David Dean, PhD Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL Bureau of Entomology Division of Plant Industry Florida Department of Agriculture
FDACS
Anastrepha suspensa
Caribbean Fruit Fly Greater Antillean Fruit Fly
Became established in Florida in 1965
Rhagoletis pomonella
Now ranges from Canada to Mexico (Manitoba & Nova Scotia to Texas & Florida; Utah; Colorado; Coahuila to Michoacan; introduced from Washington to California)
Apple Maggot
Toxotrypana curvicauda
Male
Female
Aculeus - ovipositor
eversible membrane micro sensory seta
A. suspensa
A. obliqua
Spermatheca are sack like receptacles in the female which acts as a reservoir for storing live sperm until required for fertilization during oviposition.
Dispersal Potential
further possible movement of the pest
Economic Impact
crop losses loss of export markets control costs
Environmental Impact
possible environmental effects of control measures native species displacement
Introduction Potential
(pathways) the origin of the pest and frequency contact
Ten most intercepted families of insect pests on passenger baggage from 1990-2004 USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Rank Family 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Diaspididae Tephritidae Curculionidae Pseudococcidae Agromyzidae Tortricidae Crambidae Coccidae Aleyrodidae Thripidae Description armored scales fruit flies weevils mealybugs miner flies tortricid moths crambid snout moths soft scales, wax scales whiteflies thrips Total 69,368 45,211 26,320 24,239 15,129 13,176 11,879 11,248 7,866 4,838 Percent 30.3 19.7 11.5 10.6 6.6 5.7 5.2 4.9 3.4 2.1
Anastrepha
Ceratitis Dacus
Bactrocera
Range is from Venezuela to Brazil and Argentina. It was detected in the eastern provinces of Panama, May 2009. A quarantine was imposed July 2009 to contain the outbreak.
Anastrepha ludens
Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL
Anastrepha serpentina
Range extends from USA (s. Texas) to Peru & Argentina, and is also established in Trinidad. There is no known male attractant.
Anastrepha striata
The range extends from Mexico south to Bolivia & Brazil. It is occasionally trapped in past in USA (southern Texas), but not currently established. There is no known male attractant.
Diversity 770+ species combined Potential Pests USDA/APHIS REGULATED PEST LIST
Potential Pest USDA/APHIS* B. correcta (Guava Fruit Fly) *B cucurbitae (Melon Fruit Fly) *B. dorsalis (Oriental Fruit Fly) *B. tsuneonis (Orange Fruit Fly) B. zonata (Peach Fruit Fly) Possible Pests B. carambolae (Carambola Fruit Fly) B. facialis B. latifrons (Solanum Fruit Fly) B. philippinensis New Pest B. invadens
Infestations in Tonga
Chili, capsicum 97-100% guava 90%
This polyphagous pest attacks 72 host species in 54 genera and 33 families and is potentially a major pest species, if it is spread outside Tonga. It has been detected outside of Tonga in New Zealand, Hawaii, and California.
Bactrocera correcta
Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL
Bactrocera cucurbitae
Melon Fly
Melon fly Host: Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) Photo: Konrad Englberger
The melon fly is a native species in tropical Asia and is now also established in Hawaii, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Guam and the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. This pest species causes considerable damage to all cucurbit crops everywhere it occurs. In PNG 95% of bitter gourd fruits are infested.
Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis
Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL
This is an Oriental species from China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand, but also with adventive populations established in Hawaii since 1983. It invaded the Africa continent in Tanzania during 2007 and has been detected in California. It attacks mainly solanaceous crops such as chilli, eggplant and tomato.
First detected in California in October 1998, it is now found in all olive growing areas of the state. Use of olive trees as ornamentals is increasing in Florida, and fruit from these trees probably could support olive fruit fly development.
Among the 52 sibling species complex of the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. papayae (Drew & Hancock) is beginning to emerge as an economically important insect pest which poses a severe threat to the fruit cultivation in the South-east Asian region as well as in many subtropical and tropical countries. It is able to occupy a wide geographic and climatic range and attacks a very wide range of fruits and vegetables. It infests some 210 species of fruits and vegetables in 112 genera and 47 plant families, making it probably one of the most damaging species in the world. Alarmingly. it has demonstrated that it is able to infest fruits such as citrus and pawpaw at the unripe stage.
Another example of a potential pest of the 52 sibling species complex of the Oriental fruit fly is B. philippinensis, which is present in the Philippines where it is known to attack papaya (Carica papaya), mango (Mangifera indica), Syzygium malaccense, Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and Pouteria duklitan. It has recently extended its distribution into the Pacific islands of Palau. Although the current host range is limited to the hosts listed, it is likely to have wider host range similar to that of oriental fruit fly and therefore, is potentially serious pest species.
The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is common in Australia (eastern half of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, extreme east of Victoria). It is the most destructive fruit fly species in Australia. Although currently eradicated from western Australia this species has been introduced into New Guinea, New Caledonia, French Polynesia (Austral Is., Society Is.), Easter I. It attacks over 113 species of edible and wild fruits and fleshy vegetables.
Bactrocera tsuneonis
B. tsuneonis is indigenous to eastern Asia (Japan, China, Taiwan, Viet Nam), but like other Bactrocera spp. is known by experience to have the potential to establish adventive populations in various other tropical areas. It is stenophagous attacking exclusively Citrus, especially mandarins. It is one of the most important pests of citrus in Japan. There is no known male attractant.
After the discovery of at least six flies in the Mayfair district of Fresno California in 2006 & 2007, the California Department of Agriculture initiated State Quarantines.
Genus: Ceratitis
Diversity 78 species About ten species are listed as pests that are mostly restricted to Africa. The Med fly is the most polyphagous and widespread species of Tephritidae and is by far the most notorious pest species in the genus. Potential Pests USDA Regulated Pest List C. capitata (Mediterranean Fruit Fly) C. rosa (Natal Fruit Fly) C. cosyra (Marula Fruit Fly)
Ceratitis capitata
Ceratitis rosa
Like the Med Fly, the Natal fruit fly causes damage to a wide range of unrelated fruit crops. Peaches and guavas are particularly favored.
Ceratitis cosyra
C. cosyra is a pest of mangoes (Mangifera indica), but is also recorded from a few other fruit crops including avocados (Persea americana), Citrus and peaches (Prunus persica). It resembles C. capitata in biology and survival capacity but possibly, in view of its essentially tropical distribution, it is even less tolerant of winter cold.
Seed Damage
NEW FIND Los Angeles, CA, July 2009 Trapped 5 specimens in cue lure baited traps
3 stripes
First detected in Japan in 2006. Single flies were trapped in 1987 and 1999 in California and 8 in Los Angeles 2009. Some hosts are cucumber and squash.
Isthmus of Panama
Sterile primary screw worm flies are released weekly maintaining a barrier to prevent re-introduction into North America
100,000,000 Sterile Med Fly pupae are received from production facilities in Guatemala each week and sterile adults are release over 600 square miles 3. Miami:
(Miami-Dade & Broward Counties)
Twin engine turbo prop air craft equipped with a release machine consisting of compressor and teflon coated augers for a controlled release rate
Temperature controlled chilled sterile fly release box loaded on aircraft release machine (38 F)
Male
Occurs in China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand. It became established in Hawaii in 1990 and most recently in California, Florida, Oregon, and Washington in the US spring 2009 where it infests blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries, and strawberries.
90 80 70
120 100
Weeks
Total Flies
Acknowledgements: Distribution Maps Arnold Bailey and Renae Snyder Photos: USDA, FDACS, CDFA, Ministry of Agriculture Brazil