2012 Cambridge Business & Economics Conference

ISBN : 9780974211428

The Impact of Environmental Advertisement, Health Consciousness and Personal Norm on Organic Food Consumption in Shanghai, China Bing Zhu
Department of Marketing Assumption University Thailand Email: bingzhu.mkt@gmail.com

ABSTRACT The consumption of organic food has risen due to consumers concerns over issues regarding the environmental problems, food safety and health. This study explores the effects of factors (environmental advertisements, health consciousness, and personal norms) on organic food consumption in Shanghai. The data was collected from 400 consumers at 4 Carrefour supermarkets in Shanghai who purchased organic food. All hypotheses were analyzed by SEM (structural equation model). The research outcomes revealed that organic food consumption was positively related with environmental advertisement (=0.56 p<0.001), health consciousness (=0.19, p<0.01), and personal norm (=0.22, p<0.001). The results imply that environmental advertisement is the chief factor for consumers to purchase organic food, and it is the most effective tool to reach those consumers who are aware of environmental and health issues. Keywords- Organic food, Environmental Advertisement, Personal Norm, Health Consciousness Paper type- Research paper

INTRODUCTION With the development of technology and the improvement of living standard,, as well as an increase in environmental problems, Chinese consumers concern over food quality and usage of chemical residues has been accumulated (Sternfeld, 2009). Doubtless, Chinese people recently pay increasingly attention to what they have eaten every day. However, to a certain extent, the safety of the food products in the market is not really labeled by manufacturers. It is somewhat difficult for consumers to obtain sufficient knowledge of
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food quality and safety due to asymmetric information on food production methods, processes and even distribution (Casell & Mojduszka, 1996). Therefore, there is a need to call for participation, support and cooperation from both the government as well as the general public to build a qualified system to keep eying food detection and certification, through which the accessibility of food information in terms of quality, safety and legitimacy will be extended (Choi & Jesen, 1991). The China Organic Food Certification Center (COFC) was established in 2002, which has supervises the process of organic farming and production. Organic products are identified as products that do not contain any conventional pesticides, fertilizers or irradiation throughout the production and process (NOP) and also through organic farming, biodiversity, biological circulation and ecological harmony are able to be enhanced and improved(NOP). In China, products that contain more than 95 percent organic ingredients are labeled as organic, and processed food that contain less than 95 percent but more than 75 percent organic ingredients are labeled as manufactured with organic ingredients(Sternfeld, .2009) Recently Chinese consumers concern more on environmental friendly products. Therefore, China has shown its significant growth through both production and consumption of organic products (Ip, 2003; Sanders, 2006; Willer& Yussefi, 2006). Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou at present are the major markets for organic food due to higher living standards, where the supermarkets such as Carrefour and Wal-Mart are major channels for the sales of organic food (Sternfeld, 2009). As compared to conventional food, organic food is marketed as high quality and at a premium price. According to Kan (2010), income level is a key factor that determines the demand for environmental friendly products. Chinese consumers in second-tier and third-tier cities have less interest in purchasing environmental friendly products than those in wealthier cities such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, etc. In other words, organic food is perceived as a high-priced specialized food for a niche market in China. It is interesting to note that the sales of organic food have soared by 50 percent due to the recent food scandals reported by public media (Baer, 2007), which implied that with a higher consumer awareness of food safety and environmental issue, there is a big opportunity for
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organic food industry to fill the gap through sustainable development. In this study, mainly the researcher first studies the influence of media effects on consumers purchase of organic food through environmental advertising effects (Environmental Advertisement). The researcher focuses on traditional mass media such as television, radio and print. Second, as consumers awareness of health has increased, the researcher tends to investigate the impact of health consciousness on consumers purchase of organic food (Health Consciousness). Third, the researcher aims to study how personal moral obligation influence consumers purchase of organic food (Personal Norm). LITERATURE REVIEW Organic Food Consumption (OC): The term Organic refers to the products that do not contain any fertilizer pesticide or other chemicals throughout the farming, production and process (Hutchins & Greenhalgh, 1997). From foreign perspective, consumers have generated understanding and knowledge of organic which has boosted the consumption in foreign countries (Hutchins & Greenhalgh, 1997). According to Manget, et al. (2009), organic foods were ranked 20 out of 108 product categories, and consumers believed that organic foods represent superior quality as compared to conventional foods. Rahbar &Wahid (2011) conducted a research in Malaysia to study the impact of publicity on consumers perception and awareness of green products. As for Chinese market, organic food has been more available in the market than before. The government has strived to popularize environmental protection knowledge among Chinese people and raise their consciousnesses about environmental preservation and health issues in order to cultivate fine environmental ethics and codes of conduct. Affluent Chinese people are willing to pay premium price for the foods that contain natural ingredients, and they prefer purchasing organic foods at supermarkets. However, there is no specific empirical research about consumers purchase of organic food in China. Environmental Advertisement (Eads): As the general public is now more aware of environmental issues than before, environmental advertisements are chosen by organizations that have a concern for the green
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movement as an effective means to promote environmental-friendly products in the market. The purpose of launching an environmental advertisement campaign is to encourage consumers to purchase products that are environmentally-friendly, and to make the consumers be aware of the outcomes from their consumption habits (Rahbar &Wahid, 2011). Baldwin (1993) found that environmental advertisement is an effective tool for consumers to convert their values and beliefs into actual purchase of green products. More importantly, environmental advertising is able to strike a chord with audiences and customers who may be able to build up a firm sense of duty towards environment (Ong et al., 2007). The manufacturers and retailer will also foster a positive corporate image. Health Consciousness (HC): At this moment, health has become a hot issue as Chinese people are aware of the negative impact of environment degradation. At the same time, Chinese people also realize that the biggest threat to their health is unhealthy lifestyle, and maintaining a healthy diet is fast gaining support among young people. Eating organic food and green food stand for a healthy diet. Health concern more likely becomes a powerful motive for consumers to buy organic food (Davies et al., 1995; Tregear et al., 1994; Wander & Bugge, 1997; Magnusson et al., 2003). Health, to a great extent, is perceived as a chief factor for the acquisition of organic food (Lockie et al., 2002; Grankvist & Biel, 2001). Personal Norm (PN): A personal norm reflects peoples moral obligation which is a very influential factor for environmental buying behavior (Hopper & Nielson, 1991; Stern & Dietz, 1994; Stern, Dietz & Black, 1986; Vining & Ebreo, 1992). Based on the study of recycling consumerism (Ebreo et al., 1999), consumers have generated a sense of obligation to recycle, which is associated with product attributes that are designed for environmental preservation. In other words, moral demand can be perceived as a motive for consumers buying behavior towards environmental-friendly products. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The modified research conceptual framework (Figure 1) was developed based on the previous studies of Rahbar& Wahi (2011), Tanner & Kast (2003), Pieniak et al., (2008), and Ahmad et al (2010). The research
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aims to identify how environmental advertisement, health consciousness and personal norm affect consumers consumption of organic food in Shanghai. In addition, the research intends to investigate the interrelationship among environmental advertisement, health consciousness, and personal norm. Hence, based on the conceptual framework and the objectives of this research, the researcher has developed a set of seven hypotheses to support this research. H1o: There is no relationship between environmental advertisement and consumers organic consumption H2o: There is no relationship between health consciousness and organic consumption H3o: There is no relationship between personal norm and organic consumption H4o: There is no relationship between environmental advertisement and personal norm H5o: There is no relationship between environmental advertisement and health consciousness RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 400 respondents who have bought organic food from 4 branches of Carrefour supermarkets in Shanghai participated in this research. The researcher sequentially went through three processes to obtain the data, which are simple random sampling, quota sampling, and convenience sampling. Simple random sampling was applied by the researcher, through which the researcher used drawing technique in order to give every member of the population an equal chance to be selected in the sample (Zikmund, 2003). 4 branches out of a total of 19 Carrefour branches in Shanghai city were chosen, which approximately accounts for 21 percent of the total number of branches. Quota sampling was used to determine the number of respondents assigned to each Carrefour branch selected since the data was collected from 400 respondents in 4 branches. 100 respondents were assigned to each branch. Convenience sampling was used for distributing questionnaires to the respondents who were available during opening hours in 4 Carrefour branches. The Five-point Likert scale was also applied in a four-part questionnaire ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) was applied. In addition, a structural equation model was employed, and overall fit
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of the model was indicated by Chi-square (x ), Goodness-of-fit index (GFI), Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), Adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), TUCKER-Lewis index (TLI), Normed fit index (NFI), and Comparative fit index (CFI). RESEARCH FINDING The majority of respondents were males that account for 54.7 percent. Most of the respondents (49 percent) are in the age group of 31 to 35 years old. In terms of educational level, the highest percentage was bachelors degree with 47.9 percent. In addition, 42.2 percent of the respondents have their monthly income between 3,001 RenMinBi and 4,000 RenMinBi. Moreover, 40.9 percent of the respondents are employed in private sector. In addition, as the research applied SEM (Structural Equation Model) to test the hypotheses, the results of overall fit statistics for seven factors and path analysis is shown on Table 1 and Table 2. Overall fit statistics for seven factors indicated the model in this study provided an adequate fit to the data (p<0.01). The hypotheses testing results shown in Table 2 support that all hypotheses are found at significant levels, in which hypotheses 1, 3,4,5 are statistically significant at .001 level (p<.001), and hypothesis 2 is statistically significant at.01 level (p<.01). Therefore, all the null hypotheses are rejected, which indicates that there are significant relationships between variables (Figure 1). CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS As the issues of suitability and food safety have exploded into popular media in China in recent years, the main objective of the study was to explore the impact of environmental advertisements, health consciousness and personal norms on organic food consumption in Shanghai, China. For the consumers in Shanghai, environmental advertisement is the chief factor to buy organic food products. Environmental advertisement positively influences consumers organic consumption as environmental advertisement is an effective tool that can arouse general publics awareness of environmental problems. This finding corresponds with Baldwin (1993), Chase & Smith (1992). Also, environmental
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advertisement can help consumers to form value and convert it into their purchase behavior by stressing powerful benefits of consuming environmental friendly products. Based on the message that environmental advertisement sends to the general public, consumers buying decisions have been influenced. Personal norm has a significant impact on consumers consumption of organic food in Shanghai, which reflects that moral thinking is involved in consumers purchase decisions in Shanghai. This finding is in line with Hopper and Nielson (1991), Stern et al. (1986), Stern and Dietz (1994), Vining and Ebreo (1992), Ebreo (1999) and Tanner and Kast (2003). The statement of everybody has a responsibility to contribute to environmental preservation by buying food products that do not contain any conventional pesticides, fertilize and chemical residues gained a mean score of 4.01 out of 5, which can be interpreted that consumers in Shanghai contribute their efforts to environmental improvement and preservation by consuming more organic foods products. Health consciousness also positively influences consumers purchase of organic food. This finding is in line with Davies et al. (1995), Tregear et al. (1994), Wandel and Bugge (1997) and Magnisson et al. (2003). It can be interpreted that even though people pay attention to health more than before, the importance of health consciousness as a motive of organic food consumption in Shanghai is less than other factors that are environmental advertisement and personal norm. When people make a buying decision regarding organic food, mostly they are influenced by the information exposed to the environmental advertisement rather than health consciousness. In addition, environmental advertisement has significant impact on personal norm and health consciousness, which means that environmental advertisements have instilled an awareness of environment preservation and health lifestyle to consumers daily lives. Consumers have gradually converted their concerns over environment and health issues to the environmental buying actions. They have perceived buying environmental friendly products as an environmental responsible manner. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 4, and Hypothesis 5: The products should be advertised with specific, detailed
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and transparent information. For example, how many percent of emissions will be reduced by consuming environmental-friendly products as compared to conventional products? What particular or real benefits will consumers get from consuming environmental-friendly products? Once consumers have a clear understanding about the impact of their consumption, consuming environmental-friendly products such as organic food will be perceived as a merit to the environmental improvement. Moreover, the manufacturers, advertisers, marketers should stress products attributes which are better for health so that consumers can see benefits from consuming organic food products. Hypothesis 2: Chinese consumers keep eyes on food production due to the food scandals in recent years, so the most important thing for them before making buying decision is to check ingredients and production methods. Many consumers try to purchase the products that are antibiotic-free, hormone-free and glutenfree. In addition, safety of food storage and delivery are other issues that the consumers pay an everincreasing attention to. The marketers and advertisers should truthfully give accurate information regarding to the production methods, ingredients, product storage and delivery to eliminate consumers worries over the potentiality that the products may be polluted. In addition, the nutrition level and insightful recommendations regarding to healthy lifestyle should be stressed in order to improve consumers knowledge and understanding of organic food consumption. Hypothesis 3: Moral consideration is a driving factor for Chinese consumers to buy organic food. The marketers and advertisers should highlight the significant impact of environmental buying behavior on the environmental improvement as exhaustive as possible to activate consumers moral obligation. For example, the consumption of organic food should be perceived as a contribution from the consumers, and the impact of purchasing recycle, energy efficient product or hazard-free products on development of low-carbon society and green environment should be emphasized.

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REFERENCES Ahmand, H., Shah, A. I., & Ahmand, K. (2010). Factors in advertising influencing consumers purchase intention. European Journal of Scientific Research, 48(2), 217-226. Baer, Natalie (2007). The spread of organic food in China. China Environment Forum, A China Environmental Health Research Project Research Brief, accessed July 27, 2009 www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=331492l Baer, Natalie (2007). Going organic: Certification and projects promoting safer agriculture and organics in
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http://

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China. China Environment Forum, A China Environmental Health Research Project Research Brief, accessed July 27, 2009 http:// www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=350674 Baldwin, P. (1993). Advertisers beginning to see green. The Dallas Morning News, J1-J11. Casell, J. A., & Mojduszda, M. E. (1996).Using informational labeling to influence the Market for Quality in food Products. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78(5), 1248-1253. Chase, D., & Smith, T. K. (1992). Consumers keen on green but marketers don't deliver. Advertising Age, 63,June. Choi, E. K., & Jensen, H. H. (1991). Modeling the effect of risk on food demand and the implications for regulation. In J.A. Caswell (Ed), Economics of Food Safety. New York, NY: Elsevier, 29-44. Davies, A., Tetterington, A. J., & Cochrane, C. (1995). Who buy organic food? A profile of the purchasers of organic food in Northern Ireland. British Food Journal, 97(10), 17-23. Ebreo, A., Hershey, J., & Vining, J. (1999). Reducing solid waste. Linking recycling to environmentally responsible consumerism. Environment and Behavior, 31, 107-135. Gefen, D. D.W., Straub, M-C.,& Boudreau. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Comm. Assoc. Inform Systems, 4(7), 1-70. Grankvist, G., & Biel, A. (2001). The importance of beliefs and purchase criteria in the choice of eco-labeled food products. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 405-410. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis, (5th ed), Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Hopper, J. R., & McCarl-Nielsen, J. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behavior. Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment & Behavior, 23, 195-220. Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. Hutchins, R.K., & Greenhalgh, L.A. (1997). Organic confusion: sustaining competitive advantage. British Food Journal, 99 ( 9),.336 - 338 Ip, Y. (2003). The marketability of eco-products in China's affluent cities. Management of Environmental Quality, 14(5), 577-589. Kan, J. (2010). Environmentally Friendly Consumer Emerge. China Bus Rev, 37 (3), 42-45. Washington, DC: US-China Business Council Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G., & Mummery, K. (2002). Eating "Green": Motivations behind organic
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food consumption in Australia. Sociologia Ruralis, 42(1), 23-40. Magnusson, M. K., Arvola, A., Koivisto Hursti, U. K., Aberg, L. & Sjoden, P. O. (2003). Choice of organic foods is related to perceived consequences for human health and to environmentally friendly behavior. Appetite, 40(2), 109-117. Manget, J., Roche, C., & Muennich, F. ( 2009). Capturing the green advantage for consumer companies. The Boston Consulting Group. NOP : National Organic Program ( US organic standard) Ong, D., & Phau, I. (2007). An investigation of effects of environmental claims in promotional message for clothing brands. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 25,772-788. Rahbar, E., & Wahid, A. N. (2011). Investigation of green marketing tools' effect on consumers' purchase behavior. Business Strategy Series, 12(2), 73-83. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Sanders, R. (2006). A Market Road to Sustainable Agriculture? Ecological agriculture, green food and organic agriculture in China. Development and Change, 37 (1), 201-226. Segars, A. H., & Grover, V. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: a confirmatory factor analysis. MIS Quarterly, 17(4 (December)), 517525. Shaharudin, R.M.,Pani, J.J., Mansor, W.S., & Elias, J.S. (2010). Factors affecting purchase intention of organic food in Malaysias Kedah State. Cross-Cultural Communication, 6(2), 105-116. Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 65-84. Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Black, S. S. (1986). Support for environmental protection: The role of moral norms. Population and Environment, 8, 204-222. Sternfeld, E. (2009). Organic food Made in China. EU-CHINA Civil Society Forum. Tanner,C.& Kast, W. S.(2003). Promoting sustainable consumption: Determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers. Psychology & Marketing, 20(10), 883-902. Tregear, A., Dent, J.B. & McGregor, M.J. (1994). The demand for organically grown produce. British Food Journal, 96(4), 21-5. Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (1990). Whatmak es a recycler? A comparison of recyclers and nonrecyclers. Environment & Behavior, 22, 55-73. Wander, M. & Bugge, A. (1997). Environmental concern in consumer evaluation of food quality. Food Quality and Preference, 8(1), 19-26. Willer, H., & Yussefi, M. (2006). The world of organic agriculture: Statistics and emerging trends. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Bonn.
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Zikmund, G. W. (2003). Business research methods (7 ed). Ohio: South-Western.

Table 1: Fit indices

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Fit Indices X2/df RMSEA GFI AGFI NFI TLI CFL

Recommended Value 5.00 (Hair et al., 1998) 0.08 (Hair et al., 1998) 0.90 (Hu and Bentler, 1999) 0.80 (Segars and Grover, 1993) 0.90(Hair et al., 1998) 0.90(Hair et al., 1998) 0.90(Gefen et al., 2000)

Structural Model 2.237 0.056 0.930 0.908 0.932 0.954 0.961

Measurement Model 1.345 0.029 0.954 0.940 0.959 0.987 0.989

Table 2: Path analysis by Structural Equation Modeling

Hypothesis H1: EA OC H2:HC OC H3:PN OC H4: EA PN H5:EA HC Notes: *** p < 0.001; ** P<0.01 0.56 0.19 0.22 0.44 0.40 t-value 8.101 3.241 3.361 7.568 6.747 p-value *** .001** *** *** *** supported Yes (P<.001) Yes (P<.01) Yes (P<.001) Yes (P<.001) Yes (P<.001)

Figure 1: Modified conceptual framework

OC H3 PN H2 H5 HC H4 H1 Eads

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Hypothesis

H1o: There is no relationship between environmental advertisement and organic consumption H2o: There is no relationship between health consciousness and concern and organic consumption H3o: There is no relationship between personal norm concern and consumers organic consumption H4o: There is no relationship between environmental advertisement and personal norm H5o: There is no relationship between environmental advertisement and health consciousness

Results Reject (P<.001) Reject (P<.01) Reject (P<.001) Reject (P<.001) Reject (P<.001)

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