, Australia NASPI Vancouver May 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
78

x
Aggregate effect varies with time Measured frequency characteristics

0.13Hz 0.5Hz
Source: Gerard Ledwich, QUT, Australia NASPI Vancouver, May 2010
CONFIDENTIAL
79
Load Modelling
x
Characterising smelter load: almost constant power

Size and rate of change of power important
Large industrial plant DC load NOT voltage dependent Large fast power transients
CONFIDENTIAL
80
Load Modelling
x x
Characterising smelter load: almost constant power but with major fast fluctuations
640 620 600 P ower (MW) 580 560 540 520 500 480 -800 -600
+80MW
-80MW 3 min
-400 -200 0 200 Time (s econds from 07-May-2010 18:55:34) 400 600
CONFIDENTIAL
81

DW ModelValidation v01

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

DW ModelValidation v01

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Power System Oscillations

Validation of Dynamic Models using WAMS

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Purpose & goals of model validation System view of dynamics

Generator, plant & load view

Identifying generator models Line & load modelling

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Power System Oscillations

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

About Psymetrix Wide-Area Solutions

Dynamic Performance Improvement

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Purpose & Goals of Model Validation

An accurate model helps...

Goals of model validation

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Dynamic Model Uncertainty

Uncertainty ALWAYS present in dynamic modelling

WAMS & Damping Monitoring used for dynamic model validation

Dynamic Model Uncertainty

Unrepresented dynamics threaten grid security

60Hz Cycle 15 sec 59Hz 22 Minutes

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Dynamic Model Uncertainty

Good representation helpful for improving control design

Measured response switching at 75MW

Active power [pu]

65 63 61 59 AVR 57 55 0 2 4 6 Time [s] 8 10 12 14 AVR_b

91 AVR Active power [pu] 90.5 AVR_b

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Dynamic Model Uncertainty

Poor representation better than nothing!

~0.03Hz Influenced by governor droop

Generator Voltage (pu)

Useful for identifying improvements Useless for identifying operating limits

Practical Dynamic Modelling

Model validation requires

Generator commissioning System enhancements System condition monitoring

WAMS + dynamics analysis tools complement dynamic modelling

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Power System Oscillations

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

PSS ENABLED PSS DISABLED

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Typical Wide-Area Monitoring

Phasor Measurement Units

Phasor Data Concentrator

Comms bottleneck Processing for applications

Visualisation for practical operator/analyst use

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

High Availability and Security Options

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

PhasorPoint User Interface Overview Screen

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

PhasorPoint User Interface Drill Down

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

PhasorPoint User Interface Historic Data Navigator

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

PhasorPoint User Interface Custom Graphs

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

PhasorPoint User Interface Oscillatory Stability

Copyright 2010 Psymetrix Limited

Power System Oscillations