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Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Modern Optics

Alexander Quandt
Institut fr Physik, Uni Greifswald

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Literature
A somewhat personal selection :
L. Novotny and B. Hecht, Principles of Nano-Optics, Cambridge University Press (2006). H. C. Van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles, Dover (1982). B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, Wiley (2007).

J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn and R. D. Meade, Photonic crystals (2nd ed.), Princeton University Press (2008).
M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics (7th ed.), Cambridge University Press (1999).

M. A. Silverman, Waves and Grains, Princeton University Press (1998).


J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.), Wiley (1999).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Introduction

Photons, colors & butterflies

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Wanted- dead or alive ! The photon


Description:
-Zero mass. -Spin 1, but only two directions of

polarization!

- Tends to disguise, once as a particle,

once as a wave.

Is responsible for acts of light and massive electromagnetic exchange.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Witnesses (see: Mead)


Witness 1: According to the assumption to be contemplated here, when a light ray is spreading from a point, the energy is not distributed continuously over ever-increasing spaces, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are localized in points in space, move without dividing, and can be absorbed or generated only as a whole. (1905) Would it not be possible to replace the hypothesis of light quanta by another assumption that would also fit the known phenomena? If it is necessary to modify the elements of the theory, would it not be possible to retain at least the equations for the propagation of radiation and conceive only the elementary processess of emission and absorption differently than they have been until now ? (1909)

(A. Einstein)

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Witnesses (see: Mead)


Witness 2: It is generally assumed that a radiating body emits light in every direction, quite regardless of whether there are near or distant objects which may ultimately absorb that light; in other words that it radiates into space. I am going to make the contrary assumption that an atom never emits light except to another atom I propose to eliminate the idea of mere emission of light and substitute the idea of transmission, or a process of exchange of energy between two definite atoms both atoms must play coordinate and symmetrical parts in the process of exchange (1926)

(G. N. Lewis, who coined the word photon)

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Photons finally caught ?

From : Nature 433, p. 230-238, Jan. 2005.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

A classical experiment (Taylor)


See: Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 15, 114-115 (1909) Fundamental question: Does a particle-like photon still produce interference patterns, thus acting like a wave ?

Description of experiment: Produce diffraction pattern of a needle using light from a gas
flame, and record results on a photographic plate.

Gradually dim the gas light by inserting a series of opaque plates, until one single photon at a time should hit the photographic plate, only.
Extreme case corresponds to standard candle more than one mile away, and an exposure time of roughly three months.

Result: no change in the interference patterns, even for longest exposures !

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

A modern experiment (Grangier, Roger, Aspect)


See: Europhys. Lett. 1, 173-179 (1986)

Detects a left going photon 1, and thus signals the emission of a right going photon 2. S1

Detects reflected photon 2.

R 2 Detects transmitted photon 2. T2

Source produces two correlated photons.

50/50 beam splitter.

1.

Semiclassical theory (quantized atoms and classical electromagnetic fields): R2 and T2 should occasionally detect in coincidence, because detection probability is proportional to square of field amplitudes. Quantum mechanical theory (quantized atoms and photons): R2 or T2 measure position of photon 2. Thus they should never detected in coincidence. This was actually seen by Grangier, Roger and Aspect.

2.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

De Broglie Waves
Electrons as matter waves:

(L. De Broglie, Nobel Lectures in Physics 1922-1941, p.239-259).


Louis De Broglie

Free electron theory:


(Collective model characterized by Fermi energy EF and Fermi wavenumber kF)

Fermi wavelength lF amounts to several , only.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Einsteins propsal : A similar theory of light


Photonic plane wave:

(Leads to proper interpretation of Plancks theory of blackbody radiation).

Cavity resonator (collective photon system):


(Closed [rectangular] box of mirrors containing light. The latter comprises of a set of modes, each of them containing an integral number n of photons. Characteristics of each mode are assigned to the photon).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Whispering Gallery Modes


Acoustic paradigms:

Photonic analogues:
Microdisk whispering gallery modes: Tamboli et al., Nature Photonics 1, 61 (2007).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

The model:

Round trip after N reflections: Resonance frequencies n :

p/N
d a

Whispering gallery mode

Reflecting mirror

Level spacing:

Many reflections:

Similar to bouncing acoustic waves in churches or art galleries (whispering gallery modes).
Whispering gallery mode in dielectric microsphere

Also with dielectrics (microspheres, micropillars, total reflections).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Re-discovering Planck: Thermal light


The model:
System of photons and atoms at thermal equilibrium. Interactions through absorption, spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. System contained within cavity at temperature T. Atoms are sitting in the walls of the cavity. They are described by twolevel systems, where the levels 1 and 2 are separated by an energy hn. Blackbody system, able to absorb all of the incoming light (continuum).
T

E2
hn

nav

E1
N1(t) N2(t)

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Spontaneous emission:

Absorption:

Stimulated emission:

Resulting rate equation (ignoring nonradiative processes) :

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Add missing thermodynamical ingredients:


Atoms at temperature T are in thermal equilibrium, and their level populations are thus Boltzmann distributed.

Average energy of radiation mode:

Spectral energy density:


r(n)

Blackbody radiation spectrum

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Natural black body radiation


Our sun:

Cosmic microwave background:

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Radiative transfer between atoms (see: Mead)


Atoms as two-level systems:
E2 E1

The model:
Two atoms act like small dipole oscillators, and energy is radiatively transferred between them.

Starting configuration:
Atom I initially in state 2, but slightly perturbed:

Atom II initially in state 1, with matching perturbation:

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Oscillating dipole moments:

Hellman-Feynman theorem:

Basic behaviour of this model system:


Radiative coupling decreases energy of first atom (AI increases and BI decreases). On the other hand, it increases energy of second atom (AII decreases and BII increases). The rate of energy loss (or energy gain) is supposed to be proportional to the square of the oscillating amplitude dAIBI (or dAIIBII).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Time evolution of model system:

Solutions:

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Observations:
Preconditions: At the beginning, some perturbation puts both atoms in a mixed state with exactly the same difference of energies and exactly the right phase. Self reinforced: transferred energy increases minority state, thus increasing the dipole moment, thus reinforcing the coupling ... Continuous exchange of a photon ! (see below)

Comment:

Are there quantum jumps ? (E. Schrdinger)

There are no quantum jumps, nor are there particles ! (Manifesto of H. D. Zeh)

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Semiclassical Model (see: Scully & Sargant, Physics Today March 1972)
General scheme:
This is the original scan

Accounts for:
atom-field interactions

stimulated emission
resonance fluorescence photoelectric effect (!!!) .

Shortcomings:
Spontaneous emission:
No dipole associated with pure quantum state, thus no decay of excited states.
We need to add vacuum fluctuations (i.e. noise !!!).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

For Heretics

Professors

W. E. Lamb, Jr., Anti-Photon, Appl. Phys. B 60, 77-84 (1995)


at the first of the 1960s Rochester Coherence Conferences, I suggested that a license be required for use of the word photon, and offered to give such a license to properly qualified people. My records show that nobody working in Rochester, and very few other people elsewhere, ever took out a license to use the word photon

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Nano-Optics in a Nutshell (see: Novotny/Hecht)


About the resolution limit (i.e. Rayleight limit) :

Breaking the resolution limit:

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Problem:

Solution (Nano-Optics):

Optical antenna, see http://www.optics.rochester.edu/workgroups/novotny/antenna.html

Introduce matter, such that unphysical solutions are sorted out, and replaced by physical solutions, due to suitable boundary conditions. Problematic vacuum case becomes irrelevant.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

J. W. von Goethe & I. Newton

See:
N. Ribe and F. Steinle, Physics Today July 2002, p. 43.

As to what I have done as a poet I take no pride in it but that in my century I am the only person who knows the truth in the difficult science of colours of that, I say, I am not a little proud, and here I have a consciousness of a superiority to many.

Newtons color circle with seven sections proportial to diatonic musical scale. Mixed color z obtained through azimuthal center of gravity calculation. Radial position determines saturation.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Sunlight and Colors

Energy: 3.1-1.77 eV 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2.0 1.77

red

Wavelength: 400-700 nm

blue

400

450

500

550

yellow

green

violet

Visible ranges:

nm 600 650 700 eV

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Rainbows and the deep blue sky


??? (2) (4) (1) (3) Rainbow over Newtons birthplace. Sketches of a rainbow from Newtons Opticks.

Observations:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Primary bow (violet inside, red outside). A faint and inverted secondary bow. Darkened area between bows (Alexanders band) Interference patterns. Polarization (use polarization filters).

??? Why is the sky blue, and why are the sunsets red ???

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Exploratory experimentation
Experiment 1 (Prism, dispersive refraction):
Red light Blue light White light

Experiment 2 (Domestic rainbow):


Rainbows can also be observed on a sunny day, for example while finally cleaning your car outside with a pressurized water gun, or around garden sprinklers, or

Experiment 3 (Milk):
Take milk fresh from the cow, and dilute it with water inside a large glass container.
Liquid appears blueish. And reddish on direct transmission.

The rainbow and the blue sky must be caused by the dispersive scattering of daylight on water droplets, dust, molecules .

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

A geometrical water droplet model


Class 3 (primary r.)

Reflections and dispersive refractions:


Class 2 Primary rainbow consists of class 3 rays that undergo one internal reflection. Secondary rainbow consists of class 4 rays that undergo two internal reflections. Higher orders illuminate darkened area between bows (black otherwise).

Impact parameter

Higher orders Incident ray

Water droplet
Class 4 (secondary r.)

Class 1

Examine diffusion angle a as a function of impact parameter for rays of class 3 and class 4 (explains origin of darkened area between bows):
- With increasing impact parameter, the diffusion angle of class 3 decreases from 180, goes through a minimum around 138, and increases again. - Similarly, class 4 increases from 0 and goes through a maximum at 130.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Colors of the rainbow and interference effects


Generation of colors:
Droplet is uniformly illuminated. Maximum intensity in a region where diffusion angle varies slowest with impact parameter (i.e. extrema). The so-called rainbow ray is a class 3 ray that is scattered at the minimum diffuse angle (i.e. rainbow angle).

Dispersive refraction:
Rainbow angle 13758 for red light.
Rainbow angle 13943 for violet light.

Interference (Young):
Parallel rays Rainbow ray

Rays of class 3 with impact parameters slightly higher and lower than the rainbow ray may re-appear under the same diffuse angle.

According to Young, those parallel rays may interfere.


Whenever the path taken by both rays differs by half a wavelength, interference will be destructive. Fringes may appear at angles higher than the rainbow angle (for smaller droplets < 1 mm).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Polarization of rainbow
Mechanisms of complete polarization (see Silverman):
Incident ray

s-polarization (in plane) p-polarization (normal to plane)


Scattered ray

90- Rayleigh scattering at a molecule.

Incident ray

Reflected ray

Brewster angle:

n1 n2

QB

Reflection at Brewsters angle QB. Reflections within water droplets are close to QB !

Refracted ray

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Mie and Rayleigh scattering (see Silverman)


A general scattering model:
Electromagnetic waves of frequency w scattered by a homogeneous object have to obey the vector wave (Helmholtz) equation: There exists an exact, but extremely complex solution in the case of scattering by a homogeneous sphere of radius a, due to Mie and Debye:

Rayleigh scattering:
Small sphere immersed in light, no standing waves:

Scattered intensities mainly from shorter wavelengths (blue sky); red sunsets due to longer path through atmosphere.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Atmospheric Optics (Halos, glories and spectres)


Gallery I:

Solar halo and sun dogs

Lunar halo and moon dogs

Solar halo at South pole

Glory near hot springs

Glory seen from an airplane

Brocken spectre

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Halos (Ice crystals)


The phenomenon:

(Dispersive) refraction by ice crystals:

Sun dogs (hexagonal plates)

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Ice crystals:

Essential preconditions:
Myriads of simple crystals like colums and plates in a cloud, some degree of order.
Complex crystals have too many facets. They diffuse light and produce weak halos. Cloud can neither be too thin nor too thick.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Glories & Spectres (Surface waves ???)


The phenomenon:

Desert view watch tower (Grand Canyon): D. M. Black, The Brocken spectre of the Desert View Watch Tower, Grand Canyon, Arizona, Science 119, 164 (1954).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Explanation for glories (van de Hulst):


Nussenzveig (2003): The glory provides direct and visually stunning experimental evidence of the importance of resonances and light tunneling in clouds. See also: P. Laven, How are glories formed ?, Appl. Optics 44, 5675 (2005).

Glory

Rainbow

Back scattering (180) of sunlight from small (< 35 mm) droplets of water.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Gallery II:

Beware: The Grey Man,

the Brocken Gespenst


its real!

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

The Brocken spectre at night:

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Basic mechanisms that generate colors


See: K. Nassau, The Causes of Colors,SCIAM 243, 124-154 (1980)
Electronic transitions in free atoms; molecular vibrations. Crystal field splittings; fluorescence effects. Transitions between molecular orbitals. Transitions between bands. Electronic excitations Vibrations Flames, arc discharges, lasers. Water: Ocean blue, blue ice.

Transition metal compounds


Transition metal impurities Color centers Charge transfer Conjugate bonding Metals Pure semiconductors Doped semiconductors Dispersive refraction Geometrical optics, physics. Diffusion Interference Diffraction grids

Pigments of painting colors, lasers.


Ruby, emerald, lasers. Amethyst, smoky quartz. Sapphire, magnetite. Organic colors, dye laser. Copper, iron, gold, silver. Silicon, diamond. Blue and yellow diamond, sc lasers. Rainbow, chromatic aberration. Blue sky, red mountains. Colors of insects, benzine on water. Opal, liquid crystals, colors of insects.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Interaction of light with atoms/solids


Remember: visual range between 1.77 eV (red) and 3.1 eV (violet). Atoms and molecules:
Basic mechanism:
-Electrons occupy discrete levels.

(a)

(b)

(c)

-Photon may be absorbed, if it has just the right energy to lift electron into an upper level, see (a),(b).
-Electron decays back to original level, emitting a photon with energy equal to electronic level spacing, see (c).

Unfortunately, most atoms and molecules interact with light in the ultraviolet range!

Absorption in semiconductors:
Photon energies. Electron energies
Conductance band (empty)
3.1 eV 1.77 eV

Absorption in metals:
Color depends on gap location

no color

Electron energies

visible
Gap
0 eV

Empty

High reflectance:
photons of all visible energies are absorbed and re-emitted immediately.

Fermi level Valence band (full)

black

Fermi level

After excitation, energy is dissipated via phonons etc.

Full

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

An oscillator model of light-matter interactions


See: V. Weisskopf, How light interacts with matter, SCIAM 219, 60-71 (1968)

Damped oscillating particle interacting with external field:

Dielectric medium described by polarization density:

Resonant dielectric medium interacting with electric field:

Assume periodic excitations and consider real parts:

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Real and imaginary parts of susceptibility:


c(n)
c0

-c(n)

n0

n0

Interpretation:
n << n0: response small and independent of n. n >> n0: response small and 180 phase shift. n = n0: maximum response, and 90 phase shift.
Attenuation of monochromatic light:
damped and driven harmonic oscillator

Realistic modelling (Jackson):


Several electrons per atom. Determine w0, s, ... quantum mechanically.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

One minute of Zen - Basho (1644-1694)

Lady butterfly perfumes her wings by floating Over the orchid.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Beauty of Nature Butterflies, Birds and Fishes


See: P. Vukusic and J. R. Sambles, Photonic structures in biology, Nature 424,853 (2003).

A showcase:

Wing of butterfly

Peacock

Koi fish

Corresponding microstructures:

Wing: Discrete multilayers of chitin cuticle and air.

Feather: Melanin rods and air holes inside kreatin matrix.

Scale: Multilayer stacking of guanine crystals and cytoplasm.

For a systematic reverse engineering of Mother Nature read: A. R. Parker and H. E. Townley, Biomimetics of photonic nanostructures, Nature Nanotechology 2, 348 (2007).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Beauty of Nature Opals


Another showcase:

Opal: hydrated silica. Mineraloid gel. Gems: fcc closed packed microspheres.

The microstructures of opal:

Also final stage of fossilation.

Structure of a opal gem.

Closeup of lattice made of 150300 nm spheres and air holes.

Closeup of near gem opal.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Reflections, Refractions (and Metamaterials)


For metamaterials see : V. G. Veselago, Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968).

Refraction at interfaces:
Components of wavefunctions at interface :

aR
aI

kR

kT

aT aT

Most general matching conditions : Arguments of wavefunctions have to be equal at all times t and at every point r0 of the interface.

kI
nl nr

kT

Asymmetry in materials properties ? Refraction along black path corresponds to an interface between two materials with positive index of refraction. The red path proceeds through a material with negative index of refraction (metamaterial). Spectacular properties of metamaterials: near field amplification, optical antimatter ... Realization of metamaterials: microwave arrays, photonic crystals

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

X-ray Bragg diffraction


See : J. B. Pendry, Photonic Gap Materials, Current Science 76, 1311-1316 (1999).

Braggs law:
X-rays shine on (atomic) Bragg planes with mutual distance d and angle of incidence Q.

Bragg condition: Rays from parallel planes are able to interfere constructively, if the difference in optical path length (red) is an integer multiple of the wavelength l:
Planes of atoms within a crystal are able to act like mirrors and reflect X-rays.

As indicated, Braggs law usually holds over a whole range of angles 2df, depending on the details of the atomic scattering process (Bubble model). There are many possible Bragg planes for a given crystal. Once that crystal is rotated, those planes will glint, as soon as the Bragg condition is met. However, crystals reject X-rays only for a limited range of angles of incidence (see illustration on the left).

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Colors due to Bragg diffraction


See : J. B. Pendry, Photonic Gap Materials, Current Science 76, 1311-1316 (1999).

Making colors:
In the visible range, the essential precondition for Bragg scattering is that the crystal has to be made of components on the scale of the wavelength of light. Photonic insulator (photonic crystal): scattering is so strong, that the ranges of rejection angles for different Bragg planes will overlap completely (see illustration on the left). Photons within a forbidden band of energies will be rejected in whatever direction they will enter the photonic crystal.

Sketch of basic Bragg scattering process for opal.

Opal structure as a paradigm for an imperfect photonic insulator.

Iridescence due to Bragg scattered photons of different wavelength.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Case study a weevil


See: A. R. Parker et. al., Opal analogue discovered in a weevil, Nature 426, 787 (2003). Description:
- Australian weevil pachyrhynchus argus (a) living in the forests of Queensland. - Visible from all directions due to 3D photonic structure analogous to opal. - Metallic color mediated by scales (b) of 0.1 mm diameter. - Interior of scales (c) consists of a hexagonal close packed arrays of transparent microspheres with 250 nm diameter D, embedded into chitinous exoskeleton matrix.

- Sub-wavelenth arrays of microspheres act as 3D diffraction gratings. Light will be Bragg reflected at layers of microspheres.
- But first, light crosses air with index of refraction n = 1. Then it enters a refractive media, made of microspheres with ns= 1.56, and an exoskeleton matrix with nm= 1.33. - Spectrum (d) measured for angle of incidence f = 20 normal to surface. Wavelength of maximum reflectance lmax= 530 nm. Metallic appearance due to embedded 3D photonic structures. - Theoretical task: Explain these results, and predict lmax at different angles of incidence f.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Predicting the colors of a weevil


See: A. R. Parker et. al., Opal analogue discovered in a weevil, Nature 426, 787 (2003). Substitute spheres by point scatterers, and substitute spheres and chitin matrix by an effective dielectric medium, f.e. :

Determine distance between diffracting hexagonal layers:

Pachyrhynchus argus

Bragg reflections and colors:


f Q
ni

d
Braggs law including refraction

neff

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Photonic insulators and Yablonovite


See: E. Yablonovitch, Inhibited Spontaneous Emission in Solid-State Physics and Electronics, PRL 58, 2059 (1987).

Whats the matter with photonic insulators ?


- The inside of an ideal photonic insulator would be extremely dark, such that matches could not be lit, atoms would not decay, and even zero-point fluctuations would be suppressed. -The practical utility of such a material was originally foreseen by Yablonovitch, for example in reducing undesired losses due to spontaneous emission. - Use scaling laws to design a suitable photonic crystals: If a structure has a band gap at l, another structure with twice its dimensions will have a band gap at 2l. Bulkier models may thus be tested in the microwave range etc.
Drilling a Yablonovite crystal

Yablonovite: (Yablonovitch et. al., PRL 67, 2295-2298 and 3380-3383 (1991))
- A slab of material with refractive index 3.6 or higher is covered by a mask consisting of a triangular array of holes.
- Each hole is drilled through three times, at an angle 35.26 away from normal, and spread out 120 on the azimuth. -The resulting criss-cross of holes below the surface of the slab produces a 3D periodic fcc structure.
Microwave band gap

- System size of a few millimeters, photonic band gap between 13-16 GHz.

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Concluding remarks

Modern Optics Greifswald, SS 2010 Alex Quandt, Universitt Greifswald (D)

Concluding remarks

Let us assume that photons are real.


Visible daylight is but a small range in the 6000 K blackbody radiation spectrum generated by the sun. Rainbows, glories, halos and the blue sky are caused by a rather complex dispersive scattering of daylight (Mie scattering theory). Electrons are usually absorbing daylight in the ultraviolet range. But under a large variety of favourable circumstances, they are also able to generate colors. Photonic crystals are the reason behind the spectacular coloring of insects, birds, fishes, and opals.

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