Chapter 2

Atom vs Elements Atoms vs Ions vs Molecules Electrons vs Neutrons vs Protons Electrical Charge:
Cation vs Anion vs Electrically neutral

Atomic Number vs Atomic (Mass) Number Isotopes vs Radioisotopes Radioisotope Tracers and Decay

(12C6) : 6 electrons and 6 protons; 6 neutrons (14C6) (14N7) decay: 1 n0 1 e- + 1 p+ (14N7) : 7 electrons and 7 protons; 7 neutrons

Uptake of tracer in the lymph nodes involved with lymphoma in the groin, both axilla, and neck (red areas)

Intramolecular Chemical bond

Ionic Bond

Intramolecular Chemical bond

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Single, Double and Triple Bonds Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Compound vs Molecule

Covalent Bonds
Nonbonding electrons 1 1 Bonding electrons

molecular hydrogen (H2)

molecular oxygen (O2)

p. 24

Polar vs Nonpolar molecules Result: Partially positive and partially negative regions within the molecule

Bond Type Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Polar Covalent

Electronegativity Difference 0.4 or less Greater than 0.4 to 1.5 Between 1.5 and 2.0 (between nonmetals) Between 1.5 and 2.0 (metal and nonmetal) Greater than 2.0

Ionic Ionic

1) Ion Dipole Bond

1) Ion Dipole Bond 2) Hydrogen Bond

+ hydrogen (molecule 1) - - F,O,N,Cl (molecule 2) Strongest intermolecular bond

Attraction that forms between a partially positive hydrogen atom and another atom (partially negative atom) in a separate or same molecule

Depiction of hydrogen bonding among the water molecules.

Diagrams of hydrogen bonding involving selected simple molecules.

23

Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Universal solvent
Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)

Fig. 2-7c, p. 26

Universal solvent
Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension) Capillarity

*Emulsifiers/ *Emulsifiers/ Emulsifying agents *Stabilizers *Mayonnaise *Lotions and creams

Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension) Capillarity

Temperature stability (High specific heat) Fever states

pH
A measure of the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution The more hydrogen ions, the lower the pH

Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)

Number of H+ ions = OH- ions

Acid and Bases

Blood pH: 7.35 7.45 Buffer Function: prevent sudden changes in pH donating hydrogen ions accepting hydrogen ions

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 CO2 + H2O

Acidosis and Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis

The molecules of life:

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

Monomers vs Polymers Condensation vs Hydrolysis

Unit of Structure: Structure: Monosaccharides Function: Function:

Source of energy Structural material (e.g. cell membrane receptors)

Functional units: units:

Monosaccharide glucose, fructose, galactose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose Disaccharides sucrose, lactose, maltose Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides

OH

HO

OH

HO

OH

HO

Fig. 2-13a, p. 31

Polysaccharide - Amylose

Fig. 2-13b, p. 31

Polysaccharide - Glycogen

Fig. 2-13c, p. 31

1)Triacylglycerols 1)Triacylglycerols yield 2.5 times more energy than glycogen. glycogen. 2) Stored without water thus less bulk and weight as compared to glycogen which binds water double its weight. weight. 3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours fasting while stored lipids will provide energy for several weeks.

Saturated, unsaturated, cis, and trans fatty acids

Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Fats more saturated than unsaturated fatty acids Oils more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids

Composition: Glycerol 2 fatty acids Phosphoric acid Amino alcohols (e.g. choline) choline)

Function: Fat emulsification / detergent (surfactant)

Sphingophospholipid

Sphingoglycolipid (Glycosphingolipids)

Function: Protection Examples: Beeswax (Honeycomb) Carnauba wax (Brazilian Palm tree) Jojoba wax (Jojoba plant) Lanolin (Waxes from Sheeps wool)

Plant Waxes

WOOL WAX

PREEN OR UROPYGIAL GLANDS

Interconversion of Lipoproteins

Arteries thicken, lose elasticity, and fill up with cholesterol, other lipids, dead WBC, platelets and Ca High LDL increases risk

Smoking Genetic factors High cholesterol Obesity Lack of exercise Diabetes mellitus Gender (maleness) Old age

Unit of Structure: Amino Acids

Unit of Structure: Amino Acids Peptide bond vs Polypeptide

Unit of Structure: Amino Acids Peptide bond vs Polypeptide Structure:

Conformation:
Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Q u a t e r n a r y

an atom

Fig. 2-2a, p. 21

- KERATIN

Unit of Structure: Amino Acids Peptide bond vs Polypeptide Structure:

Conformation:
Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure

Structure Function relationship

Protein denaturation loss of protein activity.

a) enzymes - lose their catalytic power b) antibodies - can no longer bind antigen c) Cystic fibrosis - failure of CFTR protein to reach its destination in the plasma membrane d) Diabetes insipidus - caused by improper folding of mutant versions of the vasopressin (ADH) receptor or aquaporin. aquaporin. e) Familial hypercholesterolemia - caused by failure of mutant lowlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors to reach the plasma membrane. f) Osteogenesis imperfecta - caused by failure of mutant Type I collagen molecules to assemble correctly. g) Prions formation of insoluble, nonfunctional deposits from formerlyformerly-soluble proteins

Alzheimer's disease - insoluble deposits in the brain of peptides called amyloid-beta (A) derived from a mutant version their protein precursor. Scrapie Scrapie sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE BSE) BSE "mad cow" disease CreutzfeldtCJD) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD CJD human version

Nucleotide vs Nucleic acids Examples: Examples:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Coenzymes
NADH (Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) dinucleotide) FADH2 (Rediced Flavin adenine dinucleotide) dinucleotide) ATP (Adenosine triphosphate ADP (Adenine diphosphate) diphosphate) Messengers

Fig. 2-20a, p. 37

NUCLEOTIDES IN DNA
phosphate group adenine (A) sugar (ribose) guanine (G)

thymine (T)

cytosine (C)

Fig. 2-20b, p. 37

1)

2) 3)

PrePre-lecture assignment of Chapter 3 (Cell Structure) next meeting after end of Chapter 2. PostPost-Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2 before discussion of Chapter 3 Long Quiz (Chapters 1 & 2) after post-lecture quiz of Chapter 2. .