INTER-.

STATE COMMITTEE FOR DROUGHT CONTROL I N THE SAHEL ( C I L S S )

E C O L O G Y

AND FORESTRY U N I T

DEPARTMENT O F PROJECTS AND/PROGRAMMES I M P R O V E D C O O K I N G S T O V E S "

m REGIONAL PROJECT

DESCRIPTION OF T H E SAHEL AND BACKGROUND OF THE "IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES" REGIONAL PROJECT

The t e r m " S a h e l " " d e s i g n a t e s t h a t p a r t o f A f r i c a s o u t h o f t h e S a h a r a w h i c h comprises t h e f o l l o w i n g e i g h t c o u n t r i e s : C a p e V e r d e , S e n e g a l , G a m b i a , Mauritania, M a l i , U p p e r V o l t a , N i g e r a n d Chad. I t c o v e r s a n a r e a o f some 5 million square metres w i t h a population o f 3 0 m i l l i o n inhabitants, t h e average l i f e e x p e c t a n c y b e i n g 4 2 y e a r s , a n d t h e p e r c a p i t a GNP, $ US 1 3 0 t o 4 5 0 . The n o r t h e r n a r e a s o f s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s b o r d e r i n g t h e s e e i g h t c o u n t r i e s G u i n e a , I v o r y C o a s t , B e n i n a n d U n i t e d R e p u b l i c o f Cameroon - by liz tio a r" eS a h t eh rae an " t. e n e d Several o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e c o n t i n e n t - Sudan, E t h i o p i a , S o m a l i a a n d Kenya - a r e s u b j e c t t o t h e same c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a s the S a h e l a n d c o n s t i t u t e w i t h i t t h e Sudano-Sahelian r e g i o n e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean t o t h e I n d i a n Ocean. The S a h e l c o m p r i s e s t h r e e c l i m a t i c z o n e s , r u n n i n g f r o m n o r t h t o s o u t h . The f i r s t i s t h e s e m i - d e s e r t S a h e l i a n z o n e i n t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y o f t h e S a h a r a , a n d t h e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l h e r e i s l e s s t h a n 2 0 0 mm a y e a r . T h e countryside c o n s i s t s m a i n l y o f sand dunes, e r g s , c a c t u s a n d a f e w palm groves in o a s e s . T h i s z o n e i s i n h a b i t e d b y nomads. The s e c o n d i s t h e S u d a n o - S a h e l i e n z o n e , w h e r e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l i s 2 0 0 t o 400 mm a n d t h e v e g e t a t i o n c o n s i s t s m a i n l y o f s a v a n n a h , c a c t u s a n d , d u r i n g t h e three t o f o u r months o f t h e r a i n l y season, t a l l g r a s s . T h e p r i n c i p a l g a i n f u l a c t i v i t y o f t h e population i s grazing and a g r i c u l t u r e . The t h i r d , t h e S u d a n i a n z o n e , i s t h e l e a s t d r y ; a n n u a l r a i n f a l l i s between 4 0 0 a n d 6 0 0 m m , a n d t h e r a i n y s e a s o n e x t e n d s f r o m J u n e t o O c t o b e r . The s e d e n t a r y p o p u l a t i o n i s e n g a g e d i n t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f c e r e a l s ( s o r g h u m , millet, maize) and i n grazing. R a i n , o n w h i c h t h e l i f e o f t h e S a h e l d e p e n d s , i s somewhat i r r e g u l a r , T h e entire region has been seriously a f f e c t e d b y t h e drought c y c l e i n t h e years 1969-1973.

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The e x t e n d e d p e r i o d o f d r o u g h t , p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h a n d c h a n g i n g l i f e styles have l e d t o , a d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l environment, a s evidenced b y d e f o r e s t a t i o n a n d t h e advance o f t h e d e s e r t .

4F-

IrgiifrrigY
The a n n u a l p e r c a p i t a c o n s u m p t i o n o f f i r e w o o d i s e s t i m a t e d a t t w o c u b i c metres. T h i s d e m a n d c a n b e s a t i s f i e d o n l y t h r o u g h e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n - t h a t i s based o n a c o - o r d i n a t e d b o d y o f measures s u c h a s t r e e growing o n a f a m i l y o r c o m m u n i t y b a s i s o r b y i n d u s t r i a l e n t e r p r i s e s ; r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t o f a l t e r n a t i v e e n e r g y s o u r c e s ; a n d t h e e f f i c i e n t u s e o f f u e l through t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f b e t t e r p e r f o r m i n g c o o k i n g equipment. This l a s t - m e n t i o n e d s o l u t i o n h a s b e e n t h e b a s i s f o r t h e d e c i s i o n b y t h e c o u n t r i e s t h a t a r e members o f C I L S S t o i m p l e m e n t t h e r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t f o r t h e improvement o f w o o d - b u r n i n g c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i n t h e S a h e l . Project f e a s i b i l i t y studies were c a r r i e d o u t i n 1979, a n d implementation o f t h e p r o j e c t began i n 1 9 8 0 . B y n o w, t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e S a h e l h a s been m a d e a w a r e o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n t h a t i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s c a n m a k e i n the e f f o r t s t o combat d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n . T h e p o l i t i c a l w i l l t o promote t h e u s e of improved cooking-stoves a s a n i n s t r u m e n t o f development has been e v i d e n t both n a t i o n a l l y a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y - i n t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t s t h a t h a v e been m a d e a n d i n t h e human a n d f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s c o m m i t t e d t o t h e r e s e a r c h on t h e s e s t o v e s a n d t o t h e w i d e s p r e a d d i f f u s i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g them. W i t h a v i e w t o d e r i v i n g t h e maximum b e n e f i t f r o m t h e s a c r i f i c e s made b y the member c o u n t r i e s o f C I L S S a n d t h e t e c h n i c a l a n d f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e p r o v i d e d b y t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y, C I L S S i s l a y i n g s p e c i a l s t r e s s o n training r e l a t i n g t o t h e design, construction and evaluation o f t h e improved cooking-stoves. The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s a s a means o f c o m b a t i n g deforestation a n d d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n i n t h e S a h e l depends o n t w o e s s e n t i a l factors% (a) R a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e s t o v e s (b) E x t e n t o f t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n These t w o f a c t o r s , t a k e n t o g e t h e r , i l l u s t r a t e t h e c r u c i a l i m p o r t a n c e o f d e v e l o p i n g manpower r e s o u r c e s c a p a b l e o f d e s i g n i n g a n d b u i l d i n g t h e c o o k i n g equipment a n d p u t t i n g i t i n t o u s e a t a t e m p o a n d o n a s c a l e c o m m e n s u r a t e w i t h the c r i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e S a h e l . I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e maximum d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s u b r e g i o n ' s m a n p o w e r resources, t h e " I m p r o v e d C o o k i n g - S t o v e s " r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t e m b o d i e s t h e following principles% U t i l i z a t i o n and development o f t h e p e o p l e ' s s k i l l s and c r e a t i v i t y ; P a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e people i n t h e d e s i g n , b u i l d i n g and e f f i c i e n t use o f the improved cooking-stoves;

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I n t e g r a t i o n o f "improved cooking-stove" a c t i v i t i e s i n t o t h e d i f f e r e n t development o p e r a t i o n s s o a s t o f o s t e r s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t i o n systems, s u c h a s : Individual ( s e l f - h e l p ) productions Small-scale productions Semi-industrial and i n d u s t r i a l production.

I . N A T U R E OF TRAINING NEEDS As t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i n t o t h e u r b a n a n d r u r a l communities o f t h e S a h e l e n t a i l s a n u m b e r o f p r o b l e m s , t h e t r a i n i n g t o b e provided m u s t b e k e y e d t p t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h o s e p r o b l e m s . T h e s e t r a i n i n g requirements a r e o f t w o k i n d s . 1 . 1 T R A I N I N G REQUIRED FOR CONTACTING PEOPLE AND CONVINCING THEM O F THE NEED FOR USING IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES This r e l a t e s t o h o w p e o p l e s h o u l d b e approached a n d m a d e a w a r e , b y discussing t h e m a t t e r w i t h t h e m , o f p r o b l e m s a f f e c t i n g t h e i r l i v i n g - c o n d i t i o n s . I n t h e m a t t e r o f concern t o us h e r e , t h e discussion should c e n t r e on t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s a f f e c t i n g f i r e w o o d s u p p l i e s , t h e c a u s e s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s of deforestation and d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n , a n d t h e search f o r ways o f h a l t i n g and combating t h e p r o c e s s o f d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s a s a means o f a t t a i n i n g t h e aim i n v i e w . 1 . 2 T R A I N I N G REQUIRED FOR DESIGNING AND BUILDING THE IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES In d e s i g n i n g , b u i l d i n g a n d t e s t i n g ha r ee d , sf ut e l os v , t h e culinary practices must b e taken i n t o b e i n g -p r t ep u se e ds i n a c c o ut nt, a n hd a t tee n t i o n m u s t b e g i v e n t o w h a t k i n d o f s t o v e s c a n s o l v e t h e problems ea xperi ed br y i ne d i v i d u a l s ( f a m i l i e s , housewives) a n d communities n te n c u ( v i l l ao g e s , t o w n sf, c o u n t r i e s , s u b r e g i o n s , w o r l d ) . t h e P r a t t e n t io o n should f a r t i c u l ao d be given t o designing stoves t h a t ensure: A marked r e d u c t i o n i n f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n s Rapid c o o k i n g , Safe, c l e a n and comfortable working conditionss A sense o f s o c i a l s a t i s f a c t i o n l i n k e d w i t h t h e d u r a b i l i t y and t h e modern e s t h e t i c a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s . Also l t h e m must b e p r o p e r l y i n s t r u c t e d r e g a r d i n g t h e i r o p e r a t i o n . to use a f 1 3 T R A I N I N C REQUIRED I N CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND E F F I C I E N T METHODS t .e OF OPERATING IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES r t Once people have been motivated t o accept and use improved cooking-stoves h suited e t o t h e i r needs and socio-economic s i t u a t i o n , t r a i n i n g w i l l b e r e q u i r e d for t h i e persons responsible f o r t h e l a r g e - s c a l e manufacture a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e n prototypes adopted. s t a l

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The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s o f e a c h t y p e o f t r a i n i n g w i l l m a k e i t p o s s i b l e t o determine t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e d o f t r a i n e e s a n d t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e training t o be provided.

I I . W H O SHOULD B E TRAINED? In v i e w o f t h e i n t e g r a t e d approach adopted f o r t h e improved cooking-stove a c t i v i t i e s a s p a r t o f e x i s t i n g development o p e r a t i o n s , i t h a s b e e n e a s y t o identify t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n d s t a f f c r i t e r i a f o r meeting t h e aforementioned requirements and acoomplishing t h e r e l e v a n t t a s k s . 2 . 1 S O C I A L DEVELOPMENT STAFF? Development e f f o r t s , b o t h r u r a l a n d u r b a n , o v e r t h e p a s t t h i r t y y e a r s o r so h a v e p r o v i d e d a b a s i s f o r t r a i n i n g a c a t e g o r y o f s t a f f w h o s e t i t l e s d i f f e r from c o u n t r y t o c o u n t r y , b u t w h o s e d u t i e s a n d e x p e r i e n c e a n d w h o s e m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f i n n o v a t i o n s a r e t h e same a l m o s t e v e r y w h e r e . T h e s t a f f i n q u e s t i o n i n c l u d e c o m m u n i t y l e a d e r s c o n c e r n e d w i t h human b e t t e r m e n t o r r u r a l development, s o c i a l w o r k e r s , r u r a l community l e a d e r s , l i t e r a c y i n s t r u c t o r s , both m a l e a n d f e m a l e , a n d , o f c o u r s e , t h e h e a l t h w o r k e r s a n d t h e t e a c h e r s who are o f t e n t h e o n l y professional s t a f f t o be found i n remote r u r a l a r e a s . Because t h e u s e r s o f t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s a r e a l m o s t a l l w o m e n , primary a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o f e m a l e r po l e feo rm i nbi t e i a lr cs ontacts and f o l l o w - u p . sets a fn f s i bm a m o n g t h e 2t. 2 RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL STAFF s a f WORKERS f Wi t h r e g a r d t o t h e d e s i g n i n g - a n d b u i l d i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f improved c o o k i n g - s t o v e s , a s s i s t a n c e h a s b e e n s o u g h t i n t h e S a h e l f r o m professional s t a f f who, although t r a i n e d i n o t h e r f i e l d s , have t h e s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l b a c k g r o u n d n e c e s s a r y f o r a s s i m i l a t i n g t h e t e c h n o l o g y i n t h i s n e w f i e l d w i t h i n a s h o r t space o f t i m e . Although t h e r a n g e o f s u c h s t a f f v a r i e s g r e a t l y f r o m o n e c o u n t r y t o t h e next, i t generally includes; Engineers ( c i v i l , m e c h a n i c a l , h y d r a u l i c a n d f o r e s t r y ) 1 Teachers a n d r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s ( p h y s i c s , c h e m i s t r y ) 1 Te c h n i c i a n s ( m e c h a n i z e d a g r i c u l t u r e , p r o f e s s i o n a l t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g ) In a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e more u s u a l k i n d s o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f , t h e s e r v i c e s of n o n - s p e c i a l i s t amateurs, s u c h a s t e a c h e r s o f academic s u b j e c t s , a r e a l s o sometimes u s e f u l . The . r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s a n d t e c h n i c i a n s , a s s i s t e d b y s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t s t a f f , a r e t h u s t h e o n e s w h o make u p t h e t r a i n i n g t e a m s a n d who a r e a l s o responsible f o r c a r r y i n g o u t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y , f u e l economy a n d m a t e r i a l s durability testing.

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2 . 3 T H E BUILDERS O F IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES Tr a d i t i o n a l cooking-stoves o t h e r t h a n t h e " t h r e e stones" t y p e a r e u s u a l l y b u i l t b y t h e women, u s i n g l o c a l m a t e r i a l s , m a i n l y b a n c o , a n d m a k i n g u s e o f building techniques such a s modelling. This f a c t o f s o c i e t a l l i f e t a k e s i t a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e s e l e c t i o n o f trainees must bear a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e m a t e r i a l s a n d techniques used f o r b u i l d i n g t h e a p p r o v e d m o d e l s o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s . T h e women w h o have b e e n t r a i n e d h a v e b e e n p a r t i c u l a r l y a c t i v e i n i n d i v i d u a l ( s e l f - h e l p ) construction. According t o a n e v a l u a t i o n c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P e a c e C o r p s on t h e u t i l i z a t i o n r a t e o f c o o k i n g - s t o v e s b u i l t i n S e n e g a l , " t h e b e s t r e s u l t s from s e l f - d i s s e m i n a t i o n " w e r e a c h i e v e d s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s f o r women. These f a c t s w e r e f u r t h e r c o n f i r m e d b y a C U S S e v a l u a t i o n m i s s i o n s e n t t o the P a r e g i o n o f Upper V o l t a , w h e r e t w o v i l l a g e crastwomen, a f t e r a - f i v e - d a y seminar a t W a g a d o u g o u , h a d t r a i n e d o t h e r w o m e n a n d s u c c e e d e d i n b u i l d i n g about 1 0 0 improved c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i n n i n e months. I n t h e c o u r s e o f a v i s i t t o families, t h e mission found t h a t v i r t u a l l y none o f t h e stoves h a d b e e n discarded. In t h e c a s e o f s t o v e m o d e l s r e q u i r i n g t h e u s e o f s p e c i f i c m a t e r i a l s (bricks, c e m e n t , i r o n b a r s , m e t a l ) a n d s p e c i f i c t o o l s ( t r o w e l s , l e v e l s , p l i e r s , hammers), t h e t r a i n i n g h a s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t b e e n r e s t r i c t e d t o craftsmen ( m a i n l y , masons a n d b l a c k s m i t h s ) a n d p e r s o n s w h o h a v e w o r k e d w i t h the m a t e r i a l s i n q u e s t i o n and a r e s k i l l e d i n t h e u s e o f t h e n e c e s s a r y t o o l s . staff f r o m t h e Departments o f A g r i c u l t u r e , W a t e r a n d Development F o r e s t r y, H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n a n d V o c a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g , a n d a l s o I n f o r m a t i o n a n d S e c r e t a r i a t s t a f f , and members o f ONG ( O r g a n i z a t i o n o f Women a n d Y o u t h ) , h a v e likewise t a k e n a n interest i n t h e construction o f improved cooking-stoves f o r their f a m i l i e s and friends. The n u m b e r o f r e c e n t l y - b u i l t i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i n t h e S a h e l a t t h e time o f t h e 1 9 8 1 - 1 9 8 2 i n i t i a l p e r i o d i s q u i t e impressive% Upper V o l t a Senegal Mali Niger Gambia Mauritania 6,000 (Ouaga - 3 , 4 0 0 , Bobo - 6 5 0 , K a y a - 7 0 0 , Koudougou - 2 5 0 , Dedougou - 1 0 0 ) 5,000. 1 , 0 0 0 ( h a l f o f w h i c h a r e a t Bamako) 2 , 5 0 0 (Niamey - 7 0 0 1 U n d e r - 4 5 0 1 Ta h o u a - 1 5 0 ) 800 500

These f i g u r e s d o n o t , o f c o u r s e , i n a n y s e n s e r e f l e c t t h e a c t u a l . situation when i t i s r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e t o t a l needs o f t h e S a h e l m u s t b e measured a g a i n s t a n e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n , i n t h e y e a r 2 , 0 0 0 , o f 3 0 m i l l i o n inhabitants and 5 m i l l i o n households.

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While t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s t o d a t e t h u s s e e m i n s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e y d o , o n the o t h e r h a n d , b r i n g a number o f m a t t e r s i n t o f o c u s . (a) T h e m o t i v a t i o n o f t h e m o r e d y n a m i c g r o u p s o f c o o k i n g - s t o v e b u i l d e r s In t h e c a s e o f i n d i v i d u a l ( s e l f - h e l p ) b u i l d e r s , a s o c i a l A n d , m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y , o c c u p a t i o n a l m o t i v a t i o n seems t o b e s t r o n g e s t among c r a f t s w o m e n who a r e h o u s e h o l d e r s ; c i v i l s e r v i c e s t a f f i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t s o f W a t e r a n d F o r e s t r y, A g r i c u l t u r e a n d H e a l t h ; a n d t e c h n i c a l a n d v o c a t i o n a l i n s t r u c t o r s . For s o m e p e o p l e , t h e r e i s a l s o a f i n a n c i a l m o t i v a t i o n l i n k e d w i t h t h e personal g r a t i f i c a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m b u i l d i n g t h e cooking-stoves a f t e r working hours a n d d u r i n g week-ends. In o t h e r c a s e s , t h e m o t i v a t i o n i s based o n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a market a n d the p r o s p e c t o f f i n a n c i a l r e m u n e r a t i o n . T h i s i s m o r e e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f craftsmen w h o a r e i n t h e b u s i n e s s o f m a k i n g t h e i m p r o v e d s t o v e s a n d o f p r o j e c t s s u c h a s t h o s e s p o n s o r e d b y A I D R , t h e German F o r e s t r y M i s s i o n i n U p p e r Vo l t a and t h e Church World S e r v i c e i n N i g e r. The s i t u a t i o n i n t h e F a t i c k r e g i o n o f S e n e g a l , w h e r e t h b u i l d i n g r a t e p e r person t r a i n e d , i s e s t i m a t e d a t 0 . 6 p e r c e n t , s h o u l d b e compared w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n i n Kebemer i n S e n e g a l , Bamako i n M a l i , P 8 i n U p p e r V o l t a a n d Z i n d e r in N i g e r, where t h e corresponding r a t e s are c l e a r l y b e t t e r. A comparative s t u d y o f t h e s e various s i t u a t i o n s should h e l p u s t o determine, f o r e a c h l o c a l i t y , a p r o f i l e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p r o m i s i n g candidates, e f f e c t i v e s f o r m s o f m o t i v a t i o n a n d p o t e n t i a l o b s t a c l e s a n d bottle-necks. (b) C o o k i n g - s t o v e b u i l d i n g t e c h n i q u e s r e a d i l y m a s t e r e d b y t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n a s a means o f f a c i l i t a t i n g w i d e s p r e a d d i s s e m i n a t i o n w i t h i n a short time The " C o u m b a G u e y e " c o o k i n g - s t o v e i n S e n e g a l - w h i c h i s t o b e f o u n d , under o t h e r n a m e s , i n M a l i a n d N i g e r - a n d t h e " K a y e " s t o v e , made o f c e m e n t or b a n c o , a r e m o d e l s w h i c h t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e v a r i o u s n a t i o n a l s e m i n a r s r e a d i l y l e a r n e d how t o b u i l d . The b u i l d i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e C I L S S / I V E m e t a l c o o k i n g - s t o v e w e r e e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d b y t h e Ndjamena m e t a l w o r k c r a f t s m e n , w h o w e r e a b l e t o b u i l d i t i n a few hours. Another p o i n t t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e m o t i v a t i o n o f t h e builders a n d t h e e a s e o f construction o f t h e v a r i o u s models o f improved cooking-stoves i s t h e number o f s t o v e s o f e a c h k i n d t h a t c a n b e b u i l t i n a s i n g l e d a y. I t i s presently eatimated t h a t a well-trained craftsman i n the Sahel can b u i l d i n one day: 15 t o 2 0 m e t a l c o o k i n g - s t o v e s ceramic cooking-stoves 05 t o 0 6 t w o - p o t , f i x e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s

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. The figure, p u t forward b y certain specialists, o f o n e f i x e d cooking-stove p e r c r a f t s m a n p e r d a y m u s t d e f i n i t e l y b e r e v i s e d a n d b r o u g h t into l i n e with the f a c t s . (c) S h o r t c o m i n g s o b s e r v e d i n t h e t r a i n i n g b e i n g p r o v i d e d These a r e n o t l i n k e d s o l e l y t o t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e t r a i n e e s . A s for t h e t r a i n i n g i t s e l f , n o t o n l y should i t s d u r a t i o n b e t a k e n i n t o account, but a l s o i t s c o n t e n t , m e t h o d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s . T h e s e shortcomings s h o u l d n o t be a t t r i b u t e d t o l i f e s t y l e s o r b e h a v i o u r b u t s h o u l d r a t h e r s e r v e a s a n i n c e n t i v e f o r a d j u s t i n g t h e m a n d b r i n g i n g t h e m more i n t o l i n e w i t h ; The t y p e s o f c o o k i n g - s t o v e s t o b e b u i l t ; The s y s t e m s f o r t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s ; The s o c i a l , t e c h n i c a l a n d f i n a n c i a l c o s t s o n e i s p r e p a r e d t o b e a r .

I I I . T R A I N I N G CONTENT This i s d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e n e e d s t h e t r a i n i n g m u s t s a t i s f y and t h e t a s k s t h e t r a i n e e s w i l l h a v e t o p e r f o r m . I n a g e n e r a l w a y, t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e t r a i n i n g programmes b e i n g c a r r i e d out i n t h e S a h e l c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e e s s e n t i a l p a r t s corresponding r o u g h l y t o the f o l l o w i n g tasks% Making t h e p e o p l e a w a r e ; Design a n d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o o k i n g - s t o v e s ; Building and widespread dissemination o f t h e stoves. 3 . 1 E N E R G Y PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS I N THE SAHEL The m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t e d i s i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e p a r t i c i p a n t s w i t h t h e information needed f o r a f u l l understanding o f t t h e amounts a n d s o u r c e s o f energy r e q u i r e d t o m e e t t h e demands o f n a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t ; t h e c a u s e s a n d e f f e c t s o f i d e n t i f i e d e n e r g y consumption p a t t e r n s ; a n d p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s f o r meeting i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e e n e r g y n e e d s i n m a t t e r s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and food s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y. 3.2 T h e p r i n c i p l e s o f combustion a n d h e a t t r a n s f e r a r e e x p l a i n e d a n d discussed s o a s t o m a k e t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s r e a l i z e h o w i m p o r t a n t i t i s t o respect c e r t a i n elementary r u l e s t h a t a r e indispensable t o ensure; The c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f wood; The r e d u c t i o n o f h e a t l o s s i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e ; Maximum t r a n s f e r t o c o o k i n g u t e n s i l s a n d f o o d o f t h e h e a t d e r i v e d f r o m wood c o m b u s t i o n . The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e r u l e s p r e s u p p o s e s a k n o w l e d g e n o t o n l y o f t h e laws o f c o m b u s t i o n a n d o f h e a t t r a n s f e r b y r a d i a t i o n a n d c o n v e c t i o n , b u t a l s o of t h e behaviour o f materials i n contact w i t h h e a t (conduction, resistance) and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s t o v e a n d u t e n s i l s .

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Although t h e l a w s i n q u e s t i o n a r e l a w s o f mathematics a n d p h y s i c s w h i c h can b e p r o p e r l y u n d e r s t o o d o n l y b y s p e c i a l i s t s w i t h a h i g h l e v e l o f s c i e n t i f i c education, t h e persons conducting tdhe t r a i n i n g session t r y t o explain them i n simple t e r m s u n d e r s t o o d b y p e o p l e w h o h a v e h a d l i t t l e e d u c a t i o n a n d a r e sometimes i l l i t e r a t e . This a s p e c t o f t h e t r a i n i n g programmes h a s f r e q u e n t l y b e e n t h e o b j e c t o f c r i t i c i s m , p r e s u m a b l y because t h e e f f o r t expended was regarded a s p o i n t l e s s o r because i t w a s f e l t t h a t t h e g o l d o f s c i e n c e s h o u l d b e r e s e r v e d t o a c e r t a i n stratum o f t h e p u b l i c . The p e r s o n s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a r r y i n g o u t t h e r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t f o r t h e improvement o f w o o d - b u r n i n g c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i n t h e S a h e l a r e f o r t h e i r p a r t endeavouring t o u p h o l d a n d m a k e b e t t e r k n o w n t h e s c i e n t i f i c p r i n c i p l e s applicable t o t h e design, c o n s t r u c t i o n and use o f t h e improved cooking-stoves. Unless t h a t i s d o n e , i t w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t t o e n l i s t t h e e x p e r i e n c e a n d creativity o f t h e people i n t h e e f f o r t t o arrive a t a prototype f u l l y u t i l i z i n g t h e advances o f modern t e c h n o l o g y. In t h i s r e g a r d , t h e improved cooking-stoves w i l l provide t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s with a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o r a i s e t h e i r t h r e s h o l d o f knowledge a n d t h u s b e b e t t e r able t o cope w i t h n a t u r e . E x p e r i e n c e h a s s h o w n t h a t i l l i t e r a t e women a r e c a p a b l e o f d i s c o v e r i n g i n the t r a d i t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g i e s o f t h e i r v i l l a g e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e same scientific p r i n c i p l e s t h a t underlie t h e concept o f t h e new cooking-stoves. Care m u s t s i m p l y b e t a k e n n o t t o c o n f u s e l e a r n i n g w i t h i n t e l l i g e n c e , n o r t o smother t h e p e o p l e ' s c r e a t i v i t y u n d e r a c l o a k o f i g n o r a n c e a n d t h e s u p e r i o r i t y complex o f t h o s e who g i v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f knowing e v e r y t h i n g . 3 . 3 MANUFACTURE OF THE IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES Attention i s u s u a l l y g i v e n i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e p r o p e,r t i p e sr ao nd e smo m f m g u rs a ea t e r i a l s t% o t h e Advantages a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s c u r r e n t l y u s e d constructing t h e improved cooking-stoves)

f o r

Optimal m i x o f m a t e r i a l s t o o b t a i n a c o m b i n a t i o n t h a t r e t a i n s h e a t a n d i s r e s i s t a n t t o h a r d u s e a n d bad w e a t h e r. This i s a l s o t h e o c c a s i o n when t h e programme i n s t r u c t o r s g i v e a d e t a i l e d explanation o f t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s i n t h e manufacture o f t h e i m p r o v e d cooking-stoves% C r i t e r i a determing choice o f l o c a t i o n , M a t e r i a l s and t o o l s t o be assembled f o r e a c h model o f s t o v e s Construction o f t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e .stove, w i t h s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n being g i v e n t o t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l p a r t s ( b r i d g e above f i r e w o o d f u e l d o o r a n d between t h e o p e n i n g s f o r p o t s , a r r a n g e m e n t o f c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r, c h i m n e y, etc.))

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Finishing o p e r a t i o n s ( r o u g h - c a s t i n g , s p r a y i n g stoves, s l o w drying i n t h e case o f banco stoves)1

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I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r i n i t i a l l i g h t i n g ( t i m i n g , g r a d u a l warming s o a s t o a v o i d too h o t a f i r e a t t h e o u t s e t ) , a n d f o r s t o v e maintenance ( p a r t i a l removal o f ash, c l e a n i n g o f s l a b , p e r i o d i c chimney-sweeping f o r p r o p e r v e n t i n g o f smoke, etc.)1 , Follow-up i n s t r u c t i o n s i s s u e d b y t h e b u i l d e r s a n d p r o j e c t managers t o assist new users o f t h e improved . c io o tkh ie nn g - s v oe w th ew t etc o hn l os g y. u n t i l The i n iet i a l n t h y a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s f e a t u r e d a "common p r o g r a m m e " f r o m w each c partic t c o u le d select the items o f special interest t o him i n b hich e oi p a n m ght o f h i s i e d u cl a t i o ni a l b aa ckground and occupational concerns. A u n i f o r m ft h e l ia m a p p r o a c h w o u l d p e r h a p s h a v e f a c i l i t a t e d t h e u s e o f a common l a n g u a g e a n d a n r awareness o f t h e same p r o b l e m s . The c o n t e n t o f r e t r a i n i n g a n d a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s w i l l , o f c o u r s e , be f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p u r p o s e s w h i c h t h e y a r e i n t e n d e d t o serve.

I V. H O W TO TRAIN? Owing t o p r e s s u r e s o f t i m e a n d t h e v a r y i n g s c o p e o f t h e t r a i n i n g programmes i n t h e S a h e l , t h e r e p l i e s t o t h i s q u e s t i o n h a v e n e c e s s a r i l y d i f f e r e d w i d e l y. 4 . 1 O R G A N I Z AT I O N O F T R A I N I N G For p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s , t h e s i z e o f t h e t r a i n i n g g r o u p s u n d e r t h e C I L S S regional p r o j e c t range from 30 t o 60 p a r t i c i p a n t s . The p a r t i c i p a n t s s e l e c t e d f r o m a m o n g t h e e m p l o y e d p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o are a l l g i v e n l e a v e s o f a b s e n c e i n o r d e r t o d e v o t e t h e m s e l v e s f u l l y t o acquiring t h e knowledge necessary f o r understanding a n d c a r r y i n g o u t t h e improved c o o k i n g - s t o v e s p r o j e c t . All theoretical trainingi s taken together i n a class-room environment.

Field-work educating t h e people a n d constructing demonstration cooking-stoves - i s c a r r i e d o u t e i t h e r i n p u b l i c premises (schools, c l i n i c s , social centres) o r i n a f a m i l y s e t t i n g , according t o c r i t e r i a o f s o c i a l standing and t h e e x p e c t e d e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e t r a i n i n g . T h e number o f s t o v e s constructed i n t h i s way i n t h e course o f t h e seminars ranges from 10 t o 1 5 . the o p e n i n g m e e t i n g s , c o o k i n g - d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e t r a i n i n g seminars a r e extended t o t h e meetings a n d c l o s i n g m e e t i n g t r aditional authorities and t o representatives political, administrative and and t h e press, and t h i s has always had a g r e a t of t h e co-operation agencies impact on these seminars. Invitations t o attend

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The s e m i n a r s a r e g e n e r a l l y h e l d i n t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t a r e e a s i l y accessible t o t h e p u b l i c a n d h a v e t h e n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s f o r c l a s s - r o o m instruction and f i e l d - w o r k . The t r a i n i n g p e r i o d i s u s u a l l y s i x d a y s , a l l o c a t e d a s f o l l o w s : One d a y f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f o r m a l i t i e s a n d t h e o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g ceremonies; One d a y t o o n e a n d a h a l f d a y s f o r t h e o r e t i c a l t r a i n i n g ; Three t o t h r e e a n d a h a l f d a y s f o r f i e l d - w o r k - c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d u s e o f t h e improved cooking-stoves. 1 / As t h i s p e r i o d h a s o f t e n p r o v e d i n p r a c t i c e t o b e i n a d e q u a t e , g r e a t e r availability o n t h e p a r t o f g r o u p l e a d e r s a n d p a r t i c i p a n t s h a s become i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r a n e f f e c t i v e t r a i n i n g programme. (b) U n d e r t h e n a t i o n a l programme o f S e n e g a l , t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s a r e h e l d at t h e w o r k p l a c e ( r e g i o n a l c e n t r e s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f r u r a l c r a f t s m e n , regional a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a i n i n g c e n t r e s , t r a i n i n g schools, (ONG) a n d i n t h e villages, "Demonstration/training" i s p r o v i d e d o v e r a t w o - w e e k p e r i o d f o r participants a n d f u t u r e u s e r s . I t i s g e n e r a l l y conducted a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s : A, 13, C , D , E . FIRST WEEK: Day l t Opportunity f o r p a r t i c i p a n t s t o become a c q u a i n t e d , i n f o r m a t i o n m e e t i n g , review o f construction m a t e r i a l s . Day 2 , a t " l o c a t i o n A " : Discussion w i t h f u t u r e s t o v e u s e r s ; t e s t s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h m i x t u r e s of c l a y and sand; work preparations ( c r u s h i n g and s i f t i n g o f m a t e r i a l s ) . Day 3 , a t " l o c a t i o n 13": Discussion w i t h f u t u r e s t o v e u s e r s ; t e s t s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h m i x t u r e s of c l a y and sand; work preparations (crushing and s i f t i n g o f m a t e r i a l s ) . Day 4 , a t " l o c a t i o n A " : Results o f t e s t s a n d c h o i c e o f m i x t u r e ; e a c h g r o u p , c o n s i s t i n g o f "mason-trainer" a n d t w o t r a i n e e s , makes a s t o v e . Day 5 , a t " l o c a t i o n ES": Results o f t e s t s a n d c h o i c e o f m i x t u r e ; e a c h g r o u p , c o n s i s t i n g o f "mason-trainer" a n d t w o t r a i n e e s , makes a s t o v e . a a

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S e e a n n e x 1 - s t a n d a r d programme o f a n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g s e m i n a r .

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SECOND WEEK; During t h e f i r s t f o u r d a y s o f t h e second w e e k , e a c h g r o u p , c o n s i s t i n g o f a "mason-trainer" and two trainees, i s assigned t o one o f t h e three remaining locations ( " l o c a t i o n C", " l o c a t i o n D" and " l o c a t i o n E " ) . Day 1 : Discussion w i t h f u t u r e u s e r s , t e s t s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s , p r e p a r a t i o n materials. Day 2 ; Each g r o u p o f t w o t r a i n e e s b u i l d s a s t o v e u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f "Mason-trainer". Days 3 a n d 4 1 Each t r a i n e e b u i l d s a s t o v e u n d e r t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e o f h i s " m a s o n - t r a i n e r " . Day 5 : Inspection b y a l l t r a i n e e s o f t h e models b u i l t d u r i n g t h e second weekl discussion and evaluation o f t h e "demonstration/training". i t s o f

Follow-up After t h e "demonstration/training, t h e g r o u p leaders, i n s t r u c t o r s a n d supervisors who t o o k p a r t i n i t must keep i n t o u c h w i t h t h e former t r a i n e e s and t h e u s e r s o f t h e " B a n , A k S u u f " c o o k i n g - s t o v e s t h a t w e r e b u i l t . T h i s w i l l make i t p o s s i b l e t o t Gather t h e o p i n i o n s o f h o u s e w i v e s o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e " B a n A k S u u f " cooking-stove; Verify whether t h e cooking-stoves t h a t were b u i l t a r e b e i n g maintained and, i n p a r t i c u l a r , w h e t h e r a n y c r a c k s a p p e a r i n g i n t h e b o d y o f t h e s t o v e a r e being q u i c k l y f i l l e d i n w i t h a m i x t u r e o f c l a y and sand; Urge t h e f o r m e r t r a i n e e s , w h o h a v e n o w b e c o m e " m a s o n - b u i l d e r s " , t o e n s u r e widespread d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f t h e s t o v e s - a " m a s o n - b u i l d e r " s h o u l d , o n t h e average, b e a b l e t o b u i l d one "Ban Ak Suuf" s t o v e e v e r y t w o days; Organize w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e " m a s o n - t r a i n e r s " , t h e h o l d i n g o f additional meetings sponsored b y housewives a l r e a d y u s i n g a " B a n A k S u u f " stove. All information obtained during t h e follow-up w i l l serve a s a basis f o r improving t h e t e c h n i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e " B a n A k S u u f " s t o v e s a n d making t h e m b e t t e r s u i t e d t o t h e needs and d e s i r e s o f t h e u s e r s . The e n c o u r a g e m e n t g i v e n b y a " m a s o n - b u i l d e r " w i l l h e l p p r e s e r v e t h e momentum o f t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n p r o g r a m m e a n d t h u s e n s u r e i t s s u c c e s s .

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(c) U n d e r t h e ' V i l l a g e W o o d " p r o j e c t i n K a y a , U p p e r V o l t a , t r a i n i n g meetings a r e h e l d i n t h e v i l l a g e s a l o n g l i n e s s i m i l a r t o w h a t h a s b e e n described above. A s i m i l a r t r a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e a l s o e x i s t s i n Gambia. (d) U n d e r a s y s t e m w i d e l y u s e d i n N i g e r a n d M a l i , t r a i n i n g f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i s i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e t r a i n i n g programmes o f t h e c e n t r e s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o r r u r a l c r a f t s m e n (UCDMA a t a nr a d de , P T Aa t C E ao o l programmes t Ma i ,rC D oR sso ) aN ndA i n t o sch (vocational training centres and t h e C e n t r a l S c h o o l o f I n d u s t r y , Commerce a n d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( E C I C A ) a t Bamako). (e) E l s e w h e r e , o n - t h e - j o b ' t r a i n i n g i s t h e m o s t l y w i d e l y u s e d m e t h o d . For e x a m p l e , c o o k i n g - s t o v e b u i l d e r s w o r k i n g u n d e r s u c h p r o j e c t s a s A I D R , t h e German F o r e s t r y M i s s i o n i n U p p e r V o l t a a n d CWS i n N i g e r h a v e b e e n t r a i n e d i n t h i s w a y. The l e n g t h o f t h e t r a i n i n g p e r i o d i s i n d e f i n i t e a n d d e p e n d s u p o n a t seen p e r f o r m e d . T h e o r e t i c a l t r a i n i n g s e e m s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t t o b e rn o n - e x i s t e n t . a 4 . 2 T R A I N I N G METHODS i n Because t h e t r a i n i n g i s i n t e n d e d m a i n l y f o r a d u l t s , a n a c t i v e m e t h o d o f e t e a c h i n g - f r o m t h e k n o w n t o t h e unknown - i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d . e ' Theoretical i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e technology o f b u i l d i n g modern s t o v e s i s , s f o r e x ample, preceded b y a c r i t i c a l review o f t r a d i t i o n a l cooking equipment a ( t h r e e s t o n e s , m e t a l o r c e r a m i c s t d o v e s ) . T h i s approach makes i t p o s s i b l e t o b i d e n t i f y t h e most important p a r t s o f a cooking-stove a n d t o r e a l i z e t h e i i n a d e q u acies o f t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e s . T h i s , i n t u r n , p a v e s t h e w a y t o t h e l measures t h a t must b e t a k e n t o improve t h e thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e new i c o o k i n g s toves. t y This procedure a l s o makes i t p o s s i b l e t o proceed f r o m t h e c o n c r e t e t o t h e t a b s t r a ct. F o r example, b u r n e r s i n contact w i t h a h o t body a n d t h e h e a t g i v e n o o f f i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f a n open f i r e w h i l e f o o d i s being cooked i l l u s t r a t e t h e m p r i n c i p les o f h e a t t r a n s f e r b y convection and r a d i a t i o n . a s Nevertheless, " h a n d s i n t h e d o u g h " a n d f i e l d - w o r k c o n s t i t u t e t h e t p r i n c i p a l m e t h o d o f t r a i n i n g f o r t h e p e r s o n s who w i l l b e b u i l d i n g t h e i m p r o v e d e cooking-stoves. T o e n a b l e e a c h p e r s o n t o b e t r a i n e d i n d i v i d u a l l y , t h e r p a r t i c i p a n t s a r e a s s i g n e d t o s m a l l w o r k groups numbering f r o m f i v e t o s e v e n a members a c c o r d i n g t o t h e n u m b e r o f p a r t i c i p a n t s a n d t h e n u m b e r o f a v a i l a b l e n instructors. d c On t h e f i r s t d a y , a l l members o f t h e g r o u p w a t c h w h a t t h e i n s t r u c t o r d o e s a and l i s t e n t o w h a t h e s a y s a s h e p r o c e e d s t o b u i l d t h e f i r s t d e m o n s t d r a t i o n r stove w h i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e r e c a l l i n g t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e r previous d a y s . y o u t o n h

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On t h e s e c o n d d a y , t h e g r o u p b u i l d s a n i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u c t o r, who s u p e r v i s e s , c r i t i c i z e s and c o r r e c t s what h a s been d o n e . On t h e t h i r d d a y , t h e g r o u p , w o r k i n g a l o n e , b u i l d s a n i m p r o v e d cooking-stove i n t h e presence o f t h e i n s t r u c t o r , b u t w i t h o u t h i m assuming a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . I t i s t h e members o f t h e g r o u p t h e m s e l v e s who n o w d i r e c t t h e work, c r i t i c i z e i t a n d c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r s . I t f r e q u e n t l y happens t h a t o n t h i s t h i r d d a y t h e more dynamic e l e m e n t s take c h a r g e o f w h a t i s b e i n g d o n e . S o m e o f t h e m o r e h i g h l y m o t i v a t e d participants embark o n t h e construction o f improved cooking-stoves a l l b y themselves a t t h e h o m e s o f f r i e n d s o r r e l a t i v e s , a s i n f a c t h a p p e n e d a t Ndjamena. S o m e p e o p l e s a y t h a t t h e s e f i e l d - w o r k s e s s i o n s a r e m e r e l y o n opportunity f o r t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s t o " d i r t y t h e i r hands" w i t h o u t h accomplishing anything e l s e . I n r e p l y t o t h i s , i t can be s a i d t h a t : The w i l l i n g n e s s o f c i v i l s e r v a n t s a n d t h e i r s u p e r i o r s t o d i r t y t h e i r h a n d s by s i f t i n g s a n d a n d p u g g i n g c l a y a l o n g s i d e c r a f t s m e n a n d women i s i n i t s e l f a p o s i t i v e development' Although n o k i n d o f t r a i n i n g produces c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s a l l t h e t i m e , t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s h a v e i n some p l a c e s c o n t i n u e d t o d i r t y t h e i r hands b y a c t u a l l y b u i l d i n g i m p r o v e d s t o v e s ' , The v a r i e d b a c k g r o u n d s o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s h a v e b e e n a d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r in t h e widespread acceptance o f improved cooking-stoves, e s p e c i a l l y i n countries where t h e r e a r e a s y e t no s t r u c t u r e d p r o j e c t s . A f t e r s e v e n n a t i o n a l s e s s i o n s , t h e t r a i n i n g method t h a t h a s b e e n u s e d i n connection w i t h t h e r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t h a s p r o v e n i t s e l f , e v e n t h o u g h s o m e further a d j u s t m e n t s a r e s t i l l n e c e s s a r y. P r o v i s i o n s h o u l d b e m a d e , f o r example, f o r o n e o r t w o a d d i t i o n a l d a y s o f f i e l d - w o r k s o a s t o e n a b l e e a c h p a r t i c i p a n t t o make, one o r t w o i m p r o v e d s t o v e s b y h i m s e l f w h i c h w o u l d t h e n b e examined a n d e v a l u a t e d b y t h e i n s t r u c t o r a n d t h e o t h e r members o f t h e g r o u p . 4 . 3 T R A I N I N G RESOURCES The methods, received training effectiveness o f t r a i n i n g depends n o t o n l y o n organization a n d b u t a l s o o n available resources. Considerable assistance has been i n t h e S a h e l f o r t h e development o f t h e resources needed t o p r o v i d e i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and use o f improved cooking-stoves.

(a) H u m a n r e s o u r c e s A Te c h n i c a l C o o r d i n a t o r , w h o i s a a w o me n , c o n s t i t u t e t h e r e g i o n a l t e a m t h a t i s p e r m a n e n t l y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e S a h e lm . a n , a n d a S o c i a l C o o dh rie s n A l t hro u g p o nas i bt l e of o r t ,h e c o n c e p t o f t h e f i r s t n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g w h o f o r t h e m , t h e y c o u l d n o t h a v e made t h e m a r e a l i t y sessions a n d t h e p l a n n i n g withou i t t h e h e l p o fs o t h e r s p e c i a l i s t s r e c r u i t e d i n t h e s u b r e g i o n a n d e l s e w h e r e .

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Invaluable h e l p , i n t h e f o r m o f a d v i s o r y missions, w a s received f r o m V I TA , I T D G a n d t h e R e s e a r c h G r o u p o n W o o d - b u r n i n g S t o v e s o f E i n d h o v e n U n i v e r s i t y. In t h e s u b r e g i o n i t s e l f , s t r o n g s u p p o r t was g i v e n u s b y t h e s e n i o r s t a f f o f a g e n c i e s s u c h a s CERER a t t a k e r , t h e S o l a r E n e r g y L a b o r a t o r y a t B a m a k o , a n d IVE a t O u a g a d o u g o u . The S a h e l i a n i n s t r u c t o r s h a v e c o m e f r o m t h e m o s t p a r t f r o m t h e r a n k s o f the p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e n a t i o n a l s e s s i o n s . T h r o u g h t h e i r d a i l y w o r k i n t h e f i e l d and a d d i t o n a l s t u d y, t h e y have f u r t h e r developed t h e s k i l l s t h e y l e a r n t i n t h e t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s . T h e y h a v e n o w r e a c h e d a l e v e l o f competence a n d acquired a d e p t h o f e x p e r i e n c e c tra ies / ou t nh t and w t o i t h le e l n t i r e subregion. p r o v e h i (b) T ge a c h h i n g lreso yu r c e s u s e f u l The l a n g u t oa g e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n i s F r e n c h , e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f a p e V e r id e ( P o r t u g u e s e ) . H o w e v e r , b e c a u s e s o m e o t( E n g l i s h ) h a n d Ce p a r t i c i p a n t s d o n ot speak t h e o f f i c i a l languages, t h e i n s t r u c t o r s have r use v e r n a c u l a r l a n g u a g e s s u c h a s D j e r m a i n N i g e r , W o l o f i n G a m b i a a n d in Mauritania.

Gambia f t h e had t o Poular

The t r a i n i n g d o c u m e n t s ( i n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l a n d d a t a s h e e t s ) a r e likewise i n French and English. In S e n e g a l , M a l i , N i g e r a n d M a u r i t a n i a , i n s t r u c t i o n m a t d e r i a l o n construction methods a n d o n how t o u s e t h e improved cooking-stoves h a s been prepared i n Wo l o f , Bambara, Djerma and P o u l a r f o r persons who a r e l i t e r a t e i n those languages. Posters t e l l i n g t h e p e o p l e a b o u t t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s a n d e x p l a i n i n g h o w t o u s e t h e m h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h some o f t h e projects. -Photographs w e r e t a k e n a n d s l i d e s a n d a v i d e o f i l m w e r e made a t t h e t i m e of the f i r s t national sessions, and t h i s audio-visual material has bfeen used mainly a s a means o f b r i n g i n g t h e message home t o p o l i t i c a l d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s and t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c . E f f o r t s h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n made b y CILSS t o g a t h e r t o g e t h e r a n d p u b l i s h the e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d f r o m t h e t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s . A p u b l i c a t i o n e n t i t l e d "Training M a n u a l f o r B u i l d i n g a n d U s i n g C o o k i n g - S t o v e s " w a s i s s u e d i n a preliminary e d i t i o n o f 1 0 0 copies. T h i s w i l l b e placed i n t h e hands o f knowledgeable r e a d e r s f o r c r i t i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n a n d t h e s u b m i s s i o n o f corrections and s u i t a b l e revisions. (c) F i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s R e c r u i t m e n t o f t h e human r e s o u r c e s needed f o r t r a i n i n g , a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f the n e c e s s a r y t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l , w e r e m a d e p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h t h e c o m b i n e d e f f o r t s o f s e v e r a l p a r t n e r s . A m o n g t h e s e , s p e c i a l mention should b e made o f V I TA / U S - A I D , w h i c h , s i n c e J u n e 1 9 8 0 , h a s m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o C I L S S t h e s e r v i c e s o f t h e Te c h n i c a l C o - o r d i n a t o r , a n d t h e V o l u n t a r y F u n d f o r t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s Decade f o r Women, w h i c h p r o v i d e d f i n a n c i n g f o r t h e p o s t o f S o c i a l C o - o r d i n a t o r .

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Financial c o n t r i b u t i o n s w h i c h made i t p o s s i b l e t o h o l d t h e v a r i o u s n a t i o n a l s e s s i o n s a n d r e g i o n a l s e m i n a r s w e r e r e c e i v e d f r o m ECWA, t h e V o l u n t a r y Fund f o r t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e c a d e f o r Women, U S - A I D , t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s W o r l d P l a n o f A c t i o n f o r t h e A p p l i c a t i o n o f S c i e n c e a n d Te c h n o l o g y t o D e v e l o p m e n t , and t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s S u 4 a n o S a h e l i a n O f f i c e ( U N S O ) .

V. F O L L O W - U P AND SUPPORT FOR BUILDERS AND USERS O F IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES As t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g r e c e i v e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e n a t i o n a l s e s s i o n s represents o n l y a s t a r t i n g p o i n t , t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s w e r e t o e n r i c h t h i s training t h r o u g h t h e i r accomplishments i n t h e f i e l d . I t w a s t h e r e f o r e imperative t o g e t i n touch w i t h t h e s e p a r t i c i p a n t s again i n order t o g i v e them encouragement a n d t o a s s i s t t h e m i n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o i m p r o v e t h e cooking-stoves a l r e a d y b u i l t . I t was i n t h e l i g h t o f t h i s consideration t h a t s e v e r a l missions were d i s p a t c h e d b e t w e e n November 1 9 8 2 a n d M a r c h 1 9 8 3 f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f i d e n t i f y i n g t h e m o s t common e r r o r s a n d p r o p o s i n g s o l u t i o n s . The t e c h n i c a l d e f i c i e n c i e s o b s e r v e d i x t h e s t o v e s b u i l t b y p a r t i c i p a n t s in t h e n a t i o n a l sessions r e l a t e d mainly t o Cracks r e s u l t i n g f r o m wrong a m o u n t s o r poor q u a l i t y o f c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l s ( s a l i n e c l a y , unwashed s a n d ) I Excessively t h i c k s l a b s ; Projection o f t h e s l a b , t h u s forming a flange under t h e p o t opening; Improper p o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e d e f l e c t o r , thus b r i n g i n g i t t o o c l o s e t o t h e chimney o p e n i n g t o t h e p o i n t o f b l o c k i n g i t Chimney f r e q u e n t l y n o t h i g h e n o u g h . While t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s c a n i n s o m e c a s e s b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e q u a l i t y of t r a i n i n g r e c e i v e d o r t h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e persons r e c e i v i n g t h e t r a i n i n g t o do w h a t t h e y w e r e t a u g h t t o d o , t h e y m a y i n o t h e r c a s e s b e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e embryonic s t a t e o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i m p r o v e d s t o v e s a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e training sessions were organized. This o b s e r v a t i o n r e f l e c t s a c o n t r o v e r s y now g o i n g i n t h e S a h e l a b o u t t h e wisdom o f t r a i n i n g p e o p l e t o b u i l d t h e s t o v e s a n d p r o d u c i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a l material before operating prototypes r e l i a b l e f r o m every p o i n t o f v i e w a r e available. -In v i e w b o t h o f t h e seriousness o f t h e t h r e a t hanging o v e r t h e S a h e l i a n environment a n d o f t h e n e e d t o e n a b l e t h e p e o p l e t o p l a y a n a c t i v e r o l e i n becoming a c 4 u a i n t e d w i t h t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s , t h e a n s w e r o t t h i s question c a n n o t b e a d i r e c t o n e b u t m u s t t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s i n t o account: * Research * D e v e l o p m e n t * P u b l i c i t y * U s e

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I t must b e s t a t e d i n d i a l e c t i c a l a n d c y c l i c a l terms i n accordance w i t h the diagram b e l o w : Research s t a f f Instructors t a n e o u s l y, a n d e a c h o n e s h o u l d be w i l l i n g t o l i s t e n t o t h e oe th r sg . roups f u n c t i o n s i m u l Th see

I Users Builders

Follow-up a t t h e u s e r l e v e l h a s o f t e n b e e n n e g l e c t e d because t h e s t s o v e builders h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o p r o v i d e m u c h h e l p b e y o n d t d h e s t a r t - u p i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r n e w s t o v e s . T h e g r o u p l e a d e r s w e r e t o o f e w i n number a n d , besides, h a d o t h e r d u t i e s t o p e r f o r m . M a s s m e d i a ( r a d i o - t e l e v i s i o n ) w e r e not s y s t e m a t i c a l l y used t o p r o v i d e t h e necessary s u p p o r t . The m i s t a k e s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e d r e l a t e d t o : Use o f o n e p o t o p e n i n g o n a s t o v e w h i l e l e t t i n g h e a t e s c a p e from a s e c o n d p o t o p e n i n g ; Improper p l a c e m e n t o f wood ( b i l l e t s p l a c e d i n t h e c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e y come t o r e s t u n d e r t h e s e c o n d p o t o p e n i n g o r b u r n o u t s i d e t h e c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r, a n d wood inserted a t a n angle i n t o t h e second, unused, p o t opening); Use o f p o t s t o o b i g o r t o o s m a l l f o r t h e t y p e o f s t o v e b e i n g u s e d . These, a d m i t t e d l y , a r e m i s t a k e s t h a t c a n e a s i l y b e e n c o r r e c t e d b y explaining t o housewives t h e e l e m e n t a r y p r i n c i p l e s o f h e a t t r a n s f e r a n d maximum u s e o f t h e s e c o n d p o t o p e n i n g . T h e c h i e f d i f f i c u l t y t u r n s o n t h e problem o f d e s i g n i n g i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s o n w h i c h p o t s o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s can b e u s e d w i t h o u t e x c Ie s ie v n s an f fe o r t t o provide more e f f e c t i v e support t o t h e builders o f h e ac o otk i n g - s t o v e s , M a l i , t o c i t e a n e x a m p l e , h a s t a k e n t h e v e r y h a p p y improved e o f s p r e p a r i n g a map o f b u i l d e r s . T h i s i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a r e g i s t e r li n i t ioa t i v s in w h i c h e a c h -builder i s t o e n t e r t h e d a t e o n w h i c h h e b u i l t a n . io m pi n rg o- s vt o e vd c ok e a n d t h e address o f t h e p l a c e where i t was b u i l t . T h e reasons for doing t h i s a r e t h r e e f o l d : To i d e n t i f y t h e p e r s o n s a c t i v e l y e n g a g e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f i m p r o v e d cooking-stoves s o t h a t advanced t r a i n i n g sessions can b e o r g a n i z e d ; To i d e n t i f y t h e l o c a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g s t o v e s s o t h a t v a r i o u s k i n d s o f surveys c a n b e made ( r a t e a n d t y p e o f u s e , c o n s t r u c t i o n d e f e c t s , u s e f u l life, cost, etc.); To i d e n t i f y m i s t a k e s f r e q u e n t l y made b y p a r t i c u l a r b u i l d e r s s o t h a t t h e y can b e g i v e n a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n a n d d o b e t t e r w o r k . The i n t e n t i o n s o f t h misunderstood a n d h a v e b e e n thwart f r e e e n t e r p r i s e . I t concerned w i l l p e r s e v e r e i n interests o f Malian builders e Malian authorities have unfortunately b e e n represented a s bureaucratic r e d tape intended t o i s t o b e hoped, h o w e v e r, t h a t t h e a u t h o r i t i e s t h i s endeavour a n d w i l l succeed i n s e r v i n g t h e and users.

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Va r i o u s k i n d s o f f o l l o w - u p m a t e r i a l h a s a l s o b e e n i n t r o d u c e d e l s e w h e r e : construction r e g i s t e r s , a n d b u i l d e r s ' a n d u s e r s ' f o l l o w - u p s h e e t s , s o m e samples o f w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e C U S S R e f e r e n c e M a n u a l . The c o n s t r u c t i o n d e f e c t s a n d u s e r e r r o r s o b s e r v e d i n t h e S a h e l a r e a t present b e i n g e x p l o i t e d b y c e r t a i n s e l f - s t y l e d e x p e r t s t o d i s c r e d i t f i x e d cooking-stoves w i t h a chimney a n d s e v e r a l p o t openings. E v e r y e f f o r t must b e made t o c o u n t e r s u c h a n u n s c i e n t i f i c c a m p a i g n . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e v a r i o u s shortcomings s h o u l d n o t c a u s e u s t o d r o p o u r h a n d s o r t o t h r o w o u t t h e b a b y with t h e b a t h w a t e r. O n t h e c o n t r a r y, t h e recognized advantages o f t h e f i x e d cooking-stoves must b e f u r t h e r r e f i n e d , a n d e f f o r t s m u s t b e made t o r e d u c e h e a t l o s s a n d i n c r e a s e t h e s a v i n g s i n wood ( p r e s e n t l y e s t i m a t e d a t c f o r e5 ffic es o 4e 5n t 0 i e n c ip e f 1r8 t o 1 9 p e r c e n t b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e t h r e e - s t o n e s t o v e s ) / which have been r e p o r t e d b y most u s e r s . The f u r t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t o f c h i m n e y - t y p e f i x e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s s h o u l d b e continued w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e t o t h e r e s e a r c h conducted o n t h e non-chimney t y p e cooking-stoves made o f b a n c o , c e r a m i c s a n d m e t a l a n d e q u i p p e d w i t h a s i n g l e pot o p e n i n g , w h i c h a r e designed f o r v e r y s p e c i a l n e e d s . I f S a h e l i a n households a r e t o be provided w i t h improved cooking-stoves, there m u s t b e a combination o f s e v e r a l systems o f p r o d u c t i o n c a p a b l e o f providing a s u f f i c i e n t l y w i d e r a n g e o f cooking-stoves t o s a t i s f y t h e v e r y broad s p e c t r u m o f c r i t e r i a r e l a t i n g t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , - s o c i a l s a t i s f a c t i o n and c o s t .

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS How l o n g w i l l i t t a k e t o c a r r y o u t r e s e a r c h o n t h e d e s i g n o f p r o p e r l y functioning cooking-stoves t h a t a r e easy t o use? How l o n g w i l l services t o users? i t take t o train stove builders and provide follow-up

These a r e t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n s t h a t m u s t h a v e b e e n a d d r e s s e d t o a l l t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n s b e f o r e t h e t i m e when t h e y h a d come i n t o g e n e r a l u s e and t h e e a r l i e r e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n a n d i n i t i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s h a d b e e n f o r g o t t e n . The s a m e i s t r u e o f t h e b i c y c l e a n d t h e o i l l a m p t h a t a r e i n c u r r e n t u s e i n the S a h e l t o d a y, w i t h t h e s o l e d i f f e r e n c e t h a t t h e s e a r t i c l e s a r e n o l o n g e r i n the development s t a g e a n d a r e a v a i l a b l e o n t h e m a r k e t , s o t h a t t h e y d o n o t have t o b e made b y t h e p e o p l e . I t i s r a t h e r premature t o ask how l o n g i t w i l l t a k e f o r t h e improved cooking-stoves t o r e a c h a s i m i l a r s t a g e o f development.

I/

R e p o r t o n t h e f i r s t s e r i e s o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s b y t h e Bamako S o l a r E n e r g y L a b o r a t o r y . H a m a t a A g H a n t a f aye, T e r r e n c e H a r t a n d Cheikna T r a o r e , 1 9 8 1 .

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i s r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t a n i m p r e s s i v e number o f

people h a v e b e n e f i t e d f r o m t h e t r a i n i n g programmes c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e S a h e l . The r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t a l o n e h a s e n a b l e d n e a r l y 5 0 0 p e r s o n s t o b e t r a i n e d i n t w o years, a n d t h i s does n o t t a k e i n t o account t h e impact o f t h e p r i n t e d m a t t e r distributed and t h e r a d i o and t e l e v i s i o n broadcasts. Regardless o f h o w many p e o p l e h a v e b e e n t r a i n e d o r h o w many i m p r o v e d cooking relating t o t h e construction a n d u s e o f t h e improved cooking-stoves fa l ie ts a t e s t h e p e o p l e ' s access t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l knowledge s tc o iv t h aa t wvi l l m a k e t h e m m o r e p r o f i c i e n t n o t o n l y r e g a r d i n g t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f h n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , b u t a l s o i n such a r e a s a s e d u c a t i o n , h e a l t h and employment. e b e e nIn t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e s t r a t e g i e s o f dissemination - a n d t h u s o f t r a i nu ing - a r e j u s t a s important a s t h e effectiveness o f t h e technologies b it h e m l s e l v e s , " I / t h e f r a m e r s o f t h e r e g i o n a l programme f o r t h e " I m p r o v e m e n t o f wood-burning cooking-stoves i n t h e Sahel" had a s t h e i r aim an i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n t , of e f f o r t o n b e h a l f o f information, t r a i n i n g a n d advanced t r a i n i n g i n t c h o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e n e e d s o f t h e member S t a t e s - , a n d w i t h t h e s u p p o r t o f a l l who h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d f i n a n c i a l a n d t e c h n i c a l a i d t o t h e programme. e i The m o d e l s o f c o o k i n g - s t o v e s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e S a h e l i n 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 0 a r e m by p n o means p e r f e c t . T h e y e x h i b i t s u c h m a j o r s h o r t c o m i n g s a s f i x e d p o s i t i o n , c d e r a b l e h e a t l o s s t h r o u g h t h i c k w a l l s a n d a sometimes h i g h p r i c e . O n t h e oo n s i r o t h e r t ah a n d , t h e y a l s o o f f e r such undeniable advantages a s improved household working n t conditions (hygiene, s a f e t y, comfort) a n d a saving o f time and f u e l b y comparison w i t h a n o p e n f i r e . P o r t a b l e a n d m o r e e f f i c i e n t c o o k i n g - s t o v e s made p of ceramics a n d m e t a l a r e b e i n g brought i n t o t h e S a h e l t o d a y, n o t t o r e p l a c e o the l a r g e r s t o v e s , b u t r a t h e r t o b r o a d e n t h e r a n g e o f t h e t y p e s o f s t o v e s i a v a i l a b l e f o r meeting t h e needs o f d i f f e r i n g s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s . n t In a n y e v e n t , t h e advantages o f t h e o r i g i n a l stone cooking-stoves have i been t h e m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c a d o p t i o n - m a n i f e s t e d b y a d e m a n d s exceeding t h e s u p p l y - o f t h e improved c o o k i n g - s t o v e s . t h The i m b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s u p p l y o f a n d d e m a n d f o r i m p r o v e d a cooking-stoves must n o t b e viewed s o l e l y i n t e r m s o f a p o t e n t i a l market t o b e t exploited a t any c o s t . I t i s r a t h e r a unique opportunity f o r integrating t h e t productivity o f t h e technologies f o r t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f n a t u r a l resources i n t o h the t o t a l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s o f t h e u s e r c o u n t r i e s . I t i s therefore e imperative t o choose t h e w a y s a n d means b y w h i c h t h e demand f o r i m p r o v e d t ooking-stoves c a n b e m e t a t t h e same t i m e a s t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f human c r e s o u r c e s i s b e i n g f o s t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e r e f i n e m e n t o f t r a d i t i o n a l know-how a n d r ah e l a t e n t t a l e n t s o f t h e p e o p l e a r e b e i n g a w a k e n e d t h r o u g h t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g t i and t h e widespread dissemination o f s c i e n t i f i c knowledge. n i n g I / NAS-BOSTID/Rockefeller Foundation Report ( 1 2 - 0 1 / 1 9 8 1 ) .

ANNEX I V

NATIONAL SESSION FOR T R A I N I N G I N CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF IMPROVED COOKING-STOVES

CILSS - FVDF

CHAD

DRAFT PROGRAMME

D a t e / Ti m e

A C T I V I T I E S

M a t e r i a l / D o c u m e n t s

Sponsor

9 May R e g i s t r a t i o n o f p a r t i c i p a n t s , S h e e t s and d r a f t C I L S S 9:30 a.m. I n t r o d u c t i o n s . A p p o i n t m e n t o f p r o g r a m m e O r g a n i z i n g Seminar o f f i c e r s . A d o p t i o n o f C o m m i t t e e work programme 10:30 a . m . C e r e m o n i a l o p e n i n g S t a t e m e n t s G o v e r n m e n t - UNDP CILSS

11%30 a . m . D e f o r e s t a t i o n a n d d e s e r t i f i c a - M i m e o g r a p h e d t e x t D e p a r t m e n t t i o n i n Chad o f Water and Forestry New a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n M i m e o g r a p h e d t e x t D e p a r t m e n t Chad o f Energy Administrative formalities L i s t Of partici- P r e s i d e n t _ pants U N D P and CUSS

10 M a y 9 3 0 a.m.

P r i n c i p l e s o f combustion M i m e o g r a p h e d and h e a t t r a n s f e r . Application t o t h e concept of improved cooking-stoves

text

C I L S S

D i ff e r e n t types o f improved D i a g r a m s S o c o o k i n g s t o v e s i n Chad a n d t h e A f f a Sahel C I L S Mixtures and t e s t s o f C building materials f o r c improved c o o k i n g - s t o v e s l e a m C

c i a i r S

l s

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y , sand, S o c i a l e n t A f f a i r s & I L S S President

, s 2%30 p.m.

Regional p r o j e c t "Improvement M i m e o g r a p h e d t e x t of wood-burning cooking-stoves in t h e Sahel" Tr a i n i n g a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f work g r o u p s L i s t participants

CILSS

President & C1LSS

12-13 May

Field work. B u i l d i n g o f improved c o o k i n g - s t o v e s a t CEFOD i n s o c i a l c e n t r e s , schools a n d v o l u n t e e r households p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n experimental p r o j e c t Reports o f work groups

Selected s i t e s f o r installation of demonstration and experimental cooking-stoves. Materials, v i l l a g e s Written records

President Organiz. Committee, Committee CILSS

14 M a y 6-8 a . m .

Chairman and Rapp. o f groups Organ. Committ.

10 a . m . 12130 p . m . 12%30 1 p.m. 1%00 2%30 p . m .

Demonstration o f c o o k i n g on i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g - s t o v e s Recess

Utensils, supplies, food

Conclusions a n d recommendations f o r follow-up o f cooking-stoves b u i l t and f o r support f o r participants i n the f i e l d

Document t o b e prepared j o i n t l y

President and particip.

4 o r 5 p.m. C e r e m o n i a l closing o f t h e seminar

Summary r e p o r t , conclusions, recommendations

President, general rapporteur of seminar